1

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course Name: Electrical Machine & Power Lab
Course Code: EEC274
Semester:2nd Sem (2024-2025)
Location of the Lab: Academic complex, Ground Floor (Room No. 024)

Sl. No. List of Experiments

1. Study the polarity test and different connections of three phase transformer
2. Study of different vector groups of three phase transformer
3. Study of parallel operation of two three phase transformers belonging to same vector group
4. Measurement of speed of a DC series motor as a function of load torque
5. Speed control of dc shunt motor
6. Study of open circuit (OC) and short circuit (SC) test of a single phase transformer
7. Study of Scott Connected Transformer
8. Study of DC Radial Distributor System
9. Study of DC Ring Main Distributor System
10. Study of DC Interconnected Ring Main Distributor System

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

2

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course Name: Electrical Machine & Power Lab
Course Code: EEC274
Semester: 2nd Sem (2024-2025)
Location of the Lab: Academic complex, Ground Floor (Room No. 024)
Experiment No.: 01

TITLE: Study of polarity test and different connections of 3 phase transformer

OBJECTIVE: To understand and study the polarity test and different connections of 3 phase
transformer.

A) Polarity test:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Instruments/ Apparatus Range Quantity Make

1. Three-phase transformer
2. Single-phase `
autotransformer
3. Multimeter

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.1 Circuit diagram for polarity test.

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

3

Theory: For proper connection of the windings, it is necessary to know the instantaneous polarities of the
secondary terminals with respect to the primary. The following method of the polarity list is often useful.

With one H.V winding terminal A2 connected with one LV winding terminal q, the HV winding is
excited from low voltage AC supply to say E1 volts. The voltage between the terminals A1 and P is
measured. Let it be E2.

If E1>E2; terminals A1 and q have the same polarity.

If E1>E2; terminal A1 and p have the same polarity.

As per the Indian standard, polarity marking are: H.V. Windings A1, A2; B1, B2; C1, C2; and LV
windings a1, a2; b1, b2; c1, c2.

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as shown in Fig. 1

2. Apply a small voltage E1 at H.V winding.
3. Measure voltage Epq between terminals p and q.
4. Measure voltage E2 between terminals A1 and p.
If E1>E2; terminal A1 and q have the same polarity
If E1<E2; terminal A1and p have the same polarity.

OBSERVATION:
1. Subtractive Polarity

Sl. No E1 E2 E3=E2-E1

2. Additive Polarity

Sl. No E1 E2 E3=E2+E1

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

4

RESULT: Thus, the polarity of a given single-phase transformer is determined by conducting a polarity
test.

B) Different connection of 3 phase transformer

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl. No Item Range Make
1 Transformer
2 Auto-transformer
3 multimeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

5

Fig. 2 Different connection of 3 phase transformer

THEORY:

The three-phase transformer consists of three sets of primary windings, one for each phase, and three sets
of secondary winding would on the same iron core. Separate single-phase transformers may be used and
externally interconnected to yield the same results as a 3-Phase unit. The primary windings are connected
in one of several ways. The two most common configurations are the delta, in which all three non-polarity
(or Polarity) ends are connected together. The secondary windings are connected similarly. This means
that a 3-phase transformer can have its primary and secondary windings connected the same (delta-delta
or star-star), or differently (delta-star or star-delta)

The secondary voltage waveforms are in phase with the primary waveforms when the primary and
secondary windings are connected the same way. This condition is called “no phase shift”. But when the
primary and secondary windings are connected differently, the secondary voltage waveforms will differ
from the corresponding primary voltage waveforms by 30 degrees. This is called 30 degrees phase shift.
When two transformers are connected in parallel, their phase shift must be identical, if not, a short circuit
occurs when the transformer is energized.

Connection of Transformer:

The three-phase transformer windings may be connected in several ways. Based on the winding
connection, the vector group of the transformer is calculated.

1. Star-Star connection
This type of transformer is most economical for small current and high voltage transformers. The
number of turns per phase and the amount of insulation is minimum because phase voltage is

1/ 3 of line voltage. There is no phase displacement between the primary and secondary voltage.
2. Delta-Delta connection
This arrangement is generally used in systems which carry large currents on low voltages and
especially when continuity of service must be maintained even though one of the phase develops
fault. For example, when one phase is removed in delta-delta connected transformers operation
continues on what is known as open delta. By being operated in this way, the transformer delivers
3 phase currents and voltage in their correct phase relationship but the capacity of the transformer
is reduced to 57.7%.

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

6

3. Star-delta connection
This type of transformer connection is used principally where the voltage is to be stepped down as,
for example, at the end of a transmission line. In this type of connection of transformer, the neutral

of the primary winding is earthed. In this system line voltage ratio is 1/ 3 times of transformer
turns ratio and secondary line voltage have a phase shift of 30 deg. With respect to primary line
voltages.
4. Delta-star connection
This scheme of connection is generally used where it is necessary to step up the voltage as for
example, at the beginning of a high-tension transmission system. On the high voltage side of the
transformer, insulation is stressed only to the extent of 57.7% of line-to-line voltage.

OBSERVATION:

1. Star-delta
S. No PRIMARY (H.V. SIDE) SECONDARY (L.V. SIDE)
V ph (in volts) VL (in volts) V ph (in volts) VL (in volts)

1 VA1A2 VA2B2 Va1a2 Va1a2

2 VB1B2 VB2C2 Vb1b2 Vb1b2
3 VC1C2 VC2A2 Vc1c2 Vc1c2

2. Star-Star
S. No PRIMARY (H.V. SIDE) SECONDARY (L.V. SIDE)
V ph (in volts) VL (in volts) V ph (in volts) VL (in volts)

1 VA1A2 VA2B2 Va1a2 Va1a2

2 VB1B2 VB2C2 Vb1b2 Vb1b2
3 VC1C2 VC2A2 Vc1c2 Vc1c2

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

7

3. Delta-Star
S. No PRIMARY (H.V. SIDE) SECONDARY (L.V. SIDE)
V ph (in volts) VL (in volts) V ph (in volts) VL (in volts)

1 VA1A2 VA2B2 Va1a2 Va1a2

2 VB1B2 VB2C2 Vb1b2 Vb1b2
3 VC1C2 VC2A2 Vc1c2 Vc1c2

4. Delta-Delta
S. No PRIMARY (H.V. SIDE) SECONDARY (L.V. SIDE)
V ph (in volts) VL (in volts) V ph (in volts) VL (in volts)

1 VA1A2 VA2B2 Va1a2 Va1a2

2 VB1B2 VB2C2 Vb1b2 Vb1b2
3 VC1C2 VC2A2 Vc1c2 Vc1c2

CALCULATIONS:

For Y connection:
VL  3V ph
I L  I ph
For  connection:
VL  V ph
I L  3I ph
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Wear shoes while performing the experiment.

2. Connection should be tight.
3. Maintain a proper distance when supply is given

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

8

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course Name: Electrical Machine & Power Lab
Course Code: EEC274
Semester: 2nd Sem (2024-2025)
Location of the Lab: Academic complex, Ground Floor (Room No. 024)
Experiment No.: 02

TITLE: Study of different vector groups of three phase transformer

Objective: To check the vector groups of three phase transformers, e.g. (i) Yy0, (ii) Dd0, (iii) Dy11
and (iv) Dy1.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL. No Instruments Specification Make

1 Three phase transformer
2 Digital phase angle meter
3 MCB 4 pin

THEORY:

Poly-phase transformer are allowed symbols giving the type of phase connections and the angle of
advance turned through in passing from the vector representing in high voltage (H.V.) E.M.F to that
representing low voltage E.M.F at the corresponding terminals. The angle may be indicated by a clock
phase hour figure, the H.V vector being 12 o’ clock (zero) and the corresponding L.V vector being
represented by the hour hand. Thus, Dy11 represents a (H.V delta/ L.V star) connected three phase
transformer, with the L.V (secondary) E.M.F vector in a single phase combination at 11 o’ clock, i.e., +30
degree in advance of the 12 o’clock possible of H.V E.M.F.

The group into which all possible 3-pahse transformer connections are given below:

Group1 Zero degree phase displacement (Yy0, Dd0, Dz0)

Group 2 180 degree phase displacement (Yy6, Dd6, Dz6)

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

9

Group 3 30 degree lagging phase displacement (Dy1, Yd1, Dz1)

Group 4 30 degree leading phase displacement (Dy11, Yd11, Dz11)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

10

Hence, the other winding connection diagram like Yd11, Yd1, Dd6, Yy6 etc. may be drawn for verifying
the proper vector groups of three phase transformer.

PROCEDURE:

1) After knowing the polarity makings, the three phase transformers, the connections should be made
as shown in Figure above.
2) With the help digital phase angle meter measure the angle by which the L.V winding leads the
H.V winding.

OBSERVATION:

Dd0 Yy0
Line to Line phase Phase difference Line to Line phase Phase difference
H.V side L.V side H.V side L.V side
VA2B2 Va2b2 VA2B2 Va2b2
VB2C2 Vb2c2 VB2C2 Vb2c2
VC2A2 Vc2a2 VC2A2 Vc2a2

Dy11 Dy1
Line to Line phase Phase difference Line to Line phase Phase difference
H.V side L.V side H.V side L.V side
VA2B2 Va2b2 VA2B2 Va2b2
VB2C2 Vb2c2 VB2C2 Vb2c2
VC2A2 Vc2a2 VC2A2 Vc2a2

RESULT:

The vector group studies of different winding connections of three phase transformers have been
performed and studied successfully.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Loose connections should be made, the connection should be right and tight.
2. Live wire should not be touched
3. Power supply should be switched off while making connection.

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

11

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course Name: Electrical Machine & Power Lab
Course Code: EEC274
Semester: 2nd Sem (2024-2025)
Location of the Lab: Academic complex, Ground Floor (Room No. 024)
Experiment No.: 03

TITLE:- Study of parallel operation of two 3-Φ transformer belongs to the same vector groups.

OBJECTIVE:-To check the vector groups of two 3-Φ transformers and to operate them in parallel (e.g.
Dy1 with another Dy11).

APPARATUS REQUIRED: –

Sl. No. Instruments/ Range Quantity Make

Apparatus
1 3-Φ transformer

2 Digital Phase Angle

Meter

3 MCB-4 pin

THEORY: -

The requirement for parallel operation of three-phase transformers arises frequently due to the
universal use of three-phase power in generation, transmission and distribution systems. Employing
multiple transformers in parallel offers several advantages compared to using a single larger unit as
follows:
Enhanced reliability: Parallel operation increases the overall reliability of the power system. If one

transformer fails (or undergoes maintenance), the others can continue to supply power ensuring

uninterrupted electricity supply

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

12

(a) Flexible power management: By having transformers connected in parallel, they can be
switched on (or off) as per the power demand. This flexibility allows for efficient load
management and optimization of power distribution.
(b) Cost: Installing two (or more) transformers in parallel reduces the need for expensive standby
units. In case of maintenance (or failure), the remaining transformers can still provide
sufficient power thereby eliminating the necessity for costly backup solutions.
For the successful parallel operation of two (or more) transformers, the following conditions must be
met such as:
(a) Same voltage rating: All transformers involved should have the same voltage rating ensuring
compatibility in handling the designated voltage levels.
(b) Same polarity: The transformers must possess the same polarity ensuring that their windings
direction and magnetic polarities align properly during parallel operation.
(c) Same phase sequence: It is essential that the phase sequences of the transformers match and
maintaining the correct order of phase angles in the three-phase system.
(d) Same phase shift: The phase shift which indicates the angular displacement of voltage waveforms
should be the same for all transformers ensuring synchronized operation.
Three-phase transformers can be configured employing the following four standard connections such
as:
(a) Star-Delta (Y- ) (b) Delta-Star ( -Y)
(c) Delta- Delta ( - ) (d) Star- Star (Y-Y)
A bank of three transformers (or a three-phase transformer) can be configured with its primary and
secondary windings connected in different ways such as star, delta and zig-zag. The choice of a specific
connection depends on the requirements of the service conditions. To represent a three-phase transformer,
the high voltage (HV) winding is denoted by capital letters (e.g., Y for star and D for delta) and the low
voltage (LV) winding is represented by lowercase letters (e.g., y for star and d for delta). For instance, the
symbol "Yd" indicates a three-phase transformer with the HV winding in star connection and the LV
winding in delta connection.
The time phase displacement can be expressed either in degrees or by a much more convenient
method known as clock method (it represents the vector group of transformer) of angle designation.
According to this method, the HV phasor is considered as the minute hand always set at 12 O’ clock (zero
hour) is position and the corresponding LV phasor represented by hour hand. For two winding three-

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

13

phase transformers, as per the clock method, first symbol represents HV and LV line EMFs expressed as
clock hour number. For example, symbol “Yd11” represents a three-phase transformer with HV
winding in star, LV winding in delta and the LV phasor at 11 O’ clock (i.e., 300 ahead of the zero hour
position of the HV phasor).
Vector group: Vector group denotes for how much angle line-to-line voltage of LV side lead (or lag)
by line-to-line voltage of HV side (with respect reference). Vector groups are can be divided into four
groups as follows
(a) Group No. 1 (00 phase displacement): Yy00 or Yy12, Dd00 or Dd12.
(b) Group No. 2 (1800 phase displacement): Yy1800 or Yy6, Dd1800 or Dd6.
(c) Group No. 3 (Minus 300 phase displacement): Yd-300 orYd1, Dy-300 or Dy1.
(d) Group No. 4 (Plus 300 phase displacement): Yd+300 or Yd11, Dy+300 or Dy11.

(e) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

A1 A2 a1 a2 A1 A2 a1 a2

B1 B2 b1 b2 B1 B2 b1 b2

C1 C2 c1 c2 C1 C2 c1 c2

(f) n n
Fig. 1. Dy11 arrangement. Fig. 2. Dy11 arrangement.

B1 C2 c2 B1 C2 c2
c1 a1 a2 c1 a1 a2
B2 C1 B2 C1
b1 b1
A1 A2 A1 A2
b2 b2

Fig. 3. Phasor diagram of Dy11 Fig. 4. Phasor diagram of Dy11

a2 a2
11 11
A2 A2
12 12
Fig. 5. Clock diagram of Dy11 Fig. 6. Clock diagram of Dy11

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

14

A
B
C
T/F-I: Dy11 T/F-II: Dy11

A1 A 2 B1 B2 C1 C2 A A 2 B1
1 B2 C1 C2
a1 a 2 b1 b2 c1 c2 a1 a 2 b1 b2 c1 c2

MCB

A
B
C
Fig. 7. Connection diagram for parallel operation of two three-phase transformers belonging to
same vector groups (i.e., Dy11).
PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Connect internal connections of transformers T/F-I and T/F-II as Dy11:

(a) T/F-I: The HV winding is connected in Delta (D) and the LV winding is connected in star (Y).

Hence, the vector group is Dy11 (i.e., LV phasor lead HV phasor by 30 degrees (or LV phasor

lag HV phasor by 330 degrees)).

(b) T/F-II: The HV winding is connected in Delta (D) and the LV winding is connected in star

(Y). Hence, the vector group is also Dy11 (i.e., LV phasor lead HV phasor by 30 degrees (or

LV phasor lag HV phasor by 330 degrees)).

Step 2: Operate T/F-I and T/F-II in parallel and fill up the following table.

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

15

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Transformer-I: Dy11 Transformer-II: Dy11

Line-to-line voltage Phase angle Line-to-line voltage Phase angle
HV side LV side difference HV side LV side difference
VA2B2 Va 2b2 VA2B2 Va 2b2

VB2C2 Vb2c2 VB2C2 Vb2c2

VC2A2 Vc2a 2 VC2A2 Vc2a 2

RESULTS:

The parallel operation of two three-phase transformers (belonging to same vector groups) has been

performed and studied successfully by checking their voltage phasors (in terms of phase angle).

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Loose connections should not be made. Connections should be right and tight.
2. Live wire should not be touched.
Power supply should be switched off while making connections

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

16

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course Name: Electrical Machine & Power Lab
Course Code: EEC274
Semester: 2nd Sem (2024-2025)
Location of the Lab: Academic complex, Ground Floor (Room No. 024)
Experiment No.: 04

TITLE:– Measurement of speed of a DC series motor as a function of load torque

OBJECTIVE:– To study the variation of (i) Speed (ii) Torque (iii) Efficiency with power output of DC series
motor
APPARATUS REQUIRED: –
Sl. No. Instruments/ Range Quantity Make
Apparatus
1 D.C Series Motor

2 Voltmeter

3 Ammeter
4 RPM meter

THEORY:
DC series motor is an electrical machine that is applied at the place where high torque operating conditions
are needed. It is associated in series with the armature winding of the motor. Due to the series connection,
the motor generates high starting torque compared to other types of motors. From the motor characteristics,
it may decide where it may be applied. Let us explain in detail the characteristics by comparing its speed
armature current, speed-torque, and Torque-armature current relationships.

The DC motor voltage equation

Eb = V – Ia Ra
The speed and back EMF relation is given as

The torque and armature current characteristics

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

17

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. 1 Circuit diagram of DC series motor with eddy current loading.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Before starting the motor, ensure that the Pot meter of the drive Control Unit is in minimum position.
3. Slightly increase the Eddy Load dc coil voltage, then within 30secconds slowly increase the 2-point starter.
4. Note down the Voltage, current, and speed
5. Slightly increase the Eddy current load takes the readings.
6. Now plot the Graph.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Before starting the motor, ensure that the Pot meter of the drive Control Unit is in
minimum position.
3. Slightly increase the Eddy Load dc coil voltage, then within 30secconds slowly
increase the 2-point starter.
4. Note down the Voltage, current, and speed
5. Slightly increase the Eddy current load takes the readings.
6. Now plot the Graph.

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

18

OBSERVATION:

Sl V I Speed Spring Balance Torque Input Output Efficiency

No. (volts) (amp) (rpm) N-m watts watts %
S1 kg S2 kg S1-S2 kg

CALCULATION:

1. Input power = V × I Watts

2. Torque, T= (9.81) × (S1 ~ S2) × R, N-m, where R is the radius of the brake drum, Find the
circumference of the brake drum. Using 2πR, R is obtained.

3. Output power =

4. %efficiency = %

REPORT:

1. Draw curves of (i) Efficiency in percentage (ii) Torque (iii) Speed against power output in watts.
2. Show one sample calculation

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Ensure that the eddy current coil voltage should not give in idle conditions.

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

19

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course Name: Electrical Machine and Power Lab
Course Code: EEC274
Semester: 2nd Sem (2024-2025)
Location of the Lab: Academic complex, Ground Floor (Room No. 024)
Experiment No.: 05

TITLE:- STUDY THE SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR.

OBJECTIVE:-To Find speed of DC shunt Motor by armature control and field control methods.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
DC shunt motor: 2 KW, 250V
Sl. Name Of Instrument Range Quantity Make
No.
1. DP switch
2. Rheostats
3. Voltmeter
4. Ammeter
5. Tachometer

THEORY: -

Any D.C. motor can be made to have smooth and effective control of speed over a wide range. The
shunt motor runs at a speed defined by the expressions.

and

i.e., where

Since IaRa drop is negligible N α V and N α 1/ φ

Where N is the speed, V is applied voltage, Ia is the armature current, and Ra is the armature resistance and Φ
is the field flux.
Speed control methods of shunt motor:
1. Applied voltage control.
2. Armature rheostat control.

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

20

3. Field flux control.

Armature rheostat control:
Speed control is achieved by adding an external resistance in the armature circuit. This method is used where a
fixed voltage is available. In this method, a high current rating rheostat is required.
Disadvantages:
(a) Large amount of power is lost as heat in the rheostat. Hence, the efficiency is low.
(b) Speed above the rated speed is not possible. The motor can be run from its rated speed to low speeds.

Field flux control:

Speed control by adjusting the air gap flux is achieved by means of adjusting the field current i.e., by adding
an external resistance in the field circuit. The disadvantage of this method is that at low field flux, the armature
current will be high for the same load. This method is used to run the motor above its rated speed only.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

Fig. 1 Circuit diagram for speed control of DC shunt motor

PROCEDURE: -
1. External Resistance Control in the Armature Circuit:

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

21

a) Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

b) Keep the external resistances in the armature and field circuit at minimum resistance position.
c) Gradually, increase the voltage till the motor attains the rated voltage.
d) Increase the external resistance in the aArmature circuit and record the speed at various armature
currents.

2. External Resistance Control in the Field Circuit:

a) Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
b) Keep the external resistances in the armature and field circuit at minimum resistance position.
c) Gradually, increase the voltage till the motor attains the rated voltage.
d) Increase the External resistance in the field circuit and record the speed at various field currents.
e) Do not exceed the speed above 1800rpm.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-
1) Resistance control in the armature circuit:

Applied voltage = V.
Field current = A.

Sr. No. Armature Speed (RPM) Constant Field current If

Voltage (V) (amp)

2)Flux Control Method:

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

22

Va= V
Sr. No Field current If Speed (rpm) Constant Armature
(amp) Voltage(amp)

RESULTS: - The speed control of DC Shunt Motor is obtained using Armature and Field control methods.

CONCLUSIONS:

(a) Armature Rheostat control method and voltage control methods are useful to obtain the speed
less than the rated speed.
(b) Among the above two methods voltage control method is preferable than Armature Rheostat
control since large amount of power is wasted in the external resistance.
(c) Field control or Flux control method is used to obtain the speed more than the rated speed.
PRECAUTIONS: -

1. The motor input current should not exceed its rated value.
2. Field rheostat should be kept in the minimum resistance position at the time of starting and
stopping the motor.
3. Armature rheostat should be kept in the maximum resistance position at the time of starting and
stopping the motor.
4. Always use the starter of proper rating.
5. Make proper contact when measuring the speed with tachometer.

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

23

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course Name: Electrical Machine and Power Lab
Course Code: EEC274
Semester: 2nd Sem (2024-2025)
Location of the Lab: Academic complex, Ground Floor (Room No. 024)
Experiment No.: 6
TITLE: Study of open circuit (OC) and short circuit (SC) test of a single-phase transform

OBJECTIVE: From the open circuit (OC) test, and short circuit (SC) test, the equivalent circuit
parameters and constant losses (i.e., losses which do not depend on load circuit viz. core, stray, and
dielectric losses) could be determined.
A) OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. Name of the Qty Range Makers
No Equipment Name

1 Ammeter

3 Voltmeter

4 Wattmeter

6 Variac

7 Transformer

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

24

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. 1 Circuit diagram of open circuit test

Fig. 2 Approximate equivalent circuit on no load

THEORY:

Sinusoidal voltage at rated frequency is applied to the low-voltage winding with the high voltage
winding open-circuited. The current, power, and voltage across the low voltage winding are measured.
Let E 1 be the applied voltage to the low voltage winding, I0 and P0 are the no-load current and power
respectively, and E2 high voltage winding open-circuit voltage. I 0 is about 5% of the full load current
of the transformer under normal conditions, and hence drops in the resistance and leakage reactance of

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

25

the low voltage winding are negligible. Thus, we have E1=E01 The approximate equivalent circuit on
no-load (i.e., with the secondary winding open-circuited) is shown in the following figure.

We have,

Ic2 × Rm = P0

Ic × Rm = E1

where core loss components of current (Ic) = P0/E1

and the resistance corresponding to core loss in terms of low voltage winding (Rm) = E12 / P0

Again, a magnetizing component of current (Im) = (I02 - Ic2) ½

Hence magnetizing reactance in terms of the low voltage winding at rated frequency

Xm = E1 / Im

Procedure:

1. Make the circuit as per figure

2. Set the variac to zero output, and switch on supply.
3. Apply rated voltage on the LV side by connecting a voltmeter in the HV side.
4. Take the reading of E1, I0 and P0, determine Rm and Xm in terms of low voltage winding.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sl Volltage across L.V No load current I0 No load power Voltage across

No winding E1 (in volt) (in Amps) P0 (in watt) H.V winding
E2 (in volt)

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

26

B) SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl. Name of the Qty Range Makers
No Equipment Name

1 Ammeter

3 Voltmeter

4 Wattmeter

6 Variac

7 Transformer

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 3 Circuit diagram for short circuit test

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

27

Fig. 4 Approximate equivalent circuit referred to the H.V winding under SC condition.

THEORY:

The low winding is short-circuited & the high voltage winding is excited from a sinusoidal
voltage of low value at the rated frequency. The value of the applied voltage is adjusted to
have rated current flowing in the high voltage winding (shown in Fig. 3). The reading of
voltmeter, ammeter & wattmeter is noted respectively as Esc, Isc, and Psc. For a normal
power-transformer, Esc is between 2 to 10% of the rated voltage of the high voltage
winding and as such core-flux under the test condition is far below that under the rated
condition. The core loss under this condition is thus small and can be neglected in
comparison to the total i2r losses in the winding which is due to the rated currents.

Thus, Psc = i2r losses in high voltage, and low voltage winding under the rated condition.

Further, neglecting the small magnetizing current in comparison to the rated current in the windings,
equivalent impedance of the transformer winding refer to the H.V winding.

Zeq = Esc / Isc rated

Equivalent reactance of the transformer winding referred to the H.V winding

From the short circuit data

Equivalent resistance of the transformer winding referred to the L.V winding

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

28

Equivalent reactance of the transformer winding referred to LV winding

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the circuit as shown in Figure

2. Set the variac to zero output, and switch on supply.
3. Supply the rated current in the HV side by adjusting the applied voltage.
4. Calculate the values of the resistance and reactance () of the transformer winding referred to the
HV winding.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sl Sl Short circuit voltage across Short circuit Short circuit power

No. H.V winding Esc (in volt) current Isc (inAmp) Psc (in watt)

REPORT:
1. Draw the approximate equivalent circuit of the given transformer with all the parameters
(referred to LV side) written there.
2. Compute the percentage regulation on full-load at
a) 0.8 leading p.f.
b) 0.8 lagging p.f.
c) u.p.f.
3. Compute the load at which the efficiency is maximum at 0.8 leading p.f. and the value of
this maximum efficiency.
4. Why LV side is energized in the OC test of the transformer
5. Why HV side is energized during the SC test of the transformer while the LV side is
shorted?

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

29

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course Name: Electrical Machine and Power Lab
Course Code: EEC274
Semester: 2nd Sem (2024-2025)
Location of the Lab: Academic complex, Ground Floor (Room No. 024)
Experiment No.: 07
TITLE: Study the Scott connection of two single-phase transformer
OBJECT: To obtain a two-phase supply from a balance three-phase supply utilizing two single-phase
transformers.
THEORY:
Scott connection is used to obtain three phases from two-phase supply and vice-versa. From the balanced
three-phase voltage triangle (Fig. 2) ABC it can be seen that
i) The perpendicular from vertex C on AB at a point D gives BD= DA
ii) CD=CB Sin 60=0.866*CB
Thus, if two single-phase transformers I & II (Fig 1) are so chosen that
i) Transformer I (known as the main transformer) have N1 turns in the primary with a midpoint tap D,
ii) Transformer II (known as teaser transformer) has 0.866 N1 turns in the primary and Both
transformers have equal turns N2 in the secondary and the primary are connected as
shown in Fig 1, the application of a balanced three-phase voltage across A, B& C will result in
a) Induced counter voltage in AC and BD in quadrature with each other.
b) Counter voltage in BD=0.866 times in CA.
That is, the voltage across the secondary windings would be in quadrature with each other with the
magnitudes equal to each other (since they have the same number of turns)
APPARATUS REQUIRED: –

Sl. No. Instruments/ Range Quantity Make

Apparatus
1 3-Φ Transformer

2 Phase Angle Meter

3 Multimeter

4 3-Φ auto-transformer

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

30

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1 Connection diagram of Scott connected transformer

Fig. 2 Phasor diagram of Scott connected transformer

PROCEDURE:

1) Perform the polarity test.

2) Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Fig 1. Apply three-phase voltage to A, B, C through
variac.
3) Check the phase displacement of Eb1 and Eb2 by means of a digital phase angle meter.
4) Check the input 3-phase supply.
5) Measure the line to neutral voltage and verify.
RESULTS: -
The magnitude of voltage in between the main transformer and teaser transformer (secondary side).
Phase angle in between the main transformer and teaser transformer (secondary side).
PRECAUTION:
1. All the connections should be neat, clean, and tight.
2. Connect the digital phase angle meter proper

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

31

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course Name: Electrical Machine and Power Lab
Course Code: EEC274
Semester: 2nd Sem (2024-2025)
Location of the Lab: Academic complex, Ground Floor (Room No. 024)
Experiment No.: 08

TITLE:– Study of DC Radial Distributor System

OBJECTIVE:– To verify potential at each node point and the current flow in each section of distributor,
when the distributor is fed at one end i.e. Radial Distributor
APPARATUS REQUIRED: –
Sl. No. Instruments/ Apparatus Specification Quantity Make
1 DC Network Analyzer
2 Ammeter
3 Voltmeter

THEORY:–
This system is used when a substation or generating station is located at the center of the consumers. In
this system, different feeders radiate from a substation or a generating station and feed the distributors at
one end. Thus, the main characteristic of a radial distribution system is that the power flow is in only one
direction. A single line diagram of a typical radial distribution system is shown in Fig 1. It is the most
straightforward system and has the lowest initial cost.

Fig 1. A sample DC radial distributor system

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

32

The above circuit can be modeled using a DC Network Analyzer (shown in Fig 2) by selecting suitable
voltage and current ratios. In the present experiment, the Voltage and Resistance Ratio is set to 200:10
and 1:100, respectively. The Current Ratio can be expressed in terms of Voltage and Resistance Ratios

Fig 2. DC Network Analyzer

PROCEDURE: –
1. Simulate the system of the analyzer with the following scale factors:-
2. Voltage ratio (V.R)=200:10
3. Resistance ratio (R.R)=1:100
4. Current ratio (C.R)=V.R/R.R
5. Now, 200V supply will be simulated by 10V supply and 1Ω will be simulated through 100Ω.

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

33

6. Calculate current scale factor (as mentioned above) and replace the loads by suitable resistance.
7. Note potential at each load terminal and currents in each section of the distribution for all three
cases.
8. Finally, calculate the actual values of voltages at each load terminal and the currents in each
section of distributor.
OBSERVATION: –
Radial Distribution: –
Sl. No. Branch Voltage (V) Load Voltage (V)

1 VPA= VAG=
2 VAB= VBG=
3 VBC= VCG=
4 VCD= VDG=
5 VDE= VEG=
6 VEF= VFG=

CALCULATIONS: –
Assumption: P, A, B, C, D, E and Q are equipotential
Therefore, RL1=VA/IAG.
Similarly, RL1, RL2, RL3, RL4 and RL5 will be calculated.
Draw the equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in Fig 1 considering VR, CR, RR
RESULT: –
Thus, the value of Load resistances obtained are as follow:
Sl. No. Parameters Value (in Network Value (in actual circuit)
Analyzer)
1 RL1
2 RL2
3 RL2
4 RL4
5 Current through RL1
6 Current through RL2
7 Current through RL3
8 Current through RL4

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

34

PRECAUTIONS: –

(i) The connections should be proper.

(ii) The reading should be taken precisely.
(iii) Initially, all switches are in the open position.

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

35

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course Name: Electrical Machine and Power Lab
Course Code: EEC274
Semester: 2nd Sem (2024-2025)
Location of the Lab: Academic complex, Ground Floor (Room No. 024)
Experiment No.: 09

TITLE:– Study of DC Ring main Distributor System

OBJECTIVE:– To verify potential at each node point and the current flow in each section of distributor,
when the distributor is connected as a ring main
APPARATUS REQUIRED: –
Sl. No. Instruments/ Apparatus Specification Quantity Make
1 DC Network Analyzer
2 Ammeter
3 Voltmeter

THEORY:–
This system is used to address the issues associated with radial distributor system. In this system, a similar
level of system reliability to that of the parallel feeders can be achieved by using ring distribution system.
Here, each load is fed with two feeders but in different paths. The feeders in this system form a loop
which starts from the source (for e.g substation bus-bars), runs through the load area and returns to the
substation bus-bars. The following figure shows a typical single line diagram of a ring main distribution
system.

0.01Ω A 0.02Ω B 0.05Ω C 0.02Ω D 0.05Ω E 0.01Ω

P

200V
RL1 RL2 RL3 RL4 RL5

GND
20A 10A 40A 10A 20A

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

36

Fig 1. A sample DC ring main distributor system

The above circuit can be modeled using a DC Network Analyzer (shown in Fig 2) by selecting suitable
voltage and current ratios. In the present experiment, the Voltage and Resistance Ratio is set to 200:10
and 1:100, respectively. The Current Ratio can be expressed in terms of Voltage and Resistance Ratios

Fig 2. DC Network Analyzer

PROCEDURE:–
1. Simulate the system of the analyzer with following scale factors:-
2. Voltage ratio (V.R)=200:10
3. Resistance ratio (R.R)=1:100
4. Current ratio (C.R)=V.R/R.R
5. Now, 200V supply will be simulated by 10V supply and 1Ω will be simulated through 100Ω.
6. Calculate current scale factor (as mentioned above) and replace the loads by suitable resistance.

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

37

7. Note potential at each load terminal and currents in each section of the distribution for all three
cases.
8. Finally, calculate the actual values of voltages at each load terminal and the currents in each
section of distributor..
OBSERVATION:–
Ring main Distribution:–
Sl. No. Branch Voltage (V) Load Voltage (V)

1 VPA= VAG=
2 VAB= VBG=
3 VBC= VCG=
4 VCD= VDG=
5 VDE= VEG=
6 VEF= VFG=
CALCULATIONS:–
Assumption: P, A, B, C, D, E are equipotential
Therefore, RL1=VA/IAG.
Similarly, RL1, RL2, RL3, RL4 and RL5 will be calculated.
Draw the equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in Fig 1 considering VR, CR, RR
RESULT:–
Thus, the value of Load resistances obtained are as follow:
Sl. No. Parameters Value (in Network Value (in actual circuit)
Analyzer)
1 RL1
2 RL2
3 RL2
4 RL4
5 Current through RL1
6 Current through RL2
7 Current through RL3
8 Current through RL4
PRECAUTIONS:–
(i) The connections should be proper.

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

38

(ii) The reading should be taken precisely.

(iii) Initially, all switches are in the open position.

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

39

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course Name: Electrical Machine and Power Lab
Course Code: EEC274
Semester: 2nd Sem (2024-2025)
Location of the Lab: Academic complex, Ground Floor (Room No. 024)
Experiment No.: 10
TITLE:– Study of DC interconnected ring main distributor system
OBJECTIVE:– To verify potential at each node point and the current flow in each section of distributor,
when the distributor is connected as an interconnected ring main distributor
APPARATUS REQUIRED: –
Sl. No. Instruments/ Apparatus Specification Quantity Make
1 DC Network Analyzer
2 Ammeter
3 Voltmeter

THEORY:–
When a ring main feeder is energized by two or more sources (substations or generating stations), it is
called as an interconnected distribution system. This system ensures reliability in an event of transmission
failure. Also, any area fed from one generating stations during peak load hours can be fed from the other
generating station or substation for meeting power requirements from increased load.

0.05Ω
To minimum
potential
0.01Ω A 0.02Ω B 0.05Ω C 0.02Ω D 0.05Ω E 0.01Ω
P

200V
RL1 RL2 RL3 RL4 RL5

GND
20A 10A 40A 10A 20A
Fig 1. A sample DC interconnected ring main distributor system

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

40

The above circuit can be modeled using a DC Network Analyzer (shown in Fig 2) by selecting suitable
voltage and current ratios. In the present experiment, the Voltage and Resistance Ratio is set to 200:10
and 1:100, respectively. The Current Ratio can be expressed in terms of Voltage and Resistance Ratios

Fig 2. DC Network Analyzer

PROCEDURE:–
1. Simulate the system of the analyzer with following scale factors:-
2. Voltage ratio (V.R)=200:10
3. Resistance ratio (R.R)=1:100
4. Current ratio (C.R)=V.R/R.R
5. Now, 200V supply will be simulated by 10V supply and 1Ω will be simulated through 100Ω.
6. Calculate current scale factor (as mentioned above) and replace the loads by suitable resistance.
7. Note potential at each load terminal and currents in each section of the distribution for all three

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering

41

cases.
8. Finally, calculate the actual values of voltages at each load terminal and the currents in each
section of distributor..
OBSERVATION:–
Ring main Distribution: –
Sl. No. Branch Voltage (V) Load Voltage (V)

1 VPA= VAG=
2 VAB= VBG=
3 VBC= VCG=
4 VCD= VDG=
5 VDE= VEG=
6 VEF= VFG=
CALCULATIONS: –
Assumption: P, A, B, C, D, E are equipotential
Therefore, RL1=VA/IAG.
Similarly, RL1, RL2, RL3, RL4 and RL5 will be calculated.
Draw the equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in Fig 1 considering VR, CR, RR
RESULT: –
Thus, the value of Load resistances obtained are as follow:
Sl. No. Parameters Value (in Network Value (in actual circuit)
Analyzer)
1 RL1
2 RL2
3 RL2
4 RL4
5 Current through RL1
6 Current through RL2
7 Current through RL3
8 Current through RL4
PRECAUTIONS: –
(i) The connections should be proper.
(ii) The reading should be taken precisely.
(iii) Initially, all switches are in the open position.

Electrical Machine and Power Lab Department of Electrical Engineering