gee 2. 4 cor aquipgad aim ivtniici sian that con anasste shang rain -spaeate ieerninunty dutty i fghl rainfed Wee cigs Me agonist warped clio of Thee Shadi Gnd ckichengrig of o copcaciher? Tr oie oa edel ofan RC cia? iat lime caralan! con Be ecoiect by sedueking eiffimies! veshuin al B Aviuggs ex mullite seer A if inermeian, ‘adh fin, fra crag Mie copeciton sachs o Gert ot which d ngage ‘he: sae eect sae te begin ameter chemsng eyeis Ihe tere: ‘nhareed Setwowe Me cbc the haterinecd by the ojeedurbvcrptictarns te shines i DISCUSSION: Resistors in Series oned Porcilal Suppene tne you ene! your biiteh dau at eerie besboedboeel eae i sipers erune anal seca I Weve oor. Tou hove wbehoiewe |. outa hale grows can seit through o singe coo ond wall: ciewn a long haley cenlaiing tive Eorcdienh are ateh iumewretuet By a larg crawl al pecphi weling he feuy feed or acuerdo 2. Boch member of your group con aad theaugh o mpenite aoc in thar reas heft af the erene, wana uesth wil nereds As pith bi er hae ery hough G:inghe Grius Gl aadcan tonding bry Maa dint. evs Série Mee Her a eer lee yee peg He lev Ha eeracr?HW dhodid be cheer the your grows ‘el er ble to howe Reiter though han saapercaha coore Inc ceowen Hie eshery whan ae el you hed Ho puch fhreugh tavern group of people. Wwe could deicibe Ihe groups of poplin he howoy at acting faerie, texcovie west al pou tres! punts yom encay Tnreugh the owe. The groupe of people cen the dean in the rene con be diicrbed ca cing it parallel Exch mariner ol pau geoup meet push Through onty one group a! peagie, and gach member uihen though 2 illerert! getup of peck Nha kimk Grckeary will fil ui sufecherstentel Shak teebisver of Sunnmetin ahecthie Gest Eeeeitiney reanw Moar ar avin, The Series Circuit Sa ten i ee te ten nat anata Figs 2. 6 wees Creu afin Pee samrion Robedact te ond iy connected naiengonan ‘wore cn temranal cl ha fastens 150m Shear Agua Sduibolei sete Creu where ol component one cocnactuct ting O tingle potiredy is other words, o dates ond i cherectenied by 2 sing tee fer cunent te fw. The curunt a the tame fer ee the component dang this crcl, Erna, Fags tpt ¥p $+ 4 ches coebriicher then Miuecrfiem baakenw.Rgued [c) Avene conection of teciemaitice Mone Mee cunmet inf; i fea scone oo Pact 1 Cre eiegyern te thas termites cue fe Tren tearm repeat win aig vaio bowing on eqpivaiant aabionce Ay 2.b1 «ib The polerticl cffwanes copied oon tha seri combinofion ef pong arg nr epedew nec He eivber-eaar capa per ot drop from wis dequah atpard the woboge cho hor bh © acquaint, ‘viheagan dra bret ate cit Ve BR, 4 Ap) + RS ‘Teen, wea Cnr ac a och ec i ar gi heave Gon ccyutetsten! citric Aly, veteeTi: Ke ds teaiones id hnerseener i id eae cert eer ene ne haan ined thee Grcul cunwnd i onchange wher dy napocer Ay ee The aauivcken! naiiiance of Hie oF mere raion Corrected in simian Boy Rt Ret iy =The Parallel Circuit Parallel circuit wie branche to alow cument to pest trough mone than one patty, unlike in the series crcuil gure 6. A porailel ckecuit with three setiors wth but mare than ene continuous path far ‘cument to fow The volagé behween twa paints in the GiCuit does nat depend on ther eth taken: thus the individual vallages in a perollel creuil ore the some a the telel voltage. Kaw B = Mesa kh, However, unfke in the series Cihcuil, the current if each load is net the same as the fofal curent in the creuil. The total curent is the sum of the Individual currents across the resistors, faa = Ht be te tty The reciprocal of the equivolent resistance in ths type of creuil is equal Je the tun of Ihe reciprocals of fhe individual restonces Always remember thal the equivalent resistance i chwaysless thar the individual resistances, cee x Sst toto tite Ag 5, hay Re Exomple 2: Compute the equivatent resstance, cument and veltage of the erolie circuit balew.Solution: The equivalent resistance of the circuit & computed as Fifallows: Becouwe the total vollage i: 1S and the resistors ore connected in porollel, then 's 15Vand bis obo 151 Then, we have: & =aiSA a an Finally. you can compute the total current as follows: (KIRCHHOFF'S RULES A general way to onaiyze a cicuil & by wing Kirchholl's rues, These fulet ore sed by electical engineers as they compute the ammount of current that goes through a cicuil regardless of its Configuration. These statements were fis! dBcevered by Guitay Kirchhoff, a Geman physeat, in 1845. Kirchholf's rules Contain the following hwo shatenents: 1. Kinehhot"'s Poinl/Junction Rule: The surn of all the Curents entering o Point of junction of the Greuit is equal fe the sum of al ihe currents lecving thal paint or junction. 2. Kirchhof"'s Leop/Cireuit Rule: The som of the potential ciferences ocross all elements cround any clased ciuil loop muct be zero. The Ing fue based on the comervation of dectic charge. No charge con aacumulale at the junction. The fotal charge entering and leaving the junction of @ parficular amount of fime should always be Ihe same. In justifying our claim that Kirchhafl's second ne is a statement of conmenation of energy. we imagined camying @ charge around loop. When applying thé mule, we imogine Fravelling around the loap ape CL Gardysie® Sux worict ut‘ond Consider changes in elechic potential, catyer than the changes in polenfial energy. You should oko nole the folowing sgn Conventions ‘when xaing the second rue: * Becowe charges mave from the bigh-potential end a: a fetistor le the low-polenitial end, & G retier & fewened in the direction of the curent, the change in potential AV aoress the resistor is IR. (Fig. 6.4) Io resstor b hewensed in the diction oppose the curent, the chonge in potential av eeresi the resistor #4 [Fp 4b) a souce of emt (asumed to have zero intemed resistance] & jravenad in the direction of the emt [from — te +}. the change in potenti AV 8 + £ (Fig. &.¢} The emf of he battery increases the e@lechic potential as we mowe through if in ts drection. Ia source of em fasumed to have zero intemed resistance) wavered in the direction ‘Sppacite the emf [fram + 10 + }. the change in potential AV &- = (Fig. Sc). In this cous, The emf of ure 7. utes for determining the the battery reduces the elackic — poeanctangeccoe a reuier Olenhiot as we move through it ongabaneny ‘Actptect hore Thoruce Learning FeExample 3: A Single-Loop Circuit Asingeloop circuit contains two reiitos and feo batteries jNegiect the intemal resistances of the aterie), find the curred in the circu. Solution: We do not need Krehhell's rules te onolyze this simple circuit, but let us wae them anyway jl fosee how they of applied. There are ne junctions in this single-loop Gruit; thus, the coment & the some in all elements. Let us auume that the current is clockwise. Trewersing the creuil in a clockwise direction. slarfing at a. we see that ata Attest Terms Lacing Arepruents o potential change of + 14, Blo crepresnts m potentinl change of = Mt, © fo J represents a potential change of — 5, . and dla a represnts @ potential change of AR Applying Ktrchhotfs's loop nie gives: Ivo Eye lity Ep - i= 0 Solving fer /and using the values given in the figure, we obtain: ec: _ sov-izv R,-R, gon+i00 The negative sign for J indicates that the diection of the cument is oppotile the assumed direction. Exomple 4: Applying Kirchhof's Rules Find the cument 4. 6 fin the cirsuit shown in the figure on the sight, Solufion: Notice that we cannot reduee this creuit fo o simpler fom by meons of the ries of adding resistances in series ond in peroliel, We rust use Krehholl's mules te analyze the Groat. We arbitrary choose the directions ef the cuments as jobeled in the figure Applying Eichholls junefion rufe te junction € gives: sop tame asracn Lacy reO) btb=b We now have ene equation with three unknowns - de dz andl ds There ane three loops in the circuit - abeda, befcb, ond efile. We therefore need only twa loop equations lo detemiine the unknown cuments. (The thie loop equatio would give ne new information). Applying Kirchholl’s loop nde to loops abcde and befcb and traverting these loops clockwise, we obtain the exmresions: (2) abads 10V- (60) fy (20), = 0 (B) beth -140 + (tt) hy ~ 10¥- a= 0 Note that the loop bath we obtain o positive value when havering tte &- Oresktor because our direction of travel & oppesite the cssumed cirection of A Expresion [1], (2), and (3) represent three independent equations with three unknowns, Substilufing equation (1) into Equation (2) gives: 10 = (tt) My ~ (240) (hy HH) =O () 10V= (ath + a) Dividing each termin Equation (3) by 2 and rearanging gives: (SP D2 (ANN + (2TH Subtracting Equation (5) freer Equistion [4] elininetes 2 giving: 22 = (Ina) aad Using this value of f; in Equation (5) gives avathie for dr (20) bs = (3.0) fh = 12 V = (20) (2A) - 12 = 6 bperddl d= tet be Thé fact that hand ore both negative indicates only that the currents, Ste opposite the drechon we chase fer them. However, the numerical values are conect.L OMULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the leter of the comect onswer White your ‘answer on your natebesk. 1. Whiel of the Iellowing quantity remains in parallel ereuil? 4. Curent ond veltage b. current ¢. vollage 2. Which statement describes cunent in a series circuit? 4. B days the same throughout. b, spits up acres each component. ¢. Bincreases. 3. Whol happens te the vollage in a parallel ereut? 0. I spits up across gach component. b. Bt spits across the branches. ¢. B days the same throughout. 4. ino pardiel creuil, f one of the bulbs blew ouf, the other bulb would nel Be able to fight ue. Thi shat @. Tue ¢. Neither true nor false 4 Wiinoh statement descinas voltage ine sores eecult 4. B days the same throughout. b, spits up acres each component. €. Bincreates, 4, For a series Combination of resetor, the cuments in the two resistors are a. The same by, ineneeriens e deceaes 7. The equivalent resistance of a sees connection of resisters & chweys ‘any indivieval resistance. a. Les than 6. greater than €. equal @. According te Kirehholl’s Point/ Junction Rule, the sum of all the curents entering o point or junction of the creuilis___ to the sum of all the curents leaving that paint or janction, @. Les than 6. greater than . equal 9. Street lights are connected in which of the follawiig configuration? a. Series: 6. poraliel ¢. neither a nor 10.In a series Greuil, Zone of the bulbs blew out, the offer bulb would nef be able fe light up. This statement is - a. Tue 6 foe <. neither tru svar false I Problem Solving: Selve the given problems below. If computations are needed, show the solution in your notebook, 1, A circuit has a resistor with o resistance of 30 followed by three parallel branches each helding o resistor with o redstance of 50. What is the equivalent resistance of the crevil?I, Problem Solving: Sclve the given problarri below. If computations cre needed, show the solution in your noteboack. 1. Acieuil has a resistor with a resistance of 30 followed by three parailel branches each holding a resistor with o redstonce af SO. Whal is the equivalent retkionce of the creuil? 2. Find the cument through each battery. wo 4 c gv 13 6a an Lif av Ty o