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Part B Structural Design

This document summarizes SANS 10400-B:2020 Edition 4, which provides standards for structural design in South Africa. It is the property of SABS and may only be used by the South African Council for the Architectural Pr according to the copyright agreement. The standard specifies requirements for designing buildings and structural elements to ensure strength, stability, serviceability, and durability. It is one part of multiple standards that cover various aspects of building design and construction in South Africa.

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Part B Structural Design

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© SABS.

This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to The South African Council for the
Architectural Pr in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. , valid until 2022-03-31. The single-site licence allows The South African Council for the
Architectural Pr to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed.

ISBN 978-0-626-38477-7
SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

The application of the National Building

Regulations

Part B: Structural design

Published by the South African Bureau of Standards

1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof  Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001
Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568
www.sabs.co.za
 SABS

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to The South African Council for the
Architectural Pr in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. , valid until 2022-03-31. The single-site licence allows The South African Council for the
Architectural Pr to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed.

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SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope

Foreword
This South African standard was prepared by National Committee SABS/TC 060, Construction
standards – Basis for the design of structures, in accordance with procedures of the South African
Bureau of Standards, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement.

This document was approved for publication in May 2020.

This document supersedes SANS 10400-B:2012 (edition 3).

Compliance with this document cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.

Compliance with the requirements of this document will be deemed to be compliance with the
requirements of part B of the National Building Regulations, issued in terms of the National Building
Regulations and Building Standards Act, 1977 (Act No. 103 of 1977).

SANS 10400 consists of the following parts, under the general title The application of the National
Building Regulations:

Part A: General principles and requirements.

Part B: Structural design.

Part C: Dimensions.

Part D: Public safety.

Part F: Site operations.

Part G: Excavations.

Part H: Foundations.

Part J: Floors.

Part K: Walls.

Part L: Roofs.

Part M: Stairways.

Part N: Glazing.

Part O: Lighting and ventilation.

Part P: Drainage.

Part Q: Non-water-borne means of sanitary disposal.

Part R: Stormwater disposal.

Part S: Facilities for persons with disabilities.

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

Foreword (concluded)
Part T: Fire protection.

Part V: Space heating.

Part W: Fire installation.

Part X: Environmental sustainability.

Part XA: Energy usage in buildings.

Annex B forms an integral part of this document. Annexes A and C are for information only.

Introduction
The functional regulations pertaining to structural design contained in part B of the National Building
Regulations are as follows:

PART B – STRUCTURAL DESIGN

B1 DESIGN REQUIREMENT

(1) Any building and any structural element or component thereof shall be designed to provide
strength, stability, serviceability and durability under all actions which can reasonably be expected
to occur in accordance with accepted principles of structural design, and so that it will not impair
the integrity of any other building or property.

(2) Any such building shall be so designed that in the event of accidental overloading the structural
system will not suffer disastrous or progressive collapse which is disproportionate to the original
cause.

(3) The requirements of sub-regulations (1) and (2) shall be deemed to be satisfied where such
building is designed in accordance with SANS 10400-B.

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

Contents
Page

Foreword

Introduction

1 Scope .................................................................................................................................. 3

2 Normative references .......................................................................................................... 3

3 Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 5

4 Requirements ...................................................................................................................... 10

4.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 10

4.2 Rational design and rational assessment ................................................................... 11
4.2.2 Rational designs in respect of building systems comprising materials and
elements the properties, characteristics and behaviour of which are well known .... 20
4.2.3 Rational designs in respect of building systems comprising materials and
elements the properties, characteristics and behaviour of which are not well known 21
4.3 Agrément certification ................................................................................................. 22
4.4 Buildings in dolomite land ........................................................................................... 22

Annex A (informative) Condensation ..................................................................................... 23

Annex B (normative) Performance tests pertaining to structural safety, serviceability

and durability ...................................................................................... 25

Annex C (informative) The design of masonry walls to satisfy serviceability criteria .............. 29

Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 34

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SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

The application of the National Building Regulations

Part B:
Structural design

1 Scope
1.1 This part of SANS 10400 provides deemed-to-satisfy requirements for compliance with
part B (Structural Design) of the National Building Regulations.

2 Normative references
The following referenced documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document
and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies. Information on currently valid national and international standards can be obtained from the
South African Bureau of Standards.

SANS 517, Light steel frame building

SANS 1936-1:2012, Development of dolomite land – Part 1: General principles and requirements.

SANS 1936-2, Development of dolomite land – Part 2: Geotechnical investigations and

determinations.

SANS 1936-3, Development of dolomite land – Part 3: Design and construction of buildings,
structures and infrastructure.

SANS 1936-4, Development of dolomite land – Part 4: Risk management.

SANS 2394/ISO 2394, General principles on reliability for structures.

SANS 10082, Timber frame buildings.

SANS 10100-1, The structural use of concrete – Part 1: Design.

SANS 10100-2, The structural use of concrete – Part 2: Materials and execution of work.

SANS 10100-3, The structural use of concrete – Part 3: Water retaining structures;

SANS 10104, Handrailing and balustrading (safety aspects).

SANS 10160-1, Basis of structural design and actions for buildings and industrial structures – Part 1:
Basis of structural design.

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

SANS 10160-2:2011, Basis of structural design and actions for buildings and industrial structures –
Part 2: Self-weight and imposed loads.

SANS 10160-3, Basis of structural design and actions for buildings and industrial structures – Part 3:
Wind actions.

SANS 10160-4, Basis of structural design and actions for buildings and industrial structures – Part 4:
Seismic actions and general requirements for buildings.

SANS 10160-5, Basis of structural design and actions for buildings and industrial structures – Part 5:
Basis for geotechnical design and actions.

SANS 10160-6, Basis of structural design and actions for buildings and industrial structures – Part 6:
Actions induced by cranes and machinery.

SANS 10160-7, Basis of structural design and actions for buildings and industrial structures – Part 7:
Thermal actions.

SANS 10160-8, Basis of structural design and actions for buildings and industrial structures – Part 8:
Actions during execution.

SANS 10162-1, The structural use of steel – Part 1: Limit-states design of hot-rolled steelwork.

SANS 10162-2, The structural use of steel – Part 2: Cold-formed steel structures.

SANS 10163-1, The structural use of timber – Part 1: Limit-states design.

SANS 10163-2, The structural use of timber – Part 2: Allowable stress design.

SANS 10164-1, The structural use of masonry – Part 1: Unreinforced masonry walling.

SANS 10164-2, The structural use of masonry – Part 2: Structural design and requirements for
reinforced and prestressed masonry.

SANS 10400-A, The application of the National Building Regulations – Part A: General principles and
requirements.

SANS 10400-H, The application of the National Building Regulations – Part H: Foundations.

SANS 10400-J, The application of the National Building Regulations – Part J: Floors.

SANS 10400-K, The application of the National Building Regulations – Part K: Walls.

SANS 10400-L, The application of the National Building Regulations – Part L: Roofs.

SANS 10400-M, The application of the National Building Regulations – Part M: Stairways.

SANS 10400-N, The application of the National Building Regulations – Part N: Glazing.

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

3 Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the definitions given in SANS 10400-A (some of which are
repeated for convenience) and the following apply.

3.1
action

3.1.1
direct action
assembly of concentrated or distributed forces acting on a structure, or set of forces (loads) applied
to a structure

3.1.2
imposed action
variable action
action for which the variation in magnitude with time is neither negligible in relation to the mean
value nor monotonic

3.1.3
indirect action
cause of deformations imposed on a structure or constrained in it, or set of imposed deformations
or accelerations

3.1.4
permanent action
action that is likely to occur continuously throughout a given reference period and for which the
variations in magnitude with time are small compared with the mean value, or for which the
variation is always in the same direction (monotonic) until the action attains a certain limit value

3.2
agent
physical event, object or action that influences a building or parts of a building

3.3
Agrément certificate
certificate that confirms fitness-for-purpose of a non-standardized product, material or component or
the acceptability of the related non-standardized design and the conditions pertaining thereto (or both)
issued by the Board of Agrément South Africa

3.4
Board of Agrément South Africa
body that operates under the delegation of authority of the Minister of Public Works

3.5
barrier
all walls, curtain walls, partitions, balustrades and all glazed areas, whether permanent or temporary,
intended to act as a barrier to prevent people from falling

3.6
category 1 building
building which

a) is designated as being of class A3, A4, F2, G1, H2, H3, or H4 occupancy (see Regulation A20 in
SANS 10400-A),

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

b) has no basements,

c) has a maximum length of 6,0 m between intersecting walls or members providing lateral support,
and

d) has a floor area that does not exceed 80 m2

NOTE 1 Table C.1 of SANS 10400-A: 2016 outlines the difference in performance between category 1 buildings
and other buildings that have the same occupancy designation in respect of a number of building attributes.

NOTE 2 A building may be classified as a category 1 building for the purposes of one or more parts of
SANS 10400. Additional limitations may accordingly be imposed on category 1 buildings. For example, a
category 1 building in terms of SANS 10400-T (Fire protection) will be restricted to a single storey.

NOTE 3 Fire requirements for category 1 buildings are based on occupants escaping quickly from buildings.
The design population for occupancies as set out in table 2 of part A of the Regulations (see SANS 10400-A)
should therefore not be exceeded.

3.7
competent person
person who is registered and is qualified by virtue of his education, training, experience and contextual
knowledge to make a determination regarding the performance of a building or part thereof in relation
to a functional regulation or to undertake such duties as may be assigned to him in terms of the
National Building Regulations

NOTE This is a generic definition, to be used where no other definition is given, or no references are made to
other standards. Other parts of SANS 10400 contain definitions of a more specific nature relevant to their
disciplines.

3.8
competent person (civil engineering)
person who

a) is registered in terms of the Engineering Profession Act, 2000 (Act No. 46 of 2000), as either a
Professional Engineer or a Professional Engineering Technologist,

b) has a tertiary qualification (degree or diploma) in civil engineering, and

c) is generally recognized as having the necessary experience and training to undertake rational
assessments or rational designs in the field of civil engineering

3.9
competent person (dolomite land)
person who

a) is registered as a Professional Engineer in terms of the Engineering Profession Act, 2000 (Act No.
46 of 2000), or a person who has a BSc degree, or higher, in geology or engineering geology and
is registered in terms of section 11 of the Natural Scientific Professions Act, 2003 (Act No. 27 of
2003), and

b) is generally recognized as having the necessary experience and training to undertake rational
assessments or rational designs in the context of dolomite areas

SANS 10400-B:2020
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3.10
competent person (structures)
person who

a) is registered in terms of the Engineering Profession Act, 2000 (Act No. 46 of 2000), as either a
Professional Engineer or a Professional Engineering Technologist, and

b) is generally recognized as having the necessary experience and training to undertake rational
assessments or rational designs in the field of structural systems

3.11
deemed-to-satisfy requirement
non-mandatory requirement, the compliance with which ensures compliance with a functional
regulation

3.12
deflection
movement under the actions of a defined point in a structure, in a defined direction

3.13
design working life
assumed period for which a structure, or a structural element or a structural component is to be used
for its intended purpose, without substantial additions and alterations, severe abuse or poor
maintenance, and without major repair being necessary

3.14
dolomite land
land underlain by dolomite or limestone residuum or bedrock (or both), within the Malmani Subgroup
and Campbell Rand Subgroup, typically at depths of no more than

a) 60 m in areas where no de-watering has taken place and the local authority has jurisdiction, is
monitoring and has control over the groundwater levels in the areas under consideration; or

b) 100 m in areas where de-watering has taken place or where the local authority has no jurisdiction
or control over groundwater levels

NOTE For more information on dolomite land in South Africa, see annex B of SANS 1936-1: 2012.

3.15
durability
retention of performance and appearance of a building and its various structural elements or
components over time, when reasonably maintained at regular intervals in a particular environment

3.16
dwelling house
single dwelling unit and any garage and other domestic outbuildings thereto, situated on its own site

3.17
dwelling unit
unit containing one or more habitable rooms and provided with sanitary and cooking facilities

3.18
expected damage
approximation of the probable damage that might occur in walls and floors

SANS 10400-B:2020
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3.19
free-standing wall
wall (that is not a retaining wall) without lateral support

3.20
functional regulation
regulation that sets out in qualitative terms what is required of a building or building element or building
component in respect of a particular characteristic, without specifying the method of construction,
dimensions or materials to be used

3.21
geotechnical site investigation
process of evaluating the geotechnical character of a site in the context of existing or proposed works
or land usage, which may include one or more of the following:

a) evaluation of the geology and hydrogeology of the site;

b) examination of existing geotechnical information pertaining to the site;

c) excavating or boring in soil or rock and systematic description of the soil and rock profiles;

d) determining the depth of any fill that might be present;

e) in-situ assessment of geotechnical properties of materials;

f) recovery of samples of soil or rock for examination, identification, recording, testing or display;

g) testing of soil or rock samples to quantify properties relevant to the purpose of the investigation;

h) evaluation of geotechnical properties of tested soils;

i) reporting of the results; and

j) providing solutions (where relevant) and conclusions

3.22
ground movement
displacement in any direction of the founding stratum that is not solely dependent on the loads applied
by the structure

3.23
inspection
general inspection by a competent person of a system or measure or installation during the erection
or installation of a building, or part thereof, at such intervals as might be necessary in accordance
with accepted professional practice, to enable such competent person to be satisfied that the design
assumptions are valid, the design is being correctly interpreted and that the work is being executed
generally in accordance with the approved designs, appropriate construction techniques and good
engineering practice, but excludes detailed supervision and day-to-day inspection

3.24
lifetime
period for which the structure, as built, is used for its original intended purpose and occupancy, without
substantial additions and alterations, severe abuse or poor maintenance, all of which might have a
significant effect on the structural safety and structural serviceability performance of the structure

SANS 10400-B:2020
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3.25
load
value of a force corresponding to an action

3.26
maintenance
total set of activities performed during the design working life of a structure or a structural element to
enable it to fulfil the intended requirements

3.27
minor damage
expected damage that can readily be attended to in the course of normal redecoration and that
requires only remedial work of a very minor nature to reinstate functional efficiency

3.28
performance
behaviour of a building or any part of it related to use

3.29
rational assessment
assessment by a competent person of the adequacy of the performance of a solution in relation to
requirements including as necessary, a process of reasoning, calculation and consideration of
accepted analytical principles, based on a combination of deductions from available information,
research and data, appropriate testing and service experience

3.30
rational design
design by a competent person involving a process of reasoning and calculation and which may
include a design based on the use of a standard or other suitable document

3.31
reliability
ability of a structure or structural element to fulfil the specified requirements, including the design
working life, for which it has been designed

3.32
serviceability
ability of a structure or structural element to perform adequately under normal use and under all
expected actions

3.33
settlement
downward movement of the foundations caused by the application of a load to the founding stratum
by the structure

3.34
stability
ability of a structure to maintain equilibrium and to resist displacement or overbalancing

3.35
storey
that part of a building which is situated between the top of any floor and the top of the floor next above
it or, if there is no floor above it, that portion between such floor and the ceiling above it (any open
work floor, catwalk or gallery being taken to be part of the storey in which it is situated); and in relation
to a building

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

a) the ground storey is taken as the storey in which there is situated an entrance to the building from
the level of the adjoining ground or, if there is more than one such storey, the lower or lowest of
these,

b) a basement is taken to be any part of the building which is below the level of the ground storey,

c) an upper storey is taken to be a storey of the building which is above the level of the ground storey,
and

d) the height expressed in storeys is taken to be that number of storeys which includes all storeys
other than a basement

3.36
strength
capability of a body to resist the loads applied to it

3.37
structural
relating to or forming part of any structural system

3.38
structural system
system of constructional elements and components of a building which is provided to resist the loads
acting upon, it and to transfer such loads to the ground upon which such building is founded

3.39
structure
organized combination of connected parts designed to provide some measure of rigidity, or
construction works that have such an arrangement

3.40
wind load
force exerted by wind action

4 Requirements
4.1 General
The functional regulations pertaining to structural design contained in part B of the National Building
Regulations (depicted in the foreword) shall be deemed to be satisfied, subject to buildings in dolomite
land complying with the requirements of 4.4, where the structural system of the building (see table 1):

a) complies with the requirements of parts H, J, K, L, M and N of SANS 10400;

b) in the case of timber buildings, with the requirements of SANS 10082;

c) in the case of light steel frame buildings, with the requirements of SANS 517;

e) is the subject of a rational design or a rational assessment prepared by a competent person

(structures) in accordance with the requirements of 4.2; and

f) is the subject of an Agrément certificate in accordance with the requirements of (a) to (e).

NOTE 1 Compliance with the requirements of sub-regulation B1(1) and B1(2) in The National Building
Regulations Act No. 107 of 1977 can be demonstrated in several ways. These include applying prescribed rules
to structural elements, engaging a competent person (structures) to prepare rational designs in accordance with

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

relevant South African national standards for elements which fall within the scope of such standards, engaging
a competent person (structures) to prepare a rational assessment which may incorporate tests that prove the
fitness for purpose of the building component, or obtaining Agrément certification for the building system or
component thereof (see figure 1).

NOTE 2 The performance of a building as a whole should be considered first. Thereafter, the performance of
each subsystem or component should be considered. Different deemed-to-satisfy requirements may be utilized
to demonstrate compliance of a subsystem with functional requirements.

NOTE 3 Qualification, experience and engineering common sense should enable engineers to identify the
relevant risks (including naturally occurring and man-made risks associated with design, assessment,
construction and maintenance processes), decide on the structural concept, and design the structural system as
a whole so that the structure will be safe over its specified design life.

4.2 Rational design and rational assessment

4.2.1 General

4.2.1.1 The design working life of a building other than a category 1 building shall be not less than
30 years in respect of the structural system, barriers and non-accessible components, and 15 years
for repairable or replaceable components and materials, such as claddings, roofing materials, exterior
trims, and integrated components, such as windows and doors. Category 1 buildings may have a
design life of not less than 10 years in respect of repairable or replaceable components, provided that
provision for upgrading is made at the design stage and such upgrading does not require the removal
or dismantling of the existing structure and does not require highly specialized skills to be applied.

4.2.1.2 The representative permanent, imposed and seismic loads and impact sources applied to the
structure and structural elements shall be in accordance with the requirements of the relevant part of
SANS 10160.

4.2.1.3 The representative wind pressure on buildings shall be determined and converted into a wind
load in accordance with the requirements of the relevant part of SANS 10160, provided that

a) the wind load applied to the structural system as a whole and to structural elements of dwelling
houses is not less than 0,37 kPa and 0,45 kPa, respectively, and the minimum wind load applied
to structural elements is not less than that given in table 1; and

b) the minimum wind load applied to free-standing walls is at least

1) 0,58 kPa within a distance equal to four times the height of the wall from a free end or an end
with return adjacent to an opening or discontinuity in the wall, and

2) 0,41 kPa elsewhere.

4.2.1.4 Buildings shall suffer no more than minor damage when subjected to winds associated with
a 25-year mean recurrence interval. Damage from winds associated with a 50-year recurrence
interval shall not prevent the buildings from fulfilling their intended purpose, except for the possible
loss of roof covering material and cladding, nor shall such damage pose a threat to the inhabitants.
In the case of severe or extreme winds, damage to the building shall not be disproportionate to the
severity of the cause.

4.2.1.5 The resistance of the structure under the effects of all actions shall be assessed in terms of
limit-state criteria or allowable stress criteria in accordance with the requirements of the relevant part
of SANS 10160-1, SANS 10160-2, SANS 10160-3, SANS 10160-4, SANS 10160-5, SANS 10160-6,
SANS 10160-7 and SANS 10160-8, or those specified in SANS 10100-1 and SANS 10100-2,
SANS 10162-1 and SANS 10162-2, SANS 10163-1 and SANS 10163-2, SANS 10164-2, SANS 517
or SANS 10082.

SANS 10400-B:2020
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NOTE Actions include movements arising from shrinkage and creep of materials such as concrete, thermal
movements, movement due to moisture changes, deflection of structural components and moisture expansion
of burnt clay masonry units.

4.2.1.6 The response of the structure and structural elements to representative actions and impacts
shall, where appropriate, be within the limits established in table 2.

4.2.1.7 The maintenance required to maintain, with an appropriate degree of reliability, the structural
safety and serviceability performance of the structural system in the environment in which it is located,
when subjected to normal use, shall not be excessive. The normal preventative maintenance cycle
in respect of buildings other than category 1 buildings shall not be more frequent than five years.

4.2.1.8 Construction materials used in the structural system shall be resistant to, or made resistant
to,

a) insect and rodent attack,

b) abrasion owing to wind-blown sand,

c) corrosive attack by groundwater, surface water, rainwater, atmospheric pollutants and any
subsurface or atmospheric gases to which such materials might reasonably be exposed, and

d) solar radiation, and

e) condensation, to the extent that any changes in sectional form or mechanical properties, subject
to appropriate preventative maintenance being undertaken, do not reduce the structural safety and
structural serviceability performance requirements throughout the design working life.

NOTE Condensation is a problem in the Southern Coastal Condensation Problem Area (see annex A).
Adequate preventative measures, such as the provision of vapour barriers or the use of impervious materials,
might need to be taken to ensure that moisture from condensation that might occur on the underside of metal
roofing sheets, at ceiling level or interstitially, does not have a deleterious effect on structural elements over the
lifetime of the structure. An alternative solution is to improve the thermal performance such that no significant
condensation occurs.

4.2.1.9 The manufacture of components and the construction or erection of structural elements (or
both) shall be such that the structural safety and structural serviceability performance requirements,
appropriate to the type of building, throughout the design working life, are not reduced by variations
and inconsistencies in quality.

4.2.1.10 Testing in accordance with the requirements of annex B shall be used to demonstrate that
specific requirements are complied with in relation to tables 1 to 4, as appropriate.

NOTE 1 Suitable tests are described in Agrément South Africa's Performance criteria: Building and walling
systems – Structural strength and stability, for example,

Test 1: Transverse flexure of walls,

Test 2: Horizontal load resistance/vertical spanning,

Test 3: Racking,

Test 4: Horizontal load on doors, windows and their immediate surround,

Test 5: Strength of L-connections between walls Test 6: Strength of T-connections between walls,

Test 7: Anchorage of roof trusses to walls,

SANS 10400-B:2020
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Test 8: Ability of the walls to resist vertical loads, and

Test 9: Ability of gable walls to resist wind loading.

NOTE 2 Suitable tests, complete with acceptance criteria, are described in Agrément South Africa's
Performance criteria: Building and walling systems – Structural assessment of dry-stack masonry building
systems, for example,

Test 1: Vertical load-bearing capacity of walls,

Test 2: Transverse flexure of walls,

Test 3: Horizontal load resistance/vertical spanning,

Test 4: Horizontal line load resistance,

Test 5: Racking load resistance,

Test 6: Response of buildings to simulated wind loading,

Test 7: Horizontal load on doors and windows and their immediate surround,

Test 8: Transverse flexure of gable walls,

Test 9: Soft body impact test, and

Test 10: Steel tool impact test (hard body impact test).

Table 1 ― Minimum wind loads for roofing and wall elements in dwelling houses and
domestic residences

1 2
Minimum service
Component wind load to be
applied
kPa
Roofing
Wind uplift on roof 0,59
Local effects on eaves overhangs and canopies 0,78
External wall
Outward pressure on doors and windows 0,51

Inward pressure on doors and windows 0,45

Outward pressure on walls 0,52

Inward pressure on all walls 0,37

a
Horizontal pressure on the side of a building 0,37
Internal wall
Pressure on either face 0,20
a
This is the pressure which causes "racking".

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

Table 2 ― Structural response of buildings to representative actions and impacts

1 2
Agent Performance parameter
Building structure
Ground Tilt
conditions and Rotation of any part of the structure or the structure as a whole from its intended line or
movements level as a result of settlement or ground movement shall not be more severe than
– Buildings other than category 1 buildings: 1:200
– Category 1 buildings: 1:100
Total settlement
Buildings other than category 1 buildings: 10 mm after building has been completed.
Category 1 buildings: 20 mm after the building has been completed, unless special
precautions have been taken to adequately accommodate movements in excess of this
value.
Direct and Deflection
indirect actions Deflection ratio (ratio of maximum deflection from the horizontal to the span of the roof)
arising from permanent, imposed and wind actions at the ceiling level shall not be more
severe than
– Buildings other than category 1 buildings: 1:250
– Category 1 buildings: 1:175
Cracking
Irreversible damage in the load deflection curve, even if cracks or other damage is not
visible.
Cracks in roofing substrates (decking) that might impair the normal function of the roof or
coverings.
Hail impact After being tested in accordance with the relevant provisions of annex B, the test specimen
shall be free from visible cracks or perforations.
Structural element: walls
Direct actions Deflection ratio (ratio of maximum deflection from the vertical to the length or the height of
the wall panel) arising from permanent, imposed and wind actions shall not be more
severe than
– Buildings other than category 1 buildings: 1:250
– Category 1 buildings: 1:175
Indirect actions Minor damage that is not more severe than that of category 1 expected damage (see
table 4), or the equivalent thereof.
Ground Minor damage that is not more severe than category 2 expected damage (see table 4), or
a the equivalent thereof.
movements
Soft body Collapse impacts
impacts Walls shall not collapse or be permanently deformed.
Service impacts
th
Walls when struck shall not be displaced by more than 1/600 of their height or have
cracks, which cannot be readily repaired, of aggregate length exceeding 300 mm and
width exceeding 0,5 mm.

Sharp body Walls shall not be punctured nor, in the case of materials of a non-fibrous nature, be
impacts indented or locally displaced by more than 3 mm. In addition, there shall be no readily
visible cracks (i.e. wider than 0,25 mm) and the aggregate length of such cracks shall not
exceed 300 mm.
Door slamming The slamming of the test door shall not cause damage to the wall or cause the frame to
detach from the wall.
Fittings The loosening and withdrawal of the fixing devices shall not cause more than minor,
readily repairable damage to the wall.

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

Table 2 (concluded)

1 2
Agent Performance parameter
Structural element: floor
Direct actions Deflection ratio (ratio of maximum deflection from the horizontal to the span of the floor)
arising from permanent, imposed and wind actions shall not be more severe than:
– Buildings other than category 1 buildings: 1:250
– Category 1 buildings: 1:175
Indirect actions Floors covered with carpets and flexible floor coverings
(slab-on-the- Minor damage that is not more severe than category 2 expected damage (see table 5), or
ground the equivalent thereof, as nominated by the user.
foundations)
Floors covered with semi-flexible or rigid tiles
Minor damage that is not more severe than category 1 expected damage (see table 5), or
the equivalent thereof.
Ground Minor damage that is not more severe than category 2 expected damage (see tables 5
movement and and 6), or the equivalent thereof.
conditions
a
a Owners may specify a different category of expected damage, particularly on heaving clay profiles.
Competent persons (structures) should ascertain from owners which category of expected damage should
apply, provided that such damage is not more severe than that of category 2 expected damage.

Table 3 ― Representative actions and impacts applied to the building structure and
structural elements

1 2
Agent Performance parameter
Building structure
a
In accordance with the requirements of the relevant part of SANS 10160 and 4.2.1.3.
Wind actions
Seismic actions In accordance with the requirements of the relevant part of SANS 10160.
Ground In accordance with the expected range of ground movements associated with the site (see
conditions and also table 7).
movements
Structural element: roof
Permanent Self-weight of covering, ceilings, structure and geysers, if any (see SANS 10160 and
actions specialist literature).
Imposed or In accordance with the requirements of the relevant part of SANS 10160.
b
variable actions
Wind actions In accordance with the requirements of the relevant part of SANS 10160 and 4.2.1.3.
Snow action A uniformly distributed load corresponding to the expected depth of snow where a snow
depth exceeding 250 mm can be expected to accumulate.
Hail impact Impacts of up to 10 J or, where the building is located in areas where severe hail storms
b
are known to occur, 20 J .
Structural element: walls
Wind actions In accordance with the requirements of the relevant part of SANS 10160 and 4.2.1.3.
Permanent Self-weight of wall (see SANS 10160 and specialist literature).
actions
Imposed or In accordance with the requirements of the relevant part of SANS 10160.
variable actions

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

Table 3 (continued)

1 2
Agent Performance parameter
Building structure
Soft body impacts Two soft body impacts in accordance with B.2.1 each generating an impact of:
Category 1 buildings
Internal walls and external walls External walls
Type of wall (impact from the inside) (impact from the outside)
Service Collapse Service Collapse
Heavyweight
construction 130 J 265 J 265 J 410 J
Lightweight 130 J (framing)
construction 90 J (cladding) 265 J 265 J 410 J

Buildings other than category 1 buildings

Internal walls, external walls at Internal walls around stairways,
ground floor (impact from the external walls at first floor and
Type of wall inside) and external walls at higher (impact from the inside) and
first floor and higher (impact external walls at ground level
from the outside) (impact from the outside)
Service Collapse Service Collapse
Lightweight 130 J (framing)
construction 90 J (cladding) 265 J 265 J 410 J

Sharp body Category 1 buildings

impacts Two blows in accordance with B.2.2 each generating an impact of 4,2 J Buildings other
than category 1 buildings
External walls Internal walls
At ground floor (impact from the inside) 5,3 J Non-load-bearing
At ground floor (impact from the outside) 7,9 J walls 5,3 J

At first floor and higher (impact from the inside) 5,3 J Load-bearing walls 7,9 J
At first floor and higher (impact from the outside) 7,9 J Around stairwells 7,9 J

Hail impact Impacts of 10 J on components other than glazing

Door slamming 25 kg door slammed ten times from a position of 60° open, with a force of 150 N applied at
the handle position in the direction of closure, such force being applied until the door makes
contact with the frame
Fittings Lightweight fittings (e.g. coat hooks, towel rails and medicine cabinets) that have a mass
of 8 kg suspended 45 mm away from the wall at any location
Medium-weight fittings (e.g. hand basins, cisterns, medium-sized cupboards and 9 kg fire
extinguishers) that have a mass of 25 kg suspended 45 mm away from the wall, at
designated locations on the wall
Heavyweight fittings (required where there is a high probability that people will stand upon
the fittings, e.g. wash troughs, sanitaryware basins, geysers and fire hose reels) that have
a mass of 135 kg suspended 345 mm away from the wall for a period of 5 min
Shelving: safe load nominated by the owner

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

Table 3 (concluded)

1 2
Agent Performance parameter
Building structure
Structural element: floor
Permanent Self-weight of flooring system (as determined by the supplier) Finishes (as determined by
actions the supplier).
Imposed or In accordance with the requirements of the relevant part of SANS 10160.
variable actions
Vibrations Where relevant, in accordance with the requirements of the relevant part of SANS 10160.
Value required to determine overall stability (overturning, wind uplift, raking).

The requirement for a hail impact resistance of 10 J ensures that roofing material is resistant to mild hail storms.
For roof sheeting to be hail resistant, such sheets should have a hail resistance of 20 J (A 45 mm diameter
hailstone at terminal velocity in still air has a kinetic energy of approximately 15 J.). Hailstorms tend to be more
severe at higher altitudes and in the Summer Rainfall Areas. Buildings should generally be designed for the 10
J requirement, unless they are located in areas where severe hailstorms are a common occurrence (such as
high altitude mountainous areas).

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

Table 4 — Representative actions and impacts applied to barriers

1 2
Agent Performance parameter
Wind actions In accordance with the requirements of the relevant parts of SANS 10160, and 4.2.1.
Permanent
Self-weight (see SANS 10160-2, and specialist literature).
actions
Imposed or
variable actions In accordance with the requirements of 9.4 of SANS 10160-2: 2011.

In accordance with the requirements of 9.4.7 of SANS 10160-2: 2011.

Soft body impacts Applied to any element of the barrier Service

) Perpendicular approach distance less than 1.5 m 200 J,
) Perpendicular approach distance 1.5 m or greater 400 J and for escape routes.

A barrier shall be so installed that a vertical sag of any of its elements does not exceed 50 mm. When a load
of 1,5 Qk (refer SANS 10160-2) is applied at any point and in any direction on any element of the barrier for
a period of 1 h, the total deflection of that point (including sag) while under load shall not exceed 100 mm.

Barriers shall not comprise of components with sharp projections or edges that may cause injury or tear
clothing.
The design of fixings should avoid reliance wholly on the pull-out strength of a single fixing. It is also
imperative that the fixing design takes into account the material into which the fixing is placed, the spacing
between fixings, the edge distance and the position of reinforcement in concrete. Fixings shall not create a
trip or snag hazard.
NOTE 1 Imposed loading for escape routes and areas susceptible to large crowds e.g. buildings for public
events such as concert halls, sports stadia and access areas; to be load category C5 (see table 7 of
SANS 10160-2:2011).

NOTE 2 Any temporary barrier should be of the same height and strength as any permanent barrier in a
similar position.

NOTE 3 The strength of all fixings and joints should be adequately detailed so as to support the design
loading applied to a barrier and transfer them to the supporting structure.

SANS 10400-B:2019
Edition 4

Table 5 ― Classification of damage in masonry walls, including barriers

1 2 3

Approximate
Description of damage in terms of maximum crack Category of
a
ease of repair and typical expected
width in walls b
effects damage
mm

Hairline cracks less than 0,25 mm wide, classified as < 0,25 0

negligible. Negligible

Fine internal cracks which can easily be treated during <1 1

normal decoration. (isolated; localized) Very slight
Cracks rarely visible in external masonry.
Internal cracks that are easily filled. Redecoration probably <5 2
required. Slight

Recurrent cracks can be masked by suitable linings. Cracks

not necessarily visible externally. Doors and windows might
stick slightly.

NOTE 1 Where cracks less than 1 mm are widespread throughout the building, the damage may be
regarded as being category 2 expected damage.
NOTE 2 Annex C provides guidance on the limiting movements of masonry walls.
a Crack width is only one factor in assessing damage and should not be used on its own as a direct
measure of damage. In assessing the degree of severity of damage, account should be taken of its
location in the house.
b This classification is based on the ease of repair which may be considered under three headings
representing a progression in difficulty of repair, namely, redecoration due to wear and tear, remedial
work to reinstate functional efficiency, and structural repair.

Table 6 ― Classification of damage with reference to concrete surface beds

1 2 3 4
Approximate Maximum
maximum crack deviation of any
width in floor point from a 3 m Category of
Description of typical damage straight edge expected
damage
mm mm

Hairline cracks 0
Insignificant tilt of floor or change in level < 0,3 <5 Negligible
Fine but noticeable cracks 1
Floor reasonably level < 1,0 <8 Very slight
Distinct cracks
Floor noticeably curved or changed in level < 2,0 < 10 2
Slight

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

Table 7 ― Classification of damage caused by ground-floor slab settlement and ground

movements

1 2 3 4

Approximate Approximate
crack width gap Category of
Description of typical damage in floor expected
damage
mm mm

Hairline cracks between the floor and skirting. 0

– <1 Negligible
Settlement of the floor slab, either at a corner or along a short
wall, or possibly uniformly, such that a gap opens up below
the skirting boards, where provided, but which can be masked
by resetting the skirting boards. – <5 1
No cracks in floor slabs, although there might be negligible Very slight
cracks in the floor screed and finish.
Slab reasonably level.
Larger gaps below skirting boards; some obvious, but limited
local settlement leading to slight slope of the floor slab.
Gaps can be masked by resetting skirting boards and some
local re-screeding might be necessary.
Fine cracks appear in internal walls which might require some 2
redecoration; slight distortion in door frames which might result <1 < 15 Slight
in sticking of the doors.
No cracks in the floor slab although there might be very slight
cracks in the floor screed and finish.
Slab reasonably level.
NOTE Gap refers to the space, usually between the skirting and finished floor, caused by settlement after
making appropriate allowance for discrepancy in building construction, shrinkage, normal bedding down, etc.

4.2.2 Rational designs in respect of building systems comprising materials and

elements the properties, characteristics and behaviour of which are well known

4.2.2.1 The competent person (structures), in order to demonstrate that the functional regulations
contained in part B of the National Building Regulations pertaining to the structural system or part
thereof are satisfied (depicted in the foreword), shall undertake a rational design in accordance with
the following South African national standards, international standards, or in accordance with
recognized engineering principles, as applicable:

a) SANS 10100-1, Structural use of concrete – Part 1: Design;

b) SANS 10100-2, The structural use of concrete – Part 2: Materials and execution of work;

c) SANS 10100-3, The structural use of concrete – Part 3: Water retaining structures;

d) SANS 10104, Handrailing and balustrading (safety aspects);

e) SANS 10160-1, Basis of structural design and actions for buildings and industrial structures –
Part 1: Basis of structural design;

f) SANS 10162-1, The structural use of steel – Part 1: limit-states design of hot-rolled steelwork;

g) SANS 10163-1, The structural use of timber – Part 1: Limit-states design; and

f) SANS 10164-1, The structural use of masonry – Part 1: Unreinforced masonry walling.

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

4.2.2.2 The competent person (structures) responsible for the preparation of the rational design of
a structural system or part thereof, shall document the form and size of principal structural elements
for a proposed system, detail all connections associated therewith and determine the construction
and material specifications necessary to achieve the design intent.

4.2.2.3 The competent person (structures) responsible for the rational design shall, if called upon
by an owner of a building constructed in accordance with the rational design, or by a local authority
within a period of 10 years after completion of the building system or part thereof, produce
documentation (including assumptions made, loads applied and calculations) that demonstrates
that the building system complies with part B of the National Building Regulations for the
performance parameters contained in table 3.

4.2.2.4 The competent person (structures) shall carry out an inspection of the building and shall
furnish the local authority with a certificate to this effect on completion of the system.

NOTE 1 SANS 2001-CC1, SANS 2001-CC2, SANS 2001-CG1, SANS 2001-CM1, SANS 2001-CM2,
SANS 2001-CS1, and SANS 2001-CT1 may be used to specify construction requirements.

NOTE 2 The Rules of Conduct for Registered Persons issued in terms of the Engineering Profession Act, 2000
(Act No. 46 of 2000) state that a registered person may not, without satisfactory reasons, destroy or dispose of
or knowingly allow any other person to destroy or dispose of information (drawings, designs, records, reports,
specifications, contract documents, built records or plans, or electronic data that form part of the records relating
to the work) within a period of 10 years after completion of the work concerned.

NOTE 3 Local authorities and competent persons may, in terms of the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act,
2000 (Act No. 3 of 2000), be called upon to give reasons for their decisions made in terms of the National Building
Regulations and Building Standards Act, 1977 (Act No. 103 of 1977). Furthermore they may, in terms of the
Promotion of Access to Information Act, 2000 (Act No. 2 of 2000), be compelled to make available certain records
relating to work done in connection with the said National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act,
particularly where such records are likely to reveal evidence of imminent and serious public safety or
environmental risk.

4.2.3 Rational designs in respect of building systems comprising materials and

elements the properties, characteristics and behaviour of which are not well known

4.2.3.1 The competent person (structures) shall undertake a rational design or a rational assessment
(or both) in order to demonstrate by way of one or more of the following that the performance of the
building system or part thereof in accordance with the requirements of SANS 2394 is such that the
functional regulations contained in part B of the National Building Regulations are satisfied:

a) engineering first principles;

b) relevant research;

c) applicable standards and authoritative publications;

d) verifiable experience; and

e) suitable and appropriate test results and analysis.

The assumptions made and the level of reliability of rational designs or rational assessments (or both)
shall be such that a peer review of the structural system or part thereof would arrive at a similar
conclusion.

4.2.3.2 The robustness of walls, doors and window frames shall be established by means of one or
more of the tests described in annex B.

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

4.2.3.3 The competent person (structures) responsible for the preparation of the rational design or
rational assessment (or both) of a structural system or part thereof shall, as relevant, document all
assumptions made and the form and size of principal structural elements for a proposed system,
detail all connections associated therewith and determine the construction and material specifications
necessary to achieve the design intent.
4.2.3.4 The competent person (structures) responsible for the rational design or rational assessment
(or both) shall, if called upon by an owner of a building constructed in accordance with the rational
design or rational assessment (or both) or by a local authority, within a period of 10 years after
completion of the building system or part thereof, produce documentation (including all assumptions
made, loads applied, tests conducted, studies undertaken, calculations, etc.) that demonstrates that
the structural system complies with part B of the National Building Regulations.
4.2.3.5 The competent person (structures) shall carry out an inspection of the building and shall
furnish the local authority with a certificate to this effect on completion of the structural system.
NOTE 1 The competent person should demonstrate that the building system will provide the required level of
performance. This may be done on a factual and technical basis which can be substantiated and verified by
means of, inter alia, tests performed by a recognized competent authority or organization as defined in
Regulation AZ4 of the National Building Regulations and Standards Act, 1977 (Act No. 103 of 1977)
(see SANS 10400-A), by way of calculations performed in terms of appropriate South African structural
standards, appropriate and applicable international standards or from first principles, or by applying research
findings.

NOTE 2 The Rules of Conduct for Registered Persons issued in terms of the Engineering Profession Act, 2000
(Act No. 46 of 2000), state that a registered person may not, without satisfactory reasons, destroy or dispose of
or knowingly allow any other person to destroy or dispose of information (drawings, designs, records, reports,
specifications, contract documents, built records or plans, or electronic data that form part of the records relating
to the work) within a period of 10 years after completion of the work concerned.

NOTE 3 Local authorities and competent persons may, in terms of the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act,
2000 (Act No. 3 of 2000), be called upon to give reasons for their decisions made in terms of the National Building
Regulations and Standards Act, 1977 (Act No. 103 of 1977). Furthermore they may, in terms of the Promotion
of Access to Information Act, 2000 (Act No. 2 of 2000), be compelled to make available certain records relating
to work done in connection with the said National Building Regulations and Standards Act, particularly where
such records are likely to reveal evidence of imminent and serious public safety or environmental risk. (See B.9
of SANS 10400-A.)

4.3 Agrément certification

The requirements of Regulation B1 of the National Building Regulations and Standards Act, 1977
(Act No. 103 of 1977) shall be deemed to be satisfied where the building system or part thereof is the
subject of an Agrément certificate, provided that
a) the building element or building component is used within the scope, conditions and limitations
prescribed in the certificate, and
b) the building element or building component is compatible with other elements or components of
the building or building system.

4.4 Buildings in dolomite land

Buildings shall not be constructed on dolomite land unless such sites are developed in accordance
with the requirements of SANS 1936-1 and
a) competent persons (dolomite land) plan and conduct geotechnical site investigations for such land,
evaluate factual data, establish interpretative data and formulate an opinion relating to the
outcomes of such investigations in accordance with the relevant requirements of SANS 1936-2;
b) competent persons (structures), as relevant, design buildings in accordance with the relevant
requirements of SANS 1936-3;
c) competent persons (civil engineering) design and inspect for design intent the necessary
precautionary measures required on dolomite land to enable safe developments to take place; and
d) competent persons (dolomite land), where relevant, develop dolomite risk management strategies
in accordance with the requirements of SANS 1936-4.

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

Annex A
(informative)

Condensation

A.1 Under severe climatic conditions, such as occur in the Southern Coastal Condensation Problem
Area (see figure A.1), condensation in building cavities such as cavity walls or in roof spaces, can, if
occurring over a prolonged period, be detrimental to the structural system unless appropriate
protective measures are taken.

A.2 The factors that give rise to such condensation in dwellings include overcrowding, poor thermal
performance of the wall and roof construction, inadequate ventilation, the use of paraffin or gas (or
both) heating for cooking and the indoor washing and drying of laundry. All of these factors contribute
to the generation of excessive water vapour in the indoor atmosphere, which condenses on walls and
ceilings when the surface temperature falls below the dew point. Such moisture might also be
transferred into building cavities by air movement where, in turn, it would condense on cold surfaces.

A.3 Preventative measures that can be taken include improving the thermal performance of the
building and the provision of effective vapour barriers in appropriate positions so as to prevent rotting
of timber studs or timber roof truss components, or corrosion of steel studs and wall ties.

Figure A.1 — The Southern Coastal Condensation Problem (SCCP) area

A.4 The SCCP area is readily identified by combining the following environmental features:

a) It lies south of the major mountain ranges in the Southern Cape.

b) It includes the area that receives winter and all-year-round rainfall.

c) It receives an annual rainfall of between 250 mm and 500 mm per year.

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

Towns that lie on the SCCP boundary

Albertinia Alicedale Gouda Katara Kirkwood Prince Alfred Swellendam

Barrington Bathurst Grahamstown Langholm Riebeek East Tulbagh
Blanco Bluecliff Greyton Hamlet Lindeshof Riebeek West Uitenhage
Ceres Hankey Louterwater Riversdale Villiersdorp
Franschhoek Heidelberg Malmesbury Riviersonderend Wellington
Genadendal Herbertsdale Mamre Ruiterbos Wolseley
Joubertina Paarl Stormsvlei
Kammiebos Port Alfred Suurberg
Suurbraak
Towns that lie within the SCCP area
Addo Alexandria Dana Bay Kalbaskraal Papiesvlei Stellenbosch
Amsterdamhoek Despatch Droë Kareedouw Paradise Beach St Francis Bay
Askraal Vlakte Elgin Kariega Kasuka Paterson Still Bay
Aston Bay Elim Kenton on Sea Pearly Beach Storms River
Atlantis Fairfield Firgrove Kleinmond Philadelphia Strand
Baardskeerdersbos Fish Hoek Gans Klipdale Knysna Plettenberg Bay Struis Bay
Bellevue Bay George Kommetjie Pniel Sunland
Bethelsdorp Gordon's Bay Kruisfontein Port Beaufort Swartkops The
Betty's Bay Gouritsmond Kuilsrivier Port Elizabeth Crags
Bloubergstrand Grabouw Kylemore Loerie Protem Vermaaklikheid
Bluecliff Groot Brakrivier Malgas Riethuiskraal Viljoenskroon
Boesmansrivier- Groot Melkbosstrand Rietpoel Vlees Bay
mond Jongensfontein Milnerton Mossel Rondevlei Salem Waenhuiskrans
Boknesstrand Hartenbos Bay Scarborough Sea Wilderness
Botrivier Brandwag Hawston Muizenberg View Sedgefield Windmill
Bredasdorp Hermanus Napier Noanaha Simon’s Town Witsand
Caledon Cape Hermon Herold's Onrus Sinksabrug Wittedrif
Town Clarkson Bay Oukraal Oyster Skipskop Witteklip
Coega Coerney Hout Bay Bay Pacaltsdorp Slangrivier Woodlands
Colchester Humansdorp Somerset West Wydgeleë
Jeffreys Bay Southwell
Stanford

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

Annex B
(normative)

Performance tests pertaining to

structural safety, serviceability and
durability

B.1 General
B.1.1 The effects of actions on individual structural members shall be determined by methods of
structural analysis that take into account equilibrium, general stability, geometric compatibility, and
both short- term and long-term material properties. Members that tend to accumulate residual
deformations under repeated service loads shall have included in their analysis the added
eccentricities expected to occur during the design working life.

B.1.2 The assessment of distortions of individual structural members shall be determined by

methods of structural analysis that take into account equilibrium, general stability, geometric
compatibility, and both short-term and long-term material properties.

B.1.3 Structural durability may be established by using methods that simulate predictable future
degradation of the product, such as tests which accelerate mechanical wear, or other forms of
degradation by agents such as solar radiation, heat frost, thermal shock, air humidity, condensation,
salty fog, chemical agents and biological agents.

B.2 Performance tests

B.2.1 Sandbag impact test (soft body impacts)

B.2.1.1 Carry out the test on a representative wall specimen, approximately 4 m long and of storey
height (see table B.1). The wall includes a standard door opening positioned between 300 mm and
450 mm from one end of the wall. The top and bottom of the wall are fixed and both ends supported
as in practice; end returns may be provided for this purpose, if necessary.

B.2.1.2 Suspend a 250 mm diameter leather or fabric bag containing 30 kg of sand by a rope from
a convenient point above the top of the wall (see table B.1). The bag should touch the surface of the
wall lightly and its centre of mass should be within 1 000 mm above floor level or ground level, as
appropriate for internal and external faces, respectively, when it is hanging freely at rest. The bag
may impact any other point deemed necessary by the evaluator.

B.2.1.3 Draw the bag away, pendulum fashion, from the wall at right angles to the face of the wall
until its centre of mass is at the required height of swing above its initial free-hanging position. Then
release the bag and allow it to swing pendulum-wise and strike the wall. Make two impacts from each
height of swing on each point tested.

B.2.1.4 When the test structure is of unframed construction, carry out this operation as near as
possible to a point midway in the length of the wall. Repeat the operation near the end of the wall
farthest from the door. If the wall is of framed construction, choose points of impact that are both
between and on the line of the framing and joints (if applicable).

B.2.1.4 The height of swing that provides the required level of impact energy is set out in table B.1.
Check for compliance with the provisions of tables 2 and 3.

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

Table B.1 ― Height of swing in sandbag test required to

simulate a range of impacts on walls

1 2
Height of swing Impact
mm J
300 90
450 130
600 175
900 265
1 400 410
1 800 530

B.2.2 Steel tool test (hard-body impacts)

B.2.2.1 Carry out the test on the same structure that is used for the sandbag test or on a separate
wall specimen at least 1,0 m wide. Use a 38 mm diameter steel impact tool with a mass of 1,8 kg,
shaped like a chisel with a hardened edge 38 mm wide, rounded to a 2,5 mm radius and attached to
a rigid pendulum which pivots in a metal frame (see table B.2).

B.2.2.2 Position the tool so that when it is hanging freely at rest, the chisel edge lightly touches the
surface of the wall with the tool's long axis at right angles to the wall and the chisel edge horizontal.
Draw the tool away from the wall, pendulum fashion, until its centre of mass is at the required height
of swing above its initial free-hanging position. Release the tool to swing back and strike the wall with
the full width of its edge. Make two impacts on each point tested from each height of swing.

B.2.2.3 If the wall is of framed construction, then perform the test

a) on the line of the framing,

b) close to, but not on the line of the framing, and

c) midway between the lines of the framing.

B.2.2.4 The height of swing that provides the required level of energy is set out in table B.2. Check
for compliance with the provisions of tables 2 and 3.

Table B.2 ― Height of swing to simulate a range of impacts in the steel

tool impact resistance test

1 2
Impact
Height of swing

mm J

200 4,2
250 5,3
375 7,9

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

B.2.3 Test for lightweight and medium-weight fittings

B.2.3.1 Use a wall specimen similar to that used for the sandbag impact test.

B.2.3.2 Fix a test fitting, fabricated from steel as shown in figure B.3, to the wall with four screws or
such other suitable fixing devices as might be used in practice. Suspend an initial test load of 2,3 kg
at the position shown for 1 min and increase the load thereafter in 2,3 kg increments at 1 min intervals
until failure or maximum loads of 11,5 kg (lightweight fittings) or 23 kg (medium-weight fittings) are
attained.

B.2.3.2 Carry out this test at four different positions on the wall if it is of framed construction. Choose
the positions to avoid the lines of the framing and the joints, unless the fittings are to be fixed only to
the framing members or to other additional members specially provided for that purpose.

B.2.3.3 Check for compliance with the provisions of tables 2 and 3.

B.2.4 Test for heavyweight fittings

B.2.4.1 Fix a test fitting, fabricated from steel and which simulates a pair of wash-hand basin
brackets, to the wall with screws or such other suitable fixing devices as might be used in practice
(see table B.2). The test fitting is located about midway between the end of the wall and the door
opening. Suspend a test load of 136 kg at the position shown on the angle iron for 5 min. Carry out
this test only once for a particular wall.

B.2.4.2 Check for compliance with the provisions of tables 2 and 3.

B.2.5 Test for shelving

B.2.5.1 Fix four test fittings, which simulate shelf brackets and which are fabricated from steel, to
the wall in a vertical row with screws or such other suitable fixing devices as might be used in practice.
The top of the upper bracket is 2,3 m above floor level and the remaining brackets are spaced at 0,45
centres below it. Suspend an initial test load of 2,3 kg for 1 min from each bracket at the position
shown and increase the load thereafter simultaneously on each bracket in 2,3 kg increments at 1 min
intervals until failure occurs.

B.2.5.2 In the case of walls of framed construction, fix the brackets to a vertical member located
about midway between the end of the wall and the door opening, or at other specified positions.

B.2.5.3 The safe load allowed per shelf bracket is one-half of the test load which caused either
damage to the wall, or any loosening of a bracket or detachment thereof, or which resulted in a lateral
deflection or movement of the wall of more than 1/600th of its height.

B.2.5.4 Check for compliance with the provisions of tables 2 and 3.

B.2.6 Resistance to door slamming

B.2.6.1 Use a wall specimen similar to that used for the sandbag impact test, with a door frame
fitted in the opening as it is done in practice. Hang a door with a mass of 25 kg in the door frame.
Slam the door from a position of 60° open, with a force of 150 N applied at the handle position in the
direction of closure. Apply such force until the door makes contact with the frame. Slam the door
another 10 times.

B.2.6.2 Check for compliance with the provisions of tables 2 and 3.

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

B.2.7 Hail resistance test

B.2.7.1 Use a specially developed hail gun to fire spherical ice missiles (artificial hailstones)
vertically downwards onto the test specimen (portion of roof or wall specimen). Secure the test
specimen in a horizontal position in a suitable frame below the hail gun. Set the hail gun so that the
kinetic energy of the artificial hailstones at impact with the surface of the test specimen is as required
(see tables 2 and 3).

B.2.7.2 Subject the test specimen to 12 impacts, or a lesser number in the event of failure occurring
before 12 impacts. Deliver the impacts normal to the surface of the test specimen at evenly distributed
points.

B.2.7.3 Check for compliance with the provisions of tables 2 and 3.

B.2.8 Impact test for glass walls, partitions and barriers

B.2.8.1 Apparatus
a) Impactor. A hardened steel ball of mass 2 × 250 g ± 20 g and of diameter approximately 80 mm.
b) Impactor support. A suitable device for first securing and then dropping the impactor freely from
the required height.
NOTE An electromagnet is suitable for this purpose.

c) Specimen holder. A steel frame and a steel box (see figure 1) each having openings of
approximately 560 mm × 560 mm. These components are so constructed that the test specimen
is clamped between machined faces of nominal width 15 mm which are faced with rubber gaskets
of hardness 70 IRH degrees, of thickness 3 mm ± 1 mm and of width 15 mm ± 1 mm.

B.2.8.2 Test specimens

NOTE Remove any protective layer that has been applied to the glazing material to protect it during
transportation and handling, and then store the specimens for at least 4 h at a temperature of 23 °C ± 3 °C before
testing them.

a) Glazing materials other than toughened glass. From each of 10 sample sheets, cut a test
specimen of size 600 mm± 3 mm × 600 mm ± 3 mm.
NOTE If the dimensions of the sample sheets are such that test specimens of the required size are not readily
available, 10 test specimens of size 600 mm ± 3 mm × 600 mm ± 3 mm from the same batch(es) of material(s)
and subjected to the same treatment as were the sample sheets should be specially manufactured.

b) Toughened glass. Use 10 test specimens of size 600 mm ± 3 mm × 600 mm± 3 mm.

B.2.8.3 Procedure
B.2.8.3.1 Multiple low-energy impact. Mark in the centre of a test specimen a circle of diameter
125 mm. Clamp the test specimen in the specimen holder with the impact face upward and so set up
the impactor support that the steel ball (when in position) is at a height of 3,0 m ± 0,1 m above the
centre of the circle marked on the test specimen. Release the ball and 5 s after impact, remove the
ball from the test specimen and record the result of the impact. Perform the procedure a total of five
times on each of the 10 specimens, or until two failures have occurred, whichever is the sooner.

B.2.8.3.2 Single high-energy impact. As in (a) above, but drop the steel ball once from a height
of 9,0 m ± 0,1 m onto one test specimen only.

B.2.8.3 Evaluation
B.2.8.3.1 If the steel ball passes through the specimen under test, deem the specimen to have failed
the test.

B.2.8.3.2 If the steel ball does not pass through the specimen under test, deem the specimen to
have passed the test.

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

Annex C
(informative)

The design of masonry walls to satisfy serviceability criteria

C.1 General
C.1.1 The parameters that have a major influence over wall behaviour are the strength, quality of
the masonry itself, and the material used to manufacture masonry units (see table C.1 and annex C
of SANS 10249:2012). Another important parameter is the influence of the horizontal damp-proof
course (DPC) which is located at the base of walls and which has the potential to act as a horizontal
control joint. Separation of the wall from the DPC will occur along the DPC with hogging or sagging
of the foundation system (see table C.1).

C.1.2 Masonry will span or, in the case of sagging (dishing) movements, tend to arch across the
separation, provided that it has adequate strength to resist the induced tensile stresses. Provided that
the masonry walling does not crack, the flexibility of the foundation structure is relatively unimportant,
as it is the separation of the wall rather than the magnitude of the separation that governs the wall
performance. However, if the masonry cracks under induced stresses, the magnitude of the wall in
plane deflection becomes relevant since the crack formed in the masonry will act as a control joint.
Crack size will then be governed by the deflection, as the newly formed segments of wall deform to
follow the deflected profile.

C.1.3 Under in-plane bending, a masonry wall, acting as a beam, tends to fail in tension (vertical
flexural cracking, usually through the perpend units), or in shear (stepped flexural shear crack). Both
these modes of failure are initiated by the failure of masonry units or joints at the outer extremity of
walls. The mode of failure (cracking pattern) is dependent on the tensile strength of the masonry units
and the shear bond strength of the mortar/unit interface.

Table C.1 ― Summary of potential movements of masonry units

1 2 3
Potential movement
Unit type Movement type
mm/m wall length
a, b
Thermal 0,12 to 0,24
Moisture expansion category 1 0 to 0,5
Moisture expansion category 2 0,5 to 1,0
Burnt clay
Moisture expansion category 3 1,0 to 2,0
Moisture movement a
0,1 to 0,2
a, b
Thermal 0,33 to 0,45
Calcium silicate Drying shrinkage 0,45
Moisture movement a
0,12 to 0,18
a, b
Thermal 0,21 to 0,42
Drying shrinkage 0,6
Concrete Moisture movement a
0,12 to 0,18
Carbonation (shrinkage)
0,1 to 0,2
a Reversible movements
b 30 °C temperature change

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

C.2 Estimation of total movement within a wall

C.2.1 In order to determine the movement likely to take place within a wall, the individual effective
movements owing to thermal, moisture and other effects shall be combined. However, the effective
thermal and moisture movements should not simply be the sum of the maximum movements since a
wall is unlikely to be at both its maximum temperature and its saturated condition at the same time.
Therefore, to estimate the possible maximum movement, it is necessary to consider carefully the
temperature range over which the moisture movement occurs and make some attempt to combine
the thermal and moisture movements on a rational basis rather than just considering the extremes.
Walls are also restrained to varying degrees at their supports and as such are not able to move freely.
Furthermore, the temperature of a wall at the time of construction determines the range of movement
that the wall will experience in response to temperature changes.

C.2.2 There is no proven mathematical method for determining movements within a wall. Since
there are so many variables involved, it is extremely difficult to determine with any degree of certainty
the actual movement that will occur. In general, it is simpler to adopt standard rules rather than to try
to estimate movement. Recommendations on the spacing of control joints to accommodate
movement are given in SANS 10400-K.

C.3 Accommodation of movement by use of control joints

C.3.1 General

C.3.1.1 One of the best ways of ensuring that the masonry is able to accommodate small seasonal
movements due to temperature and moisture changes is to design the building so that the masonry
is separated into discrete panels by the provision of control (movement) joints, i.e. to reduce stresses
by reducing restraint.

C.3.1.2 Control joints may be orientated horizontally or vertically and can also be classified as
movement joints. Alternatively, a control joint may be provided in the form of a slip joint separating
dissimilar materials to prevent excessive shear forces being generated between the dissimilar
materials.

C.3.1.3 Control joints should be designed so that movement can take place without transferring
stresses across the joint. Their design and location should be such that the structural and functional
(i.e. impermeability, sound insulation, fire resistance and lateral stability) integrity of the walling is not
impaired. Caulks and sealants to these joints should be able to seal the joint adequately against
moisture penetration and to accommodate any deformations to which the joint might be subjected. A
caulk refers to a material suitable for filling stable (no further movement anticipated) joints, whereas
a sealant refers to a material suitable for sealing joints which might experience reversible strains.

C.3.1.4 Where necessary, dowels, angles or channels strong enough to provide lateral stability
should be incorporated. The dowels, which are usually metal rods or flat strips, should be anchored
into the masonry in such a way that longitudinal movement is not restrained. Angles or channels fixed
on to one side of the control joint should project into grooves and recesses so as not to restrict
longitudinal movement.

C.3.1.5 Vertical control joints are generally provided at regular intervals in long lengths of walls,
whereas horizontal joints are usually provided beneath horizontal concrete members in framed
structures.

C.3.2 Location of vertical control joints

C.3.2.1 Vertical control joints in unreinforced masonry should generally be positioned where

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

concentrations or changes in stress occur, i.e.

a) at openings,

b) where there are major changes in wall height,

c) where there are changes in wall thickness,

d) where there are control joints in foundations, floors and roofs,

e) near wall intersections, and

f) near return angles in L-shaped, T-shaped and U-shaped structures.

C.3.2.2 In reinforced masonry, vertical control joints should be considered

a) where there are changes in wall thickness,

b) where there are major changes in wall height,

c) at control joints in foundations, in floors and in roofs, and

d) at wall openings.

C.3.2.3 Generally, vertical control joints are not located at the extreme corner of wall returns for
stability reasons. They do not usually continue below ground floor damp-proof courses, where
changes in temperature and moisture content are minimal, and are not normally required in interior
walls of dwellings where the effects of thermal expansion may be disregarded.

Control joints should be built into the wall during construction and run the full height of the masonry.
Sawn joints are generally more expensive, require great care in cutting and are not normally as
effective as built-in joints.

The position of control joints, bond beams and joint reinforcement should be clearly shown on the
plans.

C.3.3 Location of horizontal control joints

Horizontal control joints are normally provided at every storey height in reinforced concrete framed
buildings where the cladding comprises burnt clay units or where the shortening of columns can result
in excessive loads being transferred from structural members onto masonry walls.

Horizontal control joints may also be provided to separate dissimilar materials.

C.4 Designing walls to distribute cracking

C.4.1 Hogging and sagging movements

C.4.1.1 Hogging movements generally cause more damage in walls than sagging movements. The
reasons for this phenomenon are as follows:

a) The tensile restraint offered by the foundation or supporting members effectively restricts the
propagation of cracks from the extremity of walls.

b) Walls tend to arch across separations along the DPC.

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

c) A certain amount of shear transfer takes place along the DPC at the base of the wall, permitting
some composite action to occur. This shifts the neutral axis of the wall from the centre towards the
base, resulting in the magnitude of hogging moments being greater than that of sagging moments,
for a given wall configuration.

C.4.1.2 In framed buildings, depending upon the spacing of the columns and the detailing at the
connection, hogging movements might not occur. For example, where the length of the wall is less
than twice its height and it is built hard up against the columns, the wall will tend to arch and only the
material below the arch will be subjected to sagging movements. Where the spans are in excess of
twice the height (e.g. in post-tensioned flat slab construction) and the outer leaf is continuous past
the face of the column, the wall will be subjected to hogging movements. Alternatively, where such
walls are built hard up against the columns, and windows are provided within the wall, it is possible
for the upper portion of the wall to arch between the columns and the lower portion of the wall to
separate and follow the curvature of the sagging support.

C.4.2 Bed joint reinforcement

C.4.2.1 Experimental evidence suggests that the provision of bed joint reinforcement, if correctly
installed, might be effective in resisting shear as well as tensile failure. Full-scale wall tests have
demonstrated that bed joint reinforcement produces a marked increase in the load-carrying
capabilities of a wall, and as such permits walls to span increased unsupported lengths.

C.4.2.2 The onset of visible cracking does not necessarily represent a limit of serviceability.
Provided that the width of cracking is controlled by some form of tensile restraint (e.g. reinforcement
or concrete foundations), it is possible that significantly larger deformations of masonry can be
tolerated than those giving rise to initial cracking. Reinforced concrete beams and slabs are good
examples where cracking of a limited width is regarded as normal, and guidelines are laid down for
the maximum acceptable width of a crack in various circumstances.

C.4.2.3 Bed joint reinforcement also imparts ductility to walls and in so doing distributes the total
vertical crack width between several cracks. This results in a series of fine cracks as opposed to a
single large crack being formed.

C.4.2.4 Uncontrolled cracking due to hogging of walls should be prevented. Once a crack forms at
the top of a wall, there is nothing to stop it propagating downwards. It is for this reason that bed joint
reinforcement is usually provided within the joint immediately above windows and openings and also
in the uppermost joint in a continuous band around the structure, both in the internal and external
walls. SANS 10164-2 recommends that the maximum size of bar in bed joints should not exceed
6 mm. In practice, 5,6 mm and 6,0 mm diameter pre-straightened, hard-drawn wire (obtainable from
a welded steel fabric reinforcement manufacturer) is well suited for South African structures and offers
considerable restraint.

C.4.3 Designing walls to minimize cracking

C.4.3.1 Cracking can be avoided or minimized by ensuring that induced tensile stresses are kept
as low as possible, and that the tensile strength of masonry is as high as possible. These objectives
can be achieved by paying particular attention to the design and detailing of the building and by
maximizing the masonry bond strength through the selection of sands for mortar and the achievement
of good workmanship.

C.4.3.2 The tolerable limits for relative differential movement depending on the surface finishes and
the actual detailing of the superstructure may, in the absence of more specific information, be taken
from table C.2.

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

Table C.2 ― Allowable deflection ratios to limit expected damage to category 1 buildings

1 2 3
Allowable deflection ratio
Type of masonry (deflection:span)
Unreinforced Lightly reinforceda
Hogging movements
Articulated masonry
– plastered
– face 1:800 1:600
Full masonry 1:650 1:500
– plastered
– face
1:2 000 1:1 250
1:1 500 1:1 000
Sagging movements
Articulated masonry
– plastered
– face 1:500 1:500
Full masonry 1:350 1:300
– plastered
– face
1:1 000 1:500
1:500 1:300
NOTE 1 A factor of approximately 1,5 should be applied to the
tabulated values to upgrade the level of expected damage to that
of category 0.

NOTE 2 More severe deflection ratios should be adopted where

brittle finishes, such as ceramic tiles, are fixed to walls.
a Reinforcement in accordance with table C.1 should be

provided in walls to enable a wall to be regarded as being

lightly reinforced.

SANS 10400-B:2020
Edition 4

Bibliography
Standards
SANS 2001-CC1, Construction works – Part CC1: Concrete works (structural).

SANS 2001-CC2, Construction works – Part CC2: Concrete works (minor works).

SANS 2001-CG1, Construction works – Part CG1: Installation of glazing in window and door frames.

SANS 2001-CM1, Construction works – Part CM1: Masonry walling.

SANS 2001-CM2, Construction works – Part CM2: Strip footings, pad footings and slab-on-the-
ground foundations for masonry walling.

SANS 2001-CS1, Construction works – Part CS1: Structural steelwork.

SANS 2001-CT1, Construction works – Part CT1: Structural timberwork (flooring).

SANS 10102-1, The selection of pipes for buried pipelines – Part 1: General provisions.

SANS 10249:2012, Masonry walling.

SANS 10162-4 (SABS 0162-4), Structural use of steel – Part 4: The design of cold-formed stainless
steel structural members

SANS 10400-T, The application of the National Building Regulations – Part T: Fire protection.

Other publications
Agrément South Africa. Performance criteria: building and walling systems – Structural assessment
of dry-stack masonry building systems. Pretoria: Agrément South Africa, September 2002.

Agrément South Africa. Performance criteria: building and walling systems – Structural strength and
stability. Pretoria: Agrément South Africa, September 2002.

Buttrick DB, Van Schalkwyk A, Kleywegt RJ and Watermeyer RB. Proposed method for dolomite land
hazard and risk assessment in South Africa. Journal of the South African Institution of Civil
Engineering. 2001, vol. 43, No. 2, p 27-36.

Joint Structural Division of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering and the Institution of
Structural Engineers. Code of practice for foundations and superstructures for single storey
residential buildings of masonry construction. Johannesburg: Joint Structural Division, 1995.

Joint Structural Division of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering and the Institution of
Structural Engineers. Code of practice: Assessment of the performance of housing units in South
Africa. Johannesburg: Joint Structural Division, 2000.

Lane JW, Watermeyer RB and de Villiers PD. Masonry materials and design for movement. SAICE
Witwatersrand Lecture Course, Structural Division, August 1991.

Standing Committee on Structural Safety. Structural safety 2000-01. 13th report of SCOSS. London:
Institution of Structural Engineers, 2001.

Watermeyer RB and Tromp BE. A systematic approach to the design and construction of single-
storey residential masonry structures on problem soils. The Civil Engineer in South Africa, March
1992.

______________

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