BY

STUDENT NAME- SHIVANSHU JHARKHADIYA

ROLL NO. – 2014201199

7th semseter – 2023-2024

BATCH -2020-21

SUBMITTED TO THE FACUTLTY OF AGRICULTURE

SHRI KRISHNA UNIVERSITY

CHHATARPUR (M.P.) 47001

DEC,2023

1
2
DEDICATED
TO

ALL THE

PEASENTS

OF
ASHARAM AHIRWAR
3
This is to certify that the work and experience recorded in the report entitled, “Rural Agricultural Work
Experience and Agro-Industrial Attachment (RAWE & AIA)-2023” under Student-RAWE program-

2023performed at the village KADARI, submitted by the students to 7 th Sem B.Sc. (Hons) Agriculture
of Faculty of Agriculture, Shri Krishna University, Chhatarpur as a part of RAWE & AIA Program is a
Bonafede work carried out under your supervisions and guidance. To the best of our knowledge,
information presented in the report is authentic which were compiled from the collected primary data
obtained through field works/survey. Any chapter or portion of this report has not been published or
sent for publication elsewhere.

Assistance and services received during this job from different persons and organizations have
been duly acknowledged.

We hope a bright future of our students.

4
`

We express our heartiest gratitude to our honorable Vice Chancellor, Dr. ANIL DHAGAT for taking

interest and all necessary arrangements including ours tipendinth is RAWE&AIA program. We are extremely

grateful to Our Dean, Faculty of Agriculture

DR. AKASH SINGH.............................................................who acted like an academic guardian and also

Kept constant touch with us through out the tenure and endeavored to make this course successful.

We are very much indebted to have Mr. Shivraj Singh as our RAWE Central Level Co-Ordinator who

organized this course, guided us, motivated us, encouraged us and ensured our academic benefits out of it. We

would like to pay our sincere gratitude to Mr. Santosh Patel as our Local Level Co-Ordinator who had always

played a benevolent role in materializing the entire program. We are also thankful to all the Professors of all the

Departments who actively participated in our orientation program and supervised us in performing

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Field and also shared their experiences for our benefits. They have

also guided unshown to prepare the report for evaluation.

We extend our special thanks to al the members of Krishi Vigyan Kendra ,who have assisted us in

manifold activities to effectuate the village attachment program and acted as our local guardian. We are

indebted to all the farmers of ASHARAM AHIRWAR village who participated and supported our work

experience program me without whom this program could not be organized successfully. We will be highly

grateful to all the Local Level Coordinators for their continuous effort in correcting and modifying the

manuscript to make this report final.

Lastly but not the least, we will remain thankful to office staff of Dean, Faculty Agriculture and those all

who directly or indirectly helped and co-operated us in accomplishing this academic exercise successfully

SHIVANSHU
JHARKHADIYA

5
CONTENT
NO TOPIC PAGE NO.
.
14-28
1 SURVEY OF VILLAGE
29-46
2 AGRONOMICAL INTERVENTION
47-55
3 PLANT PRODUCTION
56-59
4 SOIL IMPROVEMENT
60-65
5 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE
(PRODUCTION INTERVENTION)
66-67
6 FOOD PROCESSING AND STORAGE
INTERVENTION
68-74
7 EXTENTION & TRANSFER OF
TECHNOLOGY ACTIVITES
75-82
8 ANIMAL PRODUCTION
INTERVENTIONS
83-88
9 KVK ATTACHMENT
82-92
10 PLANT CLINIC
93-98
11 AGRI INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT

6
1.
Student READY
(Rural Entrepreneurship Awareness Development Yojana program
Modern agriculture has transformed itself from “way of life” to “agri-business” which leads to
development of “Entrepreneurship” in a most feasible manner. Thus, the student READY Program
initiated by the Hon’ble Prime Minister of India on 25 th July, 2015. The term READY refers to “Rural
and Entrepreneurship Awareness Development Yojana” and the program was conceptualized to
reorient graduates of Agriculture and allied subjects for ensuring and assuring employability and
develop entrepreneurs for emerging knowledge intensive agriculture. It also envisages the introduction
of the program in all the Agricultural Universities as an essential prerequisite for the award of degree to
ensure hands on experience and practical training. This program includes five components i.e.
Experiential Learning, Rural Awareness Works Experience, In-Plant Training / Industrial attachment
Hands-on training (HOT) / Skill development training and Students Projects. All these components are
interactive and are conceptualized for building skills in project development and execution, decision
making, individual and team coordination, approach to problem solving, accounting, quality control,
marketing and resolving conflicts, etc. with-to end approach.

Components Covered
 Rural Agricultural Work Experience
 In-Plant Training/ Agro-Industrial attachment
 Experiential Learning/ Hands-on-Training
Component I: Rural Agricultural Work Experience
The Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) helps the students primarily to understand the rural
situations, status of agricultural technologies adopted by farmers, prioritize the farmers’ problems and
to develop skills and attitude of working with farm families for overall development in rural areas. The
students may be placed in the villages adjacent to the University establishments like College, Krishi
Vigyan Kendra, Regional Research Station, Regional Research Sub-Station etc. under its
jurisdiction.
Component-II: Agro-Industrial Attachment (AIA)
Technology and globalization are ushering an era of unprecedented change. The need and
pressure for change and innovation is immense. To enrich the practical knowledge of the students, in
plant training shall be mandatory for a period of up to 3 weeks. In this training, students will have to
study problem in industrial perspective and submit the report. Such in-plant training will provide an
industrial exposure to the students as well as to develop their career in the high-tech-industrial
requirements. The students may be placed in Agro and Cottage industries include Seed/Sampling
production, Pesticides-insecticides Post-harvest processing-value addition, Agri-finance
institutions, etc. and Commodities Boards for 3 weeks.
7
Component-III: Experiential Learning Program (ELP)/Handson Training (HOT)
Experiential Learning (EL) helps the student to develop competence, capability, capacity
building, acquiring skills, expertise, and confidence to start their own enterprise and turn job creators
instead of job seekers. This is a step forward for “Earn while Learn” concept. Experiential Learning is
an important module for high quality professional competence and practical work experience in real
life situation to Graduates. The module with entrepreneurial orientation of production and production to
consumption pattern is expected to facilitate producing Job Providers rather than Job Seekers.
It may be mentioned here that present report has been prepared for Component-I (RAWE). The
report son Component-II and Component-III will be submitted separately.
Of late, use of technologies plays important role while producing different brands and qualities
of agricultural products to fulfil the requirements of the market. Though agriculture is the backbone of
Indian economy, still term in a risky business and complex in nature and, thus, it demands much more
attentions. It is seen that due to immense application of improved agricultural technologies, India has
experienced a golden era of agricultural development through Green Revolution. But it is also the fact
that the technological gap was present between the present practices of farmer and the recommended
practices, generated from different research institutions. It is the evident that only 19 per cent of
technologies of Green-Revolution have been adopted at the farm level. So, it is always useable that
detail study one xisting resources, technologies, production, market and interest so fall stake holders is
relevant to have an idea on the existing practices and futures scopes of further development. As such,
new innovations are expected to appear to apply in agricultural business in future. This concept has
been in corporated in the agricultural education system in India.
In India, agricultural education system aims at producing skilled and expert human resources.
Thus, it is made an essential requirement that before obtaining the under-graduate degree in agriculture,
the students will be exposed to the field situations to learn the farming communities and compare their
class room learning in field situations. Based on the study, students are required to use their innovative
idea and proposal alternative development strategy on different aspect s of agriculture including
entrepreneurship development.
In view of above, Shri Krishna University, Chhatarpur has arranged this RAWE program. Itis,
thus, expected that with the existing teaching, research and extension climate, the present report will try
to explain the different aspects of analytical study and findings obtained Rural Agricultural Work
Experience (RAWE) which is based on the participatory methodology and has been a meeting place of
theory and practical studies. This program is performed by the under-graduate students for partial
fulfilment of degree to B.Sc (Hons.) Agriculture2023.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
The following specific objectives were delineated for the present Rural Agricultural Work
Experiences(RAWE):
• To provide an opportunity to the B. Sc (Hons.) Agriculture students for re-orienting their
subject matters knowledge through work experiences in local situation.
• To know socio-economic status of the rural people in the particular area.
• To enumerate the local livelihood status of the people by the students for getting

8
information regarding people's farm experiences.
• To emphasize the communication linkage between the organization, agricultural
university and local people.
• To develop confidence and competency of the students and local people for solving
the problems related to farm enterprises with the help of local resources.

LIMITATIONS of the study

 In adequate time limit.

 Small size of target respondents.
 Homogeneity of target people or farm entrepreneurs
 Very little fund allotment of the course.

 Information of crops only from a single season

9
Rural Agricultural work experience (RAWE) is a clear defined concept which is embedded with

the concept of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) as well as Participatory Learning and Action (PLA)

.The sharing of ideas and experiences had been in co-operated in the concept of RAWE. The

information generated from RAWE has been used by the rural people as well as by the erudite

scientists of the research stations for solving the problem in different specific agro-climatic regions.

The principle of seeking diversity in rural level utters the drivers information regarding different crop

enterprises as well as human enterprises. The information regarding different are had been collected

through RAWE for utilizing it to solve the problems of local area after analyzing and blending with the

scientific information supports a strong rationale for solving the local problems with the help of local

resources.

RAWE also helps to gather information from the remotest areas which implies for off setting

the spatial biases. The rear several concepts and methodology embedded in RAWE. Among them PRA

and PLA are the two pillars. The work has been conducted with the help of PRA methodology. For this

reason the information generated from farm work experience are very much valid as well as reliable in

given context.

Due to cross checking and triangulation among the people, the information are very much

sustainable in particular local situation. Not only that the learning of different technologies occur

through sharing the experiences among the farmers as well as subject matter specialists.

The intrinsic essence of RAWE is that the experience learnt by the rural people within their local

situation with the help of their own local knowledge, amalgamated with the recommended package of

practices for solving their own problem by in-sighting their local resources available in their own

situation.
10
There was an orientation program of about 2 days i.e. from..................................The main aim of orientation was

To aware the students about this work which is to be done in the village during village attachment program. The

program was held with the presence of our Dean sir, Associate Dean sir any many more dignitaries of our

university .The program was conducted by all conference hall of our faculty (our respected and dear

teachers)of RAWE.

11
s.no Name Roll no Enrollment
1 SHUBHAM MISHRA 20142810 SKU201917013
2 SHIVANSHU JHARKADIYA
3 SUBHAYANA RAIKWAR 2014281014 SKU200966616
4 NISHA JOSHI 2014281022 SKU201053653
5 ABHISHEK SEN 2014281139 SKU202561991
6 PRATHAM GARG 2014281126 SKU202430639
7 KHEMRAJ RAJPOOT 2014201075 SKU201882226
8 SONAM RAIKWAR 2014281015 SKU200979617
9 MAHIMA PATEL 2014201164 SKU202820603
10 ASHISH RAJPOOT 2014281130 SKU202474785
11 SHASHI AHIRWAR 2014281008 SKU200881535
12 SUJEET SINGH YADAV 2014281143 SKU202602054
13 MAYANK BAJPAI 2014281202 SKU206131124
14 ROHIT SINGH YADAV 2014281101 SKU202140287
15 BHASKAR PATHAK 2014281003 SKU200832425
16 SATEESH SATNAMI 2014281035 SKU201192742
17 NISHANK AWASTHI 2014281220 SKU202924341
18 SHIVKUMAR PAL 2014281010 SKU200908541
19 PRAMOD KUSHWAHA 2014281097 SKU202106157
20 VISHNU AWASTHI 2014281224 SKU207470532
21 SKU
22 SKU
23 SKU
24 SKU
25 SKU
26 SKU
27 SKU
28 SKU
29 SKU
30 SKU
11
Gram Panchayat :- KADARI

RAWE AT THE GLANCE

1. Introduction:
In accordance with the thoughts of Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore ,Sriniketan Experiment
started in 1921 concerning with four important areas viz. agriculture, crafts and rura lindustries village
welfare and education.

In order to make higher agricultural education relevant to present day needs produce graduates with
entrepreneurial skills for self-employment and contributors of rural living-hood and food security need,
Rural Awareness Work Experience Program (RAWE) is an important competence and confidence
building program introduced in the Institutes of Agriculture and the Sku in India. With a view to giving
the real-life exposure to the students, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture) has also
introduced this program for the students of Semester VII, B.Sc(Ag.)Hons. This Program is as equel of
there commendation made by the‘ Randhawa Committee ’constituted by ICAR

Chhatarpur map

12
Weather Record

Village: KADARI Taluka: CHHATARPUR

Month Temperature Humidity% Rainfall

(MM)
Max0c Min 0c Morning Evening

JULY 34 26 64% 055% 899.1

AUGUST 32 25 75.49% 66% 490.5

SEPTEMBER 32 23 68.67% 58% 207.5

OCTUBER 33 23 47.57% 41% 19.9

NOVEMBER 31 14 40.32% 30.2% 0

DECEMBER 27 10 35.65% 28.35% 0

Note: This data obtained by Metrology department in Chhatarpur

13
I. SURVEYOFVILLAGE

SOCIO–SURVEY OF VILLAGE
Poursely select the village KADARI under the RAWE program
of B.sc .(Ag) session2020-21the often result of village survey of allotted
village following :-

1.(VILLAGE–SURVEY)

VS-I: General information.

1.Nameofvillage KADARI

2.Tehsil CHHATARPUR

3.District CHHATARPUR

4.Distance in kilometers from the nearest

a. Primary/middle school 0km.

b. High school/higher secondary 3km.

school

c. Bus-stand 1.00km.

d. Railway station 8/km.

e. Tehsil place : 12/km.

f. Krishi upaj-mandi 9km.

g. Transport facilities available in Motorcycle/tractors

the village

h. Nearest village (weekly)market:

 Place : Brijpura

 Distance : 3 km

 This table gives about the details of the village like school, market, bus-stop,
tehsil mandi etc.

14
VS-II: Population of village.

S.No. Item Populationas

per
Census
01 124

02 Total male 1262

1. Literate 835
2. Illiterate
427
03 Total female 1143
1. Literate 657
2. Literate
486
04 Number of cultivators 315 families

05 Number of agricultural Lavoures 123

06 Others
38.46%
• Nos. of scheduled castes 0
• Nos. of scheduled tribes
• Nos. of scheduled backwards ?

Note: This data is obtained by Gram-panchayat officer.

This tables how the detail about population, scheduled tribes and caste Labor etc.

15
Meeting

Picno.2

Primary school principal

16
17
III: Land use pattern of village.
S.No. Item Area In hectares % to total
geographical area

1. Total geographical area of village 1002.75 100%area

2. Area under forest 26.3 2.066 %

3. Barren and un cultivable land 9.37 1.282 %

4. Land put to nonagricultural use 134.743 26.689 %

5. Cultivable waste land 0.82 1.594 %

6. Total fallow land 5.25 1.039 %

7. Net area sown 3.06 29.013 %

8. Net-irrigated area 662.47ha 21.305 %

9. Area sown more than once ? ?

10. Gross cropped area (s.No.7+9) 579.63 43.180 %

11. Area under:

1. Light soil (Depth up to one 254.310 40.37 %
foot)
2. Medium soil (Depth 1 to
140.81 27.89 %
2ft.)
169.74 33.74 %
3. Heavy soil (Depth more
than2 ft)
Note: This data is obtained by patwari.

VS-IV: Irrigation facilities available in the village.

S.No . Source of irrigation Number Area irrigated in Hectare

Seasonal Perennial
1. Total Wells: 180 150 30
a. Well in use 150
b. Not in use 30

2. Canal 1 1 1

3. Tube Wells 300 300 300

4. Tank NA ----- -----

5. Other source(specify) Thelake-5 3 2

18
V: Implements and machinery available in village.

S.No. Particulars Number

1. Bullock drawn implements NA

2. Hand drawn implements 2 Mead

3. Tractors 53

4. Power thresher 8

5. Electricity pump /oil engine 160/20

6. Sprayers 240

7. Dusters NA

Note: This data is obtained by patwari & village development officer (V.D.O).

VS-VI: Wages rates prevalent in the village.

S. No Period Wages rate (Rs.) perday

.
Man Wo Bullock pair Tractor/hr.
me
n
1. Kharif season 300 250
300 250
a) Sowing time a. 300 a. 250 ------------------- 900-1200/hr.
b) Interculture b. 300 b. 250 -------------------
c.) Harvesting c. c. -------------------
d) Threshing d. d. ---------------

2. Rabi season
a. Sowing time a. a. ------------------- 900-1200/hr.
b. Interculture b. 300 b. 250 -------------------
c. Harvesting c. 300 c. 250 -------------------
d. Threshing d. 300 d. 250 ---------------
300 250
3. Summer season ------------- ------------- ---------------- ----------------

19
VII: Cropping pattern of village(use data for current/latest year):
S. No. Crops Varities grown Area in hectares %to gross cropped
area

1. Groundnut Red Beauty 140.23 10.78

2. Paddy Pratibha(MTU5893 30.46 1.69

)
3. Urad PANT U-19 30.22 14.25

4. Soyabean JS 93-05 171.45 63.54

6. Vegetables TOMATO, BRINJAL 5.54 2.01

chilli
etc.
7. MOONG K851 12.78 5.23

8. Til Sarada (YLM-66) 21.80 11.5

Note: This data is obtained by village patwari.

Cropping pattern of village: From above table no. vs-vii we conclude that’ Paddy is sown in a of200ha.
And 31.64% is gross cropped area. Moong is sown in 40 ha. And gross cropped area is 6.3%.Turissownina
20ha.And3.1%isgrosscroppedarea.uradgrownina40ha.Respectivelyandgrosscropped area is 0% Vegetables is
grown 0 ha. And gross cropped area 0 % And oilseeds (sesame) is grown in a 0 ha And gross cropped area-0%.

House hold Survey/Farm hold(HS)

Information of these lected Cultivators
Purposely select the farmer Mr. ASHARAM AHIRWAR in KADARI village CHHATARPUR
Block of CHHATARPUR district under the RAWE program.2023.

HS-I: Details about family Members.

S.No. Name Age(yrs) Education Relation Occupation
with head
IL P M S G Main Subsidiary

1. ASHARAM 40  Head Agriculture ----------

AHIRWAR
--

2. SEEMA 35  WIFE agriculture ----------

--

3. AKASH 17  SON Agriculture ----------

--

4. AYUSHI 3  DAUGHTER AGRICULTURE ------------

L-Illiterate, p-Primary level, M-Middle standard , S-Secondary level ,G-Graduate level.

20
HS-II: Details about land possessed by the cultivator.
S. No. Particulars Area(hectare)

1. Total land area 4.75

2. Permanent fallow NA

3. Current fallow NA

4. Net sown area 4.75

5. Area under irrigation 4.755

6. Area Sown more than once KHARIF AND RAVI

7. Gross cropped area (4+6) 13.25

8. Approximate value of land(Rs./ha) 1640000lac/ha

9. Total land revenue paid (Rs.)per year --------

10. Other taxes --------

21
HS-III: Details of livestock position.

S.No. Particulars Type of animal Others

Bullock pairs Milch Animal

Buffaloes Cow Bakery

1. No of animals NA 2 NA 1

2. Age of animals 2,3Year 3year

3. Purchased year NA ------ NA ----------

/Price Rs. animal

4. Home breed present 24000 5300

value Rs.

HS-IV: Farm machineries.

S. No. Name of machine Machine’s make Year and Present value

purchase / price (Rs.)
THRESHER 1 2004 40000

2. CULTIVATOR 1 1999 11000

3. Harrow NA …….. ……

4. LEVELER NA -------- --------

5. Tractor 1 1999 185000

6. Motor pump Light motor pump 2016/16000 5000

7. Seed drill NA ------- ------

8. NA ------- -------
CHAFF CUTTER

Note: This data is obtained by selected farmer.

22
Picno.4 Data collection

HS-V: Inventory of residential and farm building.

S. No. Type of building Year of construction Type of construction Present
value (R.s)
1. Residential 2021 Pakka 1000000

2. Cattle shed 2017 TEAN SHED 2500

3. Other storage shed 2005 PAKKA 120000

4. Irrigation structures 2016 ------ -----

23
5. Tractor shed 2008 PAKKA 170000

6. Other NA ------------ -------------

HS-VI: Financial position of farmer

(I) Dues payable (Liabilities)

S.No. Particulars LoanNo.

I II III IV

1. Amount of loan 20000 ------- ------ -------

2. Date of borrowing 15/5/2018

3. Source of loan SBI
4. Purpose of loan FERTILIS
ER
5. Amount of loan outstanding at the end of year 2

(II) Dues Receivable

S.No. Duesreceivablefrom AmountinRs.

1. Cultivator/Relatives NA

2. Traders NA

3. Aarhata NA

4. Other NA

24
HS-VI: Financial position of farmer.

From the basis of table 2.06.3 balance sheet of the farmers. Value of land is my farmers
is 1600000 and value of livestock position is 75000 and value of residential and farmer
building is 300000and value of farmer net income is Total amount of Assets is
Similarly value of due pay able and value of due srevicei able nill and value of total
cost of crop is and value of livestock product 75000, and family expenses Nill .so total
amount of liabilities is2031000 respectively.
Net worth=Total Assets –Total liabilities
Assets Amount Liabilities Amount
Value of land 1500000 Value of dus NA
pay able
Value of live 70000 Value of dues NA
stock Position receive able
Value of farm 6000 Value of total
machinery cost of crop

Value of residential 300000 Value of live 60000

and farm building stock product
Value of ------ Family expenses -----
Farm net in come
Net income of Nill Value of cost of Nill
horticultural crops horticulture crop
Others Nill Others Nill
Total 1876000 Total 55000

=1876000– 55000=1811000

Net worth=total assets-total liabilities

25
HS-VII: Details of Labor used for one import ant crop grown by the selected farmer.

S. No. Name of Frequenc Human Labor Bullock Labor Machine Labor

Operation y of
Use Family Hired owne Hired Owned Hired
d
Hrs. Val. Hrs. Val. H Val. Hrs. Val. Hrs. Val. Hrs. Val.
r
s.

1. Ploughing 2 6 600
hrs.
2. Harrowing 1 4 4800

3. Leveling
4. Manuring 1 16 600
5. Seed raising 1 16 500
6. Sowing/ 1 2 1800
Transplanting
7. Fertilizer 1 24 850
application
8. Weeding

9. Hoeing
10. Fertilizer
application
(Second dose)

11. Plant protection

12. Irrigation
13. Harvesting

14. Threshing and 1 20 2000 10 1000 - ---- --- 2.5 2800

winnowing - -

15. Transportation 3 600

of produce to
home

16. Other operation

17. Total 11 60 3400

26 1500 9hrs. 9250

Name of crop–Groundnut Area(ha)–4.75 acre

26
HS-VIII: Details of material used and estimation of the cast of cultivation of one important
crop grown by the selected farmer:

S. No Particulars Quantit Price per Total Percen

y Used unit cost tage
total
cost
1. Family Labor 140 275 38500

2. Hired Human Labor owned/Hire NA NA NA

3. Bullock Labor Pair (day) NA NA NA

a) Owned
b) Hired
4. Machine Labor
a) Owned (Hrs.)
b) Hired (Hrs.) 9Hrs. 1000 9000

5. Seed (Kg) 58kg Rs.65/kg 3770

6. Manures (Q.)
7. Fertilizer
a) N 200kg
b) P (UREA) 6/Kg 1200
c) K &10
0 kg
(DAP) 2700/qu. 2700
8. Insecticides 7lit 1300/lit 9100
9. Irrigation charges(Rs.) 2time 3000
10. Land Revenue
11. Other taxes
12. Total S.No- 2to11 67270
13. Interest on working capitalonS.No.12@10% 6727
14. Rent paid for leased in land
Rentalvalueofownedlandprevailingrateinthevillageo 1 2200 2000
15.
r1/6thof the gross value of produce
16 800
Interest on fixed
Capital @ of 10%perannum (Excluding land)
Total Cost 76977

PRODUCTION
a) Main produce(Q.) 32qo. 5600 Rs. 172800
b) By produce (Q.)

Gross Income=(Value of M.P.+B.P.) 172800

Net Income over 95623

Name of the crop – Groundnut Area (ha) –4.75 acre

27
Cost Concept:

CostA1=All direct cost + v Interest on working capital

=67270+6727=73977

CostA2=CostA1+ rent paid for leased in land if any cost

=73977+0=73977

CostB1=CostA1+ Interest on fixed capital

=73977+1000=74977

CostB2 = CostB1+ Rental value of owned land+ Rent paid for leased and

=73977+2000+0=75977

CostC1=CostB1+ imputed value of family Labor

=75977+0=75977

CostC2=CostB2+imputedvalueoffamilyLabor=75977+0=75977

Cost of production (Rs/Q) = 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕−𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒐𝒇𝒃𝒚 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕/𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅=75977–0 /36q

= 3374.54 Rs /q

CROP-PRODUCTION RECORD :-
Table number is show the crop production record. The growing crop and cropped area by selected farmer of
the crop is Groundnut and its area is 1 acer respectively. The yield of growing crop by selected farmer is 32
quintal respectively. The productivity of growing crop by selected farmers is -32qt.

S. No. Name of the crop Quantity Quantity Uantity sold

Produced Consumed
Q Price/Q Total
1. Groundnut 36q 1 q. 35 q 5200 187200

HS-X: Disposal off arm produce.

Source: This information is collect by farmer.

From the basic of table showed the disposal of farm produce. The disposal of produce Groundnut have 20-quintal
self-consume and 30quintal sell in the nearest market and rest of produce are self consume by selected farmer.

28
FAMILY BUDGET OF THE FARMER
S. No. Item Consumed during the year Total Value %of total

Home Purchase
Produced

I. Cereals
Jowar
Wheat Rice
15q5 30000
Other
0kg. 2000

II. Pulses Tur

Gram 10kg 800
Mung 2000
Urad 50kg
10kg 400
Other Pulses 600
15kg

III. Edible Oil 15litre 2300 2300

IV. Non Vegetarian

Mutt on/Chicken ------------------ ---------------- ---------------
Eggs
Other

V. Milk and Milk Products 2kg/day

Milk 14600
Ghee/Butter

VI. Condiments and Spices

1. Condiments 20kg 2400
2. Chilies 20kg 2400
3. Turmeric 500gm. 100
4. Other

VII. Beverages
1. Tea 500gm. 120
2. Coffee
3. Other

IX. Fuel and Light 1200+300 1500

X. Clothing and Footwear 2500+500 3000

XI. Education

XII. Medicine and Medical 2000/ year 1000

Services

XIII. Other

TOTAL 63220

29
II. AGRONOMICALINTERVENTION

II: Agronomical interventions.

Introduction: The term agriculture is derived from the Latin words “ager’’ or “agri’’ meaning ‘soil’
and ‘cultural’ meaning ‘cultivation’. Agriculture is a very broad term in compassing all aspects of crop
production, livestock farming, fisheries, and forestry etc. Agronomy is branch of agriculture science
that deals with principle sand practices of soil, water and crop management.

This term is derived from Greek word agrosomeing ‘field’ and nomos meaning ‘to manage’.

Definition:

1. “Agronomy is branch of agriculture that treat soft the principles and practices of crop production and
field management.”

2. “Science & technology of crop production” Agronomy is concerned with the scientific use of plant,
soil, water, atmosphere & forming resources of a region for the production of crops as an economic
activity (N. K. Anant Rao).
Agronomy are view.

One of the major problems of Indian agriculture is low crop production or more specifically
productivity. Crop production technology deal with various aspects of the improved package &
practices of crop production e.g. high yielding improved varieties. Preparation of soil, climatic
requirement of different crop rotation technology or techniques of sowing seed scientific
recommendation of applying fertilizer manures. Insecticide, pesticides & Herbicides& disease & pest
control. Agriculture occupies an important Place in Indian economy &contributesabout25%of national
Income.

Role of crop production:

This course is most important because here we came indirect contact with farmer and know their
problem and what they actually want, what is the gap between there farming practices and scientific
farming practices.

1. It will provide basic knowledge.

2. It provides knowledge about package of practice of growing crops.
3. Potential role In develop sustainable.
4. Minimum investment.

30
5. Removal of chances of crop failure.
6. Reduce climatic hazards.
7. Reduce grain shortage.
8. Increase productivity.
9. Optimum utilization off arm resource.
10. Reduce health hazards by in use of insecticide/pesticide ,fungicide, and herbicide.

How Crop Production help to Increase in come/yield of Farmers:

• Minimum investment in input of crop production.

• Increase production.
• Take more crops in one crop season orin crease cropping in tensity.
• Timely management of insect ,disease and weeds.
• Irrigation on critical stage or right time.
• Adopt INM,IPM.
• Management of sowing time of crops.
• Selection of appropriate crop according to market price.
• Use improves varieties of crop, like high yielding varieties, insect, and disease resistant varieties,
location specific varieties.

FACTORAFFECTING CROP PRODUCTION:-

1. Solar radiation – Solar radiation directly affect the growth and yield of plant.

2. Temperature -Temperature have great influence on

• Rate of germination.
• Leaf initiation.
• Tillering.
• Flowering.
• Spiklet initiation.
• Germination takes longer period at lower temperature and as the temperature
• Increases the rate of germination increases.
• Leaf initiation hasten with increasing temperature.

3. Rain fall:-

It is a form of precipitation study of rainfall lover long period is called rain fall climatology.

• Amount of rainfall generally yield level are determined by amount of precipitation above the basic
minimum required to enable the crop to achieve maturity.

31
• INTENSITY OF RAIN FALL :- It also affect crop production heavy in tensity leads to soil
erosion not beneficial to crop

• DISTRIBUTION OF RAINF ALL:-the amount of rain fall received at periodic interval

like week‘ month ‘season etc.

4. Relative humidity-
• Relative humidity has direct influence on water relation of plan t and indirectly affect leaf
• Growth, photosynthesis, pollination, occurrence of disease and finally yield.
5. Wind: Wind direction and wind intensity have significant influence on crop growth. In general
increase transpiration. When wind is hot it accelerates desiccation of crop by replacing humid air by
dry air.
II: Agronomical Interventions

32
Format-I
Details of the Agricultural Operation performed the Host farmers (Some good photograph s
of important feature scan beat tached)

Name of the Host farmer:-ASHARAM AHIRWAR Village: KADARI

Block:-CHHATARPUR District:-CHHATARPUR

Cropping Season(s) :-Kharif Year:-2023

Field Crop(s)V Agronomic operation done by the farmer during crop

area ariety(s)g production
(ha) rown

Tillage Seed rate, Manuring and Weed Irrigation

Sowing date Fertilizer control and
seed application and inter drainage
treatment culture
sowing operatio
method ns

etc.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2/8 4.75 Groundnut 3Times 70kg Manure at the time 2 Time hand Kuaa
acre of field weeding &(Depends
DAP100KG. on rain)

Agronomic operations done during crop Per/ha Actual Yield

Aftercare Harvesting Transportation Threshing Main By-
/plant to and production product(Stra
protection threshing floor winnowing (Grain/Tubers w/Stover
/ Green /Haulm)
vegetable)
9 10 11 12 13 14
By tractor By combine 34q. 00q.
threshing

Estimated value of the produce (Rs./ha)

Main produce BY produce TOTAL Estimated Profit or

INCOME expenditure loss(Rs./h
(Rs./ha) a)

15 16 17 18 19
147200 /- 00 /- 96823/- 27125/- 100824/HA---
PROFIT

Remarks and Signature of the -Teacher Signature of Student

33
Format:-II
S
Details of the cropping program proposed by the student to the Host

Farmer(To be filled by the students as suggestions to the farmers)

Name of the host farmer :MR..ASHARAM AHIRWAR Village: KADARI

Block:-CHHATARPUR District-CHHATARAPUR

Cropping Season(s):-Kharif Year:-2023-23A

Field Field Crop(s)V Agronomic operation done by the farmer during crop
No. area ariety(s)g production
(ha) rown

Tillage Seed-rate, Manuring and Weed Irrigation

Sowing date Fertilizer control and and drainage
seed treatment, application interculture
sowing method operations
etc.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2/8 4.75 Groundnut 3Times 82 ManureatthetimeofFie 2 Time hand well&(Depe
Acre ldDAP100kg. weeding nds on rain)

Agronomic operations done during crop Per\ha Actual Yield

After care Harvesting Transportation to Threshing Main By-product
/plant threshing floor and production (Straw/Stover
protection winnowing (Grain/ /Haulm)
Tubers
/Green
vegetable)
9 10 11 12 13 14
By tractor By combine 38q. 54q.
Threasing
&manually
Estimated value of the produce (Rs./ha)
Main Produce BY Produce TOTALINCOME Estimated Profit or
expenditure loss(Rs./h
(Rs./ha) a.)

15 16 17 18 19

1872800 00 99823 38125 100923/HA---PROFIT

Remarks and Signature of the Teacher Signature of Student

34
Background Information of the Host Farmer

1.Nameofthefarmer MR.33ASHARAM AHIRWAR

(a)Total land owned0 by the farmer(ha) 4.75ha
(b)Land suitable for cultivation(ha) 4.75ha
(c)Land not suitable for cultivation 00ha
(i)Farm Stead(ha) NO
(ii)Wasteland(ha) NO

2.SoilConditions :
(i)Topography Plain
(ii) Color BLACK
(iii) Texture SANDY loamy
(iv) Depth Sallow20cm.
(v) Fertility Status Medium Fertility

4. Rainfall of the district (Weekly):

5. Irrigation facilities available on the field:
(i) Irrigation source WELL
(ii) Water availability period Every month
(iii) Approximate irrigated area(ha) 4.75ha

6. Drainage requirement :NO

7. Crop(s)/Variety(s)i.e. grown by the farmers
(i) During kharif: Groundnut
(ii) During rabi: Wheat
(iii) During summer : Nothing

8. Existing cropping systems practiced by the farmer

(i)Cropped area during kharif 4.75ha
(ii) Cropped area during rabi Wheat4.S75ha
(iii)Cropped area during summer Nothing

9. Use of seeds
(i) Own seeds Local
(ii) Seeds if purchased/Procured (Source/Agency):
(iii) Category of seed used, if purchased : Hybrid

10. Use of agro-inputs

Fertilizers: DAP – 100 KG.

Manures: URIYA – 200 KG.

Herbicides: ………..

35
11. Adoption of cultivation practice by the farmer it hrea soning
(i) Traditional practice :
(ii) Recommendedpractice:12. Livestock/position in numbers:
(i) Bullock :0(ii) Cows :0
(iii)buffaloes :2
(iv)Goats : 1(iv)Others : No

13. Farm machinery and power

(i) Availability of electricity :NO
(ii) Tractor : NO(iii) Trolley :NO(iv) Plough: NO(v) Harrow :NO
(vi)Leveler :NO(vii) Seed drill :NO
(viii) Weeders : NO
(ix) Threshers/Winnowers : NO
(x) Chaffcutters : NO

14. Market
facilities(Regulated/unreg
ulated):-Cold storage
15. Transport facilities( CHHATARPUR):Road

16. Loan facilities :Private bank(HDBBANK)

17. Technological facilities
(i)Training Centers/Charcha Mandal : NO
(ii)Television/Radio :YES
(iii)Public Library : NO
(iv)Krishi Vigyan Kendra :(NOAGAO)
(v)Research Centre : NO
(vi)NGO's : NO

36
18. Calendar of the farm
19. Operation during the crop season/year. Calendar of
agricultural operations done by the farmer*
S.N Day and Date Name of the operation performed by the (Attach
o. separate sheet, if necessary )
1.
12/06/2023 (a) Land preparation

1. No of plough in g/harrowing
2. Leveling
3. Soil&water conservation practices
4. Any practices to facilitate
2. (b) Seed and sowing
30/06/2023 1. Seed treatment
2. Raising of nursery
3. Seed rate
4. Method of nursery raising
5. Date of transplanting
20/07/2023 6. Method of sowing
3. (c) Fertilizer application
05/08/2023 1. Application of fertilizers
2. Method and time of manure and fertilizer application

4. (d) Aftercare
25/08/2023 1. Weed control
2. Intercultural
3. Manual
4. Mechanical chemical control
5. (e) Irrigation
21/08/2023 1. Time and irrigation
2. Drainage

6. (f) Plant protection

31/08/2023 1. Time and stage of occurance of the pest

7. (g) Control measures adopted for the control of insect pest

27/09/2023 /disease
1. Type of sprayer/nosal used by farmer
2. Insecticide sand pesticide used

8. (h) Harvesting, threshing and processing

06/11/2023 1. Date of harvesting & crop duration
2. Transportation to threshing floor
3. Threshing(manually/mechanical)
4. Winnowing(method/ time)

9. (i)Storage, processing, marketing facility

37
* Calendar should be maintained for the following:

38
Pic.No.5Landpreparation:the land preparation done by cultivator. It is an tractor drown hero

Pic.no.6 Tillage operation:-Tillage operations carried out throughout the year are known as year-round tillage. In

dry farming regions, field preparation is initiated with the help of summer showers. Repeated tillage operations are carried
out until sowing of the crop. Even after harvest of the crop, the field is repeatedly ploughed or harrowed to avoid weed
growth in the offseason.

39
Pic.no.8.TillageOperation

40
Pic.no9Seedling

Pic.no.10Groundnutseed

41
Pic.no11Peanut

Pic.no.12

42
Picno.13With village’s sarpanch

43
Pic.no.14Harvestin

Pic.no.15

44
Pic.no.16

45
PIC.no.17

46
Pic.no.

18Threshi

ng

47
Pic.no.19 With our Host Farmer

Pic.no.20

48
49
In this we told farmers some points such as:
i. Use of hybrid seed and good quality of seeds.
ii. Proper seed treatment should be done to keep seed Disease free. iii.
Less use of chemical fertilizers. iv. To move towards organic farming.
v. Use of HYV seeds.
vi. Less use of chemical in plant protection.
vii. Plant protection by cultural / physical methods Encouragement to adopt modern
agricultural Technologies.

50
III. PLANTPROTECTION

III-Plant Protection Interventions.

Introduction :-

Plant protection is the technique of saving growing crop and storage agriculture product from pest We
can minimize the effect the greater extent of adopting suitable measure and keeping the loss within
economically safe limit. Plant protection is also called pest control.
Need of plant protection.

In India the total losses due to pest, disease and weed share approximately 18% of our total crop-produce
worthing 5000 crore rupees annually i.e.
S. No. Items % of loss
1. Weeds 33%

2. Disease 36%

3. Insect-pests 20%

4. Rodents 06%

5. Storage loss 07%

6. Other loss 08%

Note: By seeing above huge losses due to Insect, Pest & Diseases.
We cannot avoid plant protection portion. There are
two part sunder this course.

(A). Agriculture
Entomology(B). Plant
Pathology

51
(A). Entomology

IdentificationofimportantInsectpestofatleasttwomajorcropscultivatedinvillage.
1. Name of the crop: Groundnut
2. Name of Insects identifined in the field.
S. No. Common Name Local Name Scientific Name Systematic Position
1. Tikka Disease Patti chhedak A. hypogaea Order- orthoptera
Family–Arakis

2. Grasshopper GRASSHOPPER Hieroglyphusbanian Order – Orthoptera

Family - acrididae

Tikka Rog Grasshopper

1. Principle symptoms of pest damage:

S. No. Early Growth Vegetative stage Flowering/podding/ earhad Grain etc.
stage

1. No damage Damage in Grain Milking stage

2. No damage Damage in leaf Flowering, leaf, earhead

3. No damage Damage in stem, fruit Fruit

4. No damage Leaf & steam Flowering leaf

2. Intensity of pest attack and degree of infestation(peat wise)

Nil 

Low 

Medium 

High 

Epidemic

52
3. Collection of major insect–pest and predatory insects in the field.
S. No. Name of insect Stages

Egg Larva Pupa Nymph Adult

1. Grasshopper 

2. Dragonfly 

3. Painted bug

4. Chemical control:
Pest attack Farmers practices Recommended practices

Name of Doses Type of Stages of Name of Doses Types of Stages of

insecticides sprayers/duste crop insecticides sprayer/d crop
r uster

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - --

- - - - - - - - -

1. Commonly available insecticide in the village /local market : Panama

(flomicamid50%@80gm/acre.
2. Precautionsobservedwhileusinginsecticide:Bodycovered,airdirection

Information to the farmers about the insecticide altoxicity-

53
s.no Identification Toxic Toxicityinmg/kg Exampleofpesticides.

ofcoloursymbol
1 Red Extremely Stomach: 1- Aluminium and
toxic 50mg/kg phosphate,
monocrotophos,
Contact: 201- parathion
2000mg/kg

2 Yellow Highly toxic Stomach5150 Endosulphan,

0mg/kg hydrochloride, Carbarly,
Contact 201- Cypermethrin
2000mg/kg

3 Blue Moderatelyt Stomach :501- Malathion,Trizop

oxic 5000mg/kg
hos
Contact : 2001-
Ethophenoprox,
20000mg/kg
Acephate,

4 Green Slightly toxic Stomach ; Neem powder

Morethan5000mg
/kg

Contact :more
than20000mg/kg

3. Farmer’s Response :They responded very well because most of the mdidn’t know about
insecticide toxicity symbol, but, now they have the knowledge & they can use for their
betterment.

4. Suggestion for propers to rage of foodgrains.

S. No. Name of foodgrain Moisture content Fungicide/ Dose
fumiganttreatment

1. For Humans 10–12 % ----------- -----

2. For storage purpose 8–10% ----------- -----

54
Identification of important insect -pest of crops in to village.

(1). Name of crop- GROUNDUT

Common name of insect- TIKKA DISEAS
A Scientific name of insect-
Kingdom -
AnimiliaArthropodaInsectaAlydidaeLeptocorisaacuta
Phylum -
Class -
Family
Date of identify - - 11/10/2023
Genus -
Collection from insect - Farmers field
Species -
Management:

Preventive measures :-
• Remove weeds from fields and surrounding areas Biological control
• Small was ps parasitize the eggs and the meadow grass hoppers prey On them.
• A fungous infect both nymphs and adult.

(B). PLANTPATHOLOGY:

Introduction:

Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens
(infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors).[1] Organisms that cause
infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms,
phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Not include dare ectoparasites like insects,
mites, vertebrate, or other pests that affect plant health by consumption of plant tissues. Plantpathology
also involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact,
plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant disease safect humans and animals,
patho system genetics, and management of plant diseases.
Definition of plant pathology:

Plant Pathology is defined as the study of the organisms and environmental conditions that cause
disease in plants, the mechanisms by which this occurs, the interactions between these causal
agents and the plant (effects on plant growth, yield and quality), and the methods of manag ingor
controlling plant disease.

55
Objectives of plant pathology:

Plant Pathology is one among the branches of agricultural science that deal switch cases, etiology, resulting
losses and management of plant diseases with four major objectives.
1. Study the diseases (s) or disorders caused by biotic and abiotic agent.

2. Study of mechanism of disease development by pathogens.

3. Study of interaction between plant and pathogen in relation to the over all environment.
4. Develop suitable management strategies for managing the diseases and losses caused by them.

(I).Herbarium collection:

Identification of important disease of crops into village.

(1). Name of crop- Paddy

Common name of insect- -Rice bug Scientific
name of insect-

LeptocorisasppKingdom -
Phylum - Arthropoda
Class - Insect a
Family - Aly didae
Genus - Leptocorisa
Species - acuta
Date of identify - 11/10/2023

Collection from insect - Farmers field

56
(2). Major plant diseases observed in Agronomic crops.

Name of crop Name - Black gram

of disease - Yellow music

Causal organism S - Mosaic virus

Locality/ Place/ - KADARI

Date of collection - 10/10/2023

Collection from - Village Farmers UNCLE fields

Collected by - SHIVANSHU JHARKHADIYA

Symptoms:

• Inter woven network of yellow veins.

• Later, the entire leaf turns completely yellow.
• SeverallyleavesbecometotallylightyelloworcreamcoloredManagement:

• Use virus free seeds.

• Rogue out infected plant and burn them
• [email protected]/lit.to control the vector(aphid)
• Use of (Alika)Thiamethoxam(12.6%)+Lamb dacy halothrin (9.5%)ZC100ml/acre

57
(3). Major plant diseases observed in vegetables crops.
Name of crop - Okra
Name of disease - Yellow vein mosaic

Causal organism - Yellow mosaic virus

Locality/ Place/ - KADARI

Date of collection - 31/10/2023

Collection from - FARMERUNCLESFIELD

Collected by - SHIVANSHU JHARKHADIYA

Symptoms:

• Yellowingoftheentirenetworkofveinsintheleafblade In several infections the

• Younger leaf turns yellow.
• In diseased plant flower and fruiting are not formed.

Management:

• Use of virus free seed

• Infected plant should be remove and burn
• [email protected]/lit.For control vector whitefly.
• Use of (Alika)Thiamethoxam(12.6%)+Lambdacyhalothrin(9.5%)ZC100ml/acre

58
(4). Major plant diseases observed in vegetables crops.

Name of crop - Chili

Name of disease - Leaf curl
Causal organism -Whitefly (Bemisiatabaci)

Locality/ Place/ - KVK NOWGAOW

Date of collection - 10/12/2023

Collection from - KVK FIELD

Collected by - SHIVANSHU JHARKHADIYA

Management:

• Use of virus free seed

• Infected plant should be remove and burn
• Use of (Alika)Thiamethoxam(12.6%)+Lamb dacyhalothrin(9.5%)ZC100ml/acre Use
ofdelegateSpinetoram11.7%SC 100m/acre.

(5). Major plant diseases observed in vegetables crops.

Nameof crop
BRINJALFRUITROT -

PHYTOPHTHORANICOTIANAEKVKNOWGAOW
Nameofdisease -

Causalorganism - 10/12/2023
KVK FIELD
Locality/ Place/ -
SHIVANSHU
Dateofcollection -
Collectionfrom - JHARKHADIYA

Collected by -

59
IV. Soil improvement interventions.
Information sheet for soil testing.

1. Full address of farmer Name-ASHARAM AHIRWAR,

Village-KADARI, Tehsil
CHHATARPUR, DISTRICT-
CHHATARPUR (M.P)

2. Sample number 12

3. No of soil samples 1

4. Date of soil sampling 16/10/2023

5. Field name ( khasara no) 2/8

6. Whether the field is irrigated or not Irrigated

7. Source of irrigation Well

8. Nature of field i.e. sloppy, etc Sloppy

9. Crop-rotation Yes

10. Name of crop to be sown Kharif–Goundnut & rabi-wheat

11. Amount & nature of fertilizer applied to the Urea, DAP

previous crop

12. Visual nutrient deficiency, if any NO

13. Water in filtration ratre Normal

14. Waterlogging problem, if any NO

15. Nature of soil Ph 6.2

16. Spil types and water holding capacity Sandy loamy soil and water holding

17. Any other problems in soil Yes weeds & Insect, disease

18. Any others -------------

60
Result of Soil Testing
S. No. Parameter Value Analysis Remarks
1 pH 6.2 _ _
.
2 EC 2.7 _ _
.
3 Organic Carbon 1.29 _ _
.
4 Available Nitrogen 269.8 _ _
.
5 Available Phosphorus 1.77 _ _
.
6 Available Potassium 162.44 _ _
.
7 Available Sulphur 64.7 _ _
.
8 Available Zinc 1.52 _ _
.
9 Available Boron 0.2 _ _
.
10. Available Iron 3.5 _ _
11. Available Manganese 1.35 _ _
12. Available Copper 1.02 _ _

Recommendations for application of Micronutrients

S.N Parameter Recommendations for soil application
o.
1 Sulphur(S) Gypsum(19%)
.
2 Zinc(Zn) Zink Sulphate (22%):26Kg . /ha
.
3 Boron(B) Borex (11%)
.
4 Iron(Fe) Ferrous Sulphate (18%)
.
5 Manganese(Mn) Maganesium Sulphate (31.5%)
.
6 Copper(Cu) Copper Sulphate (25%)
.
General Recommendations
1. Organic Manure 6tonnes/ha
2. Bio-fertilizer 12q/ha
3. Gypsum

61
Integrated Nutrient Management for Major Crops
S. Crop Nutrients(N:P2O5:K2O)kg/ha Fertilizers(kg/ha)
No.
Ure SS MoP DAP
a P
1. Rice 120:60:40 261 375 67 0
210 0 67 130
2. Maize 180:60:40 391 375 67 0
340 0 67 130
3 Soybean 20:80:20 43 500 33 0
0 0 33 174
4. Wheat 120:60:40 217 375 67 0
210 0 67 130
5. Chickpea 20:50:20 43 313 33 0
0 0 33 109
6. Sugarcane 300:80:60 652 500 100 0
584 0 100 174
7. Mustard 80:40:20 174 250 33 0
140 0 33 87
8. Pigeonpea 30:60:40 65 375 67 0
14 0 67 130
9. Jawar 80:40:40 174 250 67 0
140 0 67 87
10. Hybrid Bajra 120:60:50 261 375 83 0
210 0 83 130

• Application of FYM@5t/ha reduces the requirement of Urea, SSP and Mo

Pby54, 63 an d42kg/ha, respectively from given doses of
• Fertilizers for different crops.

• Seed treatment by crop specific Rhizobium in legumes and Azotobactor /

Azospirillum in nonlegume crops
@5.0g/[email protected]/haassoilapplicationforallcropsisrecommended.

• Incase Zinc deficiency, application of Zinc Sulphate@25kg/ha on alternate year

is a dvi sed.
•
In case of sulphur deficiency, application of S@40kg/ha per year or continuous
application of SSP in stead of DAP is advised.
Objective and advantage of soil testing:

Objectives:
1. To give an index of nutrient availability.
2. To predict the probability of obtaining a profitable response to lime & fertilizers.
3. To evaluate the fertility status of soil on age graphic area basis.
4. Such summaries are helpful in developing both farm level and nutrient managements
programs.

62
Advantages:

60
HORTICULTURE

(FRUIT&VEGETABLEPRODUCTIONINTERVENTION)
Introduction:

InIndia,wehaveseveralagro-
ecologicalregions.Hence,thereareampleopportunitiestogrowavarietyofhorticulturecrops.A
pproximateestimatesrevealthat nearly 11-6 million hectares of land is covered by
horticulture crops and
theannualproductionisabout91milliontones.Horticulturecrops,thoughtheyoccupyhardly
7% of the cropped area, they contribute over 18% to the gross agricultural out put of
India. .

India produces almost 28.2 million tons of fruits and 66 million tons of vegetables and is
next only to Brazil and China. The per capita consumption of fruits and vegetables in
India is only around 46kgand130g against a minimum of about 92g and 300 g
respectively recommended by Indian Council of Medical Research and National Institute
of Nutrition .At the present growing rate, the requirements of fruits and vegetables, on a
yearly basis would be nearly 32.58 million tones and 83 million tones respectively.

The need for attaining nutritional security and for more profitable use of land has made
the growers aware of greater utilization of available wastelands and focused their
attention towards horticultural crops that demand less water and other inputs .They also
earn3 to 4 times more remuneration than other field crops. . A large number of
horticultural plants are grown in India. It includes fruit plants, ornamental plants,
vegetables, spices, plantation crops. Fruits are grown in India have large variety. Mango,
banana, citrus, pineapple, papaya, guava, sapota, jackfruit,
litchiandgrapesarethemostlygrownfruitplants.10%oftotalproductionoffruitsoccursinIndia.
Likewisemorethan40vegetablebelongingtosolanaceous,cucurbitaceous, leguminous,
cruciferous, root crops and leafy vegetables aregrown in different regions of India.
Commonly onion, tomato, chilly, okra,
brinjal,peas,spinach,cucumber,bottlegourd,bittergourd,ridgegourd,radish,andcarrotare
grown. Horticulture also includes of growing of spices like ginger, turmeric, cloves, etc.
Now- a day’s horticulture gets a best value in growing of plantation crops like, coconut,
coffee, tea, tobacco etc. and aromatic and medicinal crops. Horticulture also involves in
Landscaping.

Definitions:

• “Horticulture may be defined as the branch of agriculture which deals with the
production of fruits, vegetables and spices along with their storage, preservation,
and management with an enclosed area.”
• The word horticulture is derived from the Latin words, hortus &Cultura
Meaning garden & to cultivate respectively

61
V-Fruit and vegetable production interventions.
(A).Fruit production:

Details of existing fruit trees.

1. Name of village :KADARI,\
2. Block - CHHATARPUR
3. ,District–CHHATARPUR
4. Name of farmer: Mr..ASHARAM AHIRWAR
5. Plot No. Crop & Crop variety Area(ha)/ no. of trees

(a) Mango 02

(b) GUAVA 02

62
4.
Manure/fertilizersapplied Time Quantity

Mango(7yearold) After plucking Fym10kg&N:P:K

500:500:300gm
GUAVA(2yearold) After plucking Fym7 kg&N:P:K
250:250:25Ogm

(5). Actual yield obtained.

Fruit crop Quality(q/tree) Amount(rate/kg)

Mango 3q 20

GUAVA 1q 20

(6). Income in Rs. - 10000/-

(7). Net expenditure - 2000/
-
(8). Mode of transport and sale of the produce: Road, Mandi

(9). Status of production technology: Good

(10) Suggestions if any : Proper irrigation and disease management (11)

irrigated area: All

(12) Area under fruit / horticulture crop: ………….

(13) Net profit: 10000-2000=8000

Plot History

(1). Name of student: SHIVANSHUJHARKHADIYA

(2) Name of research station: KVK Nowgao (3)

Name of farmer: ASHARAM AHIRWAR (4)

Topography :Plain

(5) Soil type & drainage: Calcareous and surface drainage (6)

Irrigation source and irrigated area:- well

63
(7). Trees planted in number: Mango – 02, GUAVA – 02(8)

Quality of planting material: seedling

(9). Method of planting: By transplanting

(10). Present survival of trees with age & condition of plants: Mango07 yearold,
GUAVA03 year old.
(11). Remarks (inter crops grown in the plot in the past):Yes

(12).Percentageoftotalareaunderhorticulturalcrops:1%

Area Crop Variety Numberoftrees

P-I Mango DUSSEHRI 02
P-II GUAVA Desi 02

(13) Problems faced & techniques adapted to overcome: Care & plucking problem

Operational Labor cost (Rs.)

S. No. Particulars Owned@ Hired@ Bullock Tractor/Machinery

pair @
1. Ploughing/harrowing - - - -

2. Digging, filling &planting - 100 - -

3. Manuring / Fertilizers - 100 - -

4. Weeding/Earthing - 100 - -

5. Irrigation - 200 - -

6. Training & pruning - 250 - -

7. Spraying / dusting - 100 - -
8. Harvesting - 500 - -
9. Grading/packing - - - -
10. Transport to market - 400 - 600

Total cast of Labor & machine:- 2350/-

64
Material cost

S. No. Particulars Number Value(Rs.) Remarks

Plot-1 Plot-2 Plot-1 Plot-2
1. Plant 01 02 50 100
material(seedling)
2. Manures/fertilizers 1 1 100 100
3. Irrigation 4 6 100 150
4. Hormones plant 1 1 200 250
Protection
chemicals
5. Staking cost 1 1 100 150
6. Packaging materials 1 1 200 300

Total cost of materials (Rs.)

P-I:

750P- II:
1050

Total :
1800/-

Plot History:

(1) Name of student: SHIVANSHU JHARKHADIYA

(2) Name of institute to which attached: KVK Now-gaow

(3). Name of farmer: ASHARAM AHIRWAR

(4). Topography: Plain

(5). Soil type: SANDY Black

(6). Irrigation: Well, Rain

(7). Crop grown in last year: Wheat-HI-1544

65
Calendar of operations:

Nursery bed preparation and its Management:

S. No. Month Operation done & area covered Details of
DHANIRAMKUSHWAHA
Labor/bullock/ tractor
Field -I Field-II & materials used

1. July ------- ----------

2. August last Bed preparation Bed preparation 2Labor

week

3. August last Nursery Dibbing 1Labor

4. September Ploughing Ploughing Tractor

5. October Transplanting and Irrigation Labor

irrigation

6. November Earthing &staking Earthing Labor

7. December Pluking & Harvesting Labor

Harvesting

Definitions :Nursery is a place where seedlings, cuttings and grafts are raised with care
before transplanting.
Nurseryisaplacewhereplantsarereareduntiltheyarereadyforfinaltransplanting in the field.
Raising nursery is important in view of obtaining higher yield and, in costly seeds.
Generally the small seeds vegetable like Brinjal,
chili,tomato,cauliflower,cabbageandonionrespondwelltonurseryraisingandfurthertransplan
ting.
Root crops like carrot, radish, etc. also do not respond to transplanting either they are
small seeded.

66
Advantage of raising seedlings in nursery:
• It is very convenient to look after the tender seedlings

• It is easy to protect the seedlings from pests and diseases

• Economy of land usage(duration in the main field is reduced)

• Valuable and very small seeds can be raised effectively without any
wastage

• Uniform crop stand in the main field can be maintained by selecting

healthy, uniform and vigorous seedlings in the nursery it self.

Selection of site:
a. The nursery area should be near to the water source

b. Generally, the location should be partially shaded i.e. under the trees.
If not ,artificial shade is to be provided

c. It should be well protected from animals

67
V. FOOD PROCESSING AND STORAGE INTERVENTION
VI-Food processing and storage intervention.
Students shall involve themselves to study and collect the information i.e. methods of
food processing and preservation, Importance of processing of fruits and vegetables,
spices, condiments and flowers, Packaging of horticultural commodities, common
methods of storage, Post harvest management and equipment for spices and flower,
quality control in Fruit and modern storage structures, Indigenous Technological
Knowledge use for food storage.

Food processing methods that are used by farmer to preserve foods:

S. No. Method Material used(cereals/pulses/vegetable/fruits)

1. Refrigeration and freezing Tomato, BRINJAL,

2. Canning -----------

3. Irradiation -----------

4. Dehydration Groundnut, Wheat, URD

5. Freeze-drying

6. Pickling Mango

7. Pasteurizing Milk

8. Fermentation Milk

Packaging material used for horticultural crops:

S. No. Name of article Packaging material used

1. TOMATO CRATE

2. POTATO JUTEBAG

3. GUAVA CARDBOARD

4. MANGO CRATE

5.

68
69
VI. ANIMALPRODUCTIONINTERVENTION

Abstract

Livestock plays an important role in the sustainable livelihood of poor people of rain-fed
agroecosystem, because of in he rent risk involved in the crop farming due to uncertainty
of rain fall and occurrence of recurrent droughts. They provide income and increased
economic stability, and of the most important "cash crops "in small-scale mixed farming
systems. Small stock acts as cash buffer and large ruminants as a capital reserve.
Theobjectivesofthepresentinvestigationweretocharacterizethetraditionallivestockproductio
n systems, identify major constraints and suggest livestock production strategies based on
participatory action research. Salaha Samithi (farmer advisory committee) facilitated
implementation and monitoring of various interventions, mostly in the form of
observation trials-cum-demonstrations.

India has 37 pure cattle breeds. Five of these — Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Tharparkar
and Rathi — are known for their milking prowess. A few others, such as Kankrej, Ongole and
Haryana, belong to dual breeds that have both milk and draught qualities; in , they are good
plough animals.

Inadequate availability and poor quality of feed and fodder; high incidence of diseases;
and in adequate knowledge on appropriate management of livestock were identified as the
major problems facing small holder farmers. To enable the rainfed farmers for livestock
development, a favorable policy environment in terms of access to micro-credit, assured
market and veterinary services will have to be provided and socio-economic and technical
constraints needs to be addressed. The study suggested that the participation of farmers
isessential for developing and promoting the livestock interventions. Animal health
camps created awareness among farmers regarding the adoption of better livestock
practices likesupplementationofmineralmixtureintheconcentraterationandhoppingofcrop-
residues.

Through exposure visits and farmer-to-farmer inter action, many farmers realized
thatintegrationoflivestockandfodderproductionwithintheirlimitedlandandwaterresourcespr
ovidesabetterlivelihoodoptionindrylands.

Introduction

Rain-fed agro-ecosystem has a distinct place in Indian Agriculture, occupying 67 % of the

cultivated area, contributing 44% of the food grains and supporting 40% of the human
and 65% of the livestock population (Singh et al 2004). Livestock plays an important role
in the economy of India in general and sustainable livelihood of poor people of rain-fed
agro-ecosystem in particular, because of inherent risk involved in the crop farming due to
uncertainty of rainfall and occurrence of recurrent droughts (Misra 2005). They are raised
mainly for meat, milk and skin, and providing a flexible financial reserve (social security)
in bad crop years for the rural population (Puskur et al 2004; Rangnekar 2006). In India,
income from livestock production accounts for 15-40% of total farm house hold earnings

70
(WorldBank1999).Milkproductioncontributesonanaverage27percentofthehouseholdincom
e; its contribution varies from about 19 percent in the case of large farmers to
about53percent
inthelandlesscategoryinIndia(ShuklaandBrahmankar1999).Apartfromthemonetary
benefits provided by milch animals, the role of small ruminants like goats
andsheepisveryimportant,astheyserveasalifelineduringdroughtyearsbyprovidingincomeand
sustenance.Thesmallruminantscontribute15to27%offamilyincomeofsmallholdersandprovi
degainfulemploymentof180to330man-daysperannumdepending on the size of the flock
(Misra etal 2000).It has also been shown that irrespective of flock size, women and
children contribute to Labor force to the extent of about 90 % (Deo ghare 1997). Thus,
live stock provide income and increased economic stability, and often the most important
"cash crops "in small-scale mixed farming systems. Small stock acts as cash buffer and
large ruminants as a capital reserve. These assets can be realized at any time, adding
security to the production systems.

In India, about 75%of rural house hold sare small and marginal farmers, who own56% of
the large ruminants and 62 % of the small ruminants (World Bank 1999). In most of the
drylands and hill regions, livestock farming is a major player, as more than 70% of family
income is derived from live stock (GOI2002). The Government of India has recognized
the livestock development as an important tool for poverty alleviation. However, most of
the technical service oriented livestock projects have had little impact on live hood of the
poor (Ashleyetal999) and adoption of technology by there source poor has been low
(Francis and Sibanda 2001; Parthasarthy Rao et at 2005). The two major reasons
indicated for this failure are lack of poverty focus and institutional framework being
incompatible with the systems and conditions in which poor farmers stay. The institutions
implementing the projects are probably unable to select appropriate interventions and
approaches to reach poor farmers in an effective manner(As hle yet at 1999; Rangnekar
2006) In order to solve these problem, approaches that guarantee effective linkages
among researchers, NGOs, extension workers, decision-makers and farmers, are required
(Misraet at 1997; Commercial 1998) and some researchers now believe that "participatory
approaches are mandatory "for the development of livestock technologies particularly
forage production (Peters et al2001). Therefore, the challenge is to develop novel
mechanism involving all stake holders (researchers, extension workers, NGOs and
farmers) to provide a better environment to enable that developed technologies are
appropriate to livestock producers need and circumstances, and hence increase the
likelihood of adoption (Conro yet at 2002; Red yet at 2005).

The present study was under taken under DFID-NRSP project entitled "Enabling rural
poor for better livelihoods through improved natural resource management in SAT India".
The objectives of the study were to:
1) characterize the traditional livestock production systems,
2) identify major constraints for improved livestock production, and
3suggest livestock production strategies based on participatory action research for
sustainable development of rain- fed-agro-ecosystems.

Materials and methods

The study area

71
ThepresentstudywasconductedinaclusterofvillageseachinMahabubnagarand
Anantapur districts of Andhra Pradesh and in Tumkur district of Karnataka. The locations
were chosen to represent the natural resource base available to rural communities in semi-
arid regions in southern India. The three districts have contrasting characteristics in terms
of climate and rain fall viz. semiarid in Mahaboob nagar and Tumkur and arid in
Anantapur; soils range from very shallow-to shallow mostly alfi sols in all the three
clusters. Anant pur, the largest district of Andra Pradesh, is a hot arid zone and fall sunder
rain shadow
regionwithameanannualrainfallof520mm.Thesoilsareredsandyloamswithpatchesofblackcot
ton soils in certain areas. Mhabub nagar is another chronically drought prone district of
Andhra Pradesh with light textured soils and a mean annual rainfall of 600 mm. Crop
failure sare common in both the districts due to scanty rain fall and peoples' dependence
on livestock is high. Tumkur district is a part of the central dry zone of Karanataka and
has bimodal rainfall distribution (650 mm). Soils are mostly loam with high slopes and
high erosion rate.

72
Articular Strength of livestock Name of the breed

Cow class

1. Adult cows
a) Milking
b) Dry

2. Heifers

3. Breeding bulls

4. bullock

Buffalow
adult Buffaloes 2 DESI
a)milking
b)Dry

2. Heifers

3. Bulls

Sheep

1. Young stock

2. Adult stock

3. Adult rams

4. Adult ewe

Goat

1. Young stock 1 DESI

2. Adult stock

3. Adult rams

4. Adult doe

Sheep

1. No. of chicks/piglets/fingerlings

2. No. of layers/broiler/boar/sow

Cost Structure Amount (Rs.)

1. Cost of animals (if purchased) 70000

2. Cost of dairy structure and paddocks 6000

3. Total cost of dairy structures 76000

73
Animal production intervention:-

Daily maintenance and feeding expenses

Particulars Cow Buffaloes Sheep/Goats Poultry

Qty. Amt Qty. Amt Qty. Amt Qty. Amt
(Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)
1.Lab or male/female requirement 1M 250

2.Concentrates(kg)
10kg 100
3.Greenroughages(kg) 16kg 160
4.Dryroughages(kg) 4kg 40
5. Mineral mixtures(kg) 2kg 120
6.Veterinary aids including breeding 1 300
7.Total expenses per day 720

Daily Milk Production and Disposal Record

(A) Milk Production

Date No. of animals in milk Milk Produced(L) Total Milk

Produced
Cow Buffalo Sheep Goat Cow Buffalo Sheep Goat (L)

1-9-22 2 1 NIll
1-10-22 3 1 NIll

(B) Milk Disposal(L)

Date Home consumption Utilized for making Sale Name of Income(Rs.)
(Cow/Buffalo/ Products (raw milk) agency Rate of Dairy

Sheep/Goat) (Cow/Buffalo/ (Cow/Buffalo/ To which Milk/Unions/

Whole milk / Sheep/ Sheep/Goat) Sold Milk Vendors

Milk Goat)Ghee/butter/
products Khoa/Curd/Others

1-9-22 2+1

No No No No

74
Daily Production and Disposal Record

(A)Dairy Products
Date Name of the Quantity of Quantity Name of Income
dairy dairy sold(Kg) agency to (Rs.) Rate /kg.
products products (Kg)
Which sold
1-9-22 MILK 18 Govt. 720
GHEE 30 25 Local 3750

B) Eggs and Birds

Date Breed/ Home Name of Income
strains of consumption agency to (Rs.)
Production of Disposal of
Birds and which
system of Eggs Birds/ Eggs Birds/ Eggs Birds sold
keeping Chicks Meat
/rearing

No
Yearly Production and Disposal Record

Particulars Amount(Rs.)
A) Total production of–
1. Animals Nil
2. Milk and milk product Nil
3. Dung/F.Y.M. Nil
4. Eggs Nil
5. Poultry Birds/Chicks Nil
6. Wool Nil
7. Meat

B) Disposalof–1. Nil
Animals nil
2. Milkandmilkproduct
nil
3. Dung/F.Y.M.
Nil
4. Eggs
Nil
5. PoultryBirds
lNill
6. Wool
Nill

75
C) Yearly income from the sale of
1. Animals Nill
2. Milk and milk product Nill
3. Cow dung/F.Y.M. Nill
4. Eggs Nill
5. PoultryBirds Nill
6. Wool Nill

Totalincome(Rs.)

FINALREPORT:
1. Brief note on work done on specific practices suggested by the students
Cow/buffalo/others/cross bred cow
(a) SanitationofshedsandDesign&house/Patternadoptedeg.Cagehousinginlayers.
(b) Balanced ration
Concentratemixt
ure ii. Green
rough ageiii.
Dryroughage
(c) Fullhandmilkingpractice
(d) Firstaidgiven
(e) VaccinationtoR.P.,H.S.,B.Q.andF.M.D.&Poultryvaccination(f) Care
ofpregnantanimal
(g) Careofcalves
(h) Careofbuffalo,ifany
(i) Careofbullocks
(j) Someimportantmanagementpractices
likegrooming,clipping,stoppageofbadhabits/vices likesuckingofownmilk,licking
ofowncalf.
(k) Visitofcattleshowifan

(1) MaintenanceofPedigreerecords
(2) Analysisofworkandreceptivityofthefarmerforimproveddairypract

ices

(3) (3) Remarksbyfarmer

SignatureofStudent

SignatureofOfficer In-charge

SignatureoftheEvaluator

76
Animalhusbandryisthebranchofagricultureconcernedwithanimalsthatareraised

formeat,fibre,milk,eggs,orotherproducts.Itincludesday-to-daycare, selective

breedingandtheraisingoflivestock.

Awiderangeofotherspeciessuchashorse,waterbuffalo,llama,rabbitandguineapigare used as
livestock in some parts of the world. Insect farming, as well asaquacultureof
fish,molluscs,andcrustaceans, iswidespread.
Modernanimalhusbandryreliesonproductionsystemsadaptedtothetypeoflandavailable.
Subsistence farmingis being superseded by intensive animal farminginthe more developed
parts of the world, where for example beef cattle are kept inhigh density feedlots, and
thousands of chickensmay be raised in broiler housesor batteries. On poorer soil such as in
uplands, animals are often kept
moreextensively,andmaybeallowedtoroamwidely,foragingfor themselves.
Most livestock are herbivores, except for pigs and chickens which are
omnivores.Ruminantslike cattle and sheep are adapted to feed on grass; they can
forageoutdoors, or may be fed entirely or in part on rations richer in energy and
protein,suchaspelletedcereals.Pigsandpoultrycannotdigestthecelluloseinforage,andrequirec
erealsand otherhigh-energyfoods.
Picno.22buffalo

77
VII. EXTENSION&TRASFEROFTECHNOLOGYA
CTIVITIES

Project-1:Identifyingproblemsoffarmers:
1. Name of the farmer : Mr. ASHARAM AHIRWAR
2. Village: KADARI
3. Age: 60
4. Education: Primary
5. Total members in family: 4

Men–1 Women–1 Children–2

6. Total area of land owned (in ha): 4.75 ha.

Dry- Irrigated–4.75ha. Fallow–No

7. Source of information used by farmers:

i. How do you obtain the latest information about agricultural
technology?:KVK
ii. On which topics you feel that you are not getting information
:ModernTechnology
iii. Do you regularly obtain farm information from the RAEO?: Yes iv.
How many times you met the RAEO in a month.: Onetime
v. Do you contact University Experts at KVK for obtaining
information about agricultural technology?:Yes

vi. Do you regularly listen to the ‘Krishi-wani ’ and other similar programs
of All India Radio?: Yes vii. Do you regularly view agricultural
programs like Krishi Darshan on TV:Yes

vii. viii. Are you a subscriber of News Paper / Krishak Jagat

/Krishi Vishwa or other similar agricultural magazine? :No

ix. How do you keep yourself update about the new agricultural technology to be
adopted on your farms?

78
8. Adoption of farm technology:

The student is expected to collect the information about the adoption of recommended farm
technology related to major crops.
S. No. Technology adopted Name of crops Name of variety
1. Improved varieties Groundnut GKVK-5

2. Seed treatment Groundnut VETAVAX POWER

3. Recommended dose of fertilizer Groundnut Urea + DAP

4. Irrigation method Groundnut Sedlingirrigation

5. Use of weedicides Groundnut

6. Insecticide Groundnut

9. After collecting the information in the schedule the student should record his
observations in the following proforma.

S. No. Agriculture problems identified Action oriented suggestions for solving

the problems

1. Weeds Spraying of weedicide

2. Disease Spraying of fungicide

3. Transportation Tractors

4. Skill and knowledge Noagao, kvk research centers

Project –2:Participationinvillagesocialserviceactivity.

The student shall participate in any one of the social service activitiesalready
existing inthevillage. If the activityis not in existence thestudents will select
any one social service activity from the
followingactivities,initiateitinthevillagewiththeinvolvementofpeople;evaluateth
esame and recordobservationsinthe schedule

79
Socialserviceactivities.

80
(1).
Teaching program

Pic.no23 Teaching in school Date–17/08/2023

Place– KADARI

Date–17/08/2023

Organized through–SHIVANSHU JHARKHADIYA

my group members

Objective of activity–Teaching program

Participated school teacher and head.

Picno.24 MadhyamikSchool

81
82
(3).Sarv shiksha abhiyan

Pic no. 25

83
Distributing of copy & pen Date–24/08/2023

Place –KADARI
Objectiv of activity–sab padhe sab badhe

Organized through:-SHIVANSHU JHARKHADIYA , and all of my group member

Participeted –Head of KADARI SCHOOL and all teacher and aganvadi karya karta

84
Fig. no 4 Sarva Siksha abhiyan

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (Education for All Movement), or SSA, is an Indian Government
program aimedattheuniversalisationofprimaryeducation"inatimeboundmanner",

(7).Parthenium eradication
Place–KADARI(in the farmer’s field) Date–
27/08/2023Chemical control is an effective method to control parthenium in the areas where its
natural enemies are absent. Use of chemical herbicides, such as chlorimuronethyl, glyphosate,
atrazine, ametryn, bromoxynil, and metsulfuron, are known to be very effective in controlling
this weed.

Picno.26 Parthenium eradication Date– 27/08/2023

Organized through—SHIVANSHU JHARKHADIYA and all of my group

members (8).Sports program.

85
Primary Schools pent time with the kids

Fig.no. 6 Sports running program Date–20/08/2023

Place– KADARI
Date–20/08/2023
Objective of activity–importance of sports in human health
Organized through: SHIVANSHU JHARKHADIYA and all of my group members.
Participated–Village sarpanch, head of KADARI School and some people of village.

Picno.28
# Mid day Meal at school

86
# KISANSANGOSTHI
Place :Gram-panchayat KADARI
Participants :Village farmers of KADARI students
Group.- :12students

Date :
06/11/2023Pic no. 29

Picno.29 Discussion with Farmer

87
VIII. KVKATTACHMENT

Attachment of research station / kvk :

Introduction:
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) with the objective of improving the
human resources in agricultural sector, transfer of agricultural technologies and the over
all development came out with the man date of establishing one KVK for every district in
the country. It was realized during the course of implementation of the scheme of KVK
that the vocational training only would not be useful unless it
isfollowedupwithfrontlinedemonstrationsinthefarmer’sfieldinordertodemonstrate the
production potentialities of agricultural technologies

KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA CHHATARPUR was established in the year 2006 and team
of KVK started

Pic no.30 At KVK with Horticulture Scientist

88
\

Work during the year 2007 – 08 This KVK comes under Bundelkhand zone which is
characterized by low rainfed agriculture, undulated topography with low
soildepth.Totalgeographicalareaofthedistrictis8.63lakhha.Totalcroppedareais

89
4.85 lakh ha. (1.700 in Kharif & 3.15 in Rabi ), net irrigated area is 3.06 lakh ha.Area
under forest is 1.83 lakh ha. There are 83,512 small and 93,294 marginal farmers. Major
Farming System are :-

• Black gram–wheat/Gram/Mustard
• Sesame–Wheat/Gram/Mustard
• Soybean–Wheat/Lentil/linseed
• Blackgrm/soybean/sesame in Kharif and gram heatin Rabi is hair crops.
Brinjal(1273ha.), Tomato(928ha.) Potato (915ha.), are the main vegetable crops Chilli
(728ha.) Ginger (614ha.), & Coriander (1399 ha.), are the important spices crop. Under
medicinal production of 50,000-60,000 L/day. Some of the major impact noticed during
last three years were in sesame, soybean, mustard and gram are being presented here.
Saseme:Phyto phthora blight resistant variety TKG-55 and JTS- 8 were demonstated.
The increase in productivity was observed as high as27%. Horizontal spread of the
technology is in 1400ha.
Soybean :- Farmers are using soybean variety JS-335 but due to long dry spell during
stages there is loss in yield up to 30-35%. To escape from the loss shortdurationbarietyJS-
9305weredemonstrated.Withinthreetearthisvarietycaptured 1/5th portion of total seed
sown by the farmers and its horizontal spread wags noticedin3,255ha.

Mustard :- Out of 3.60 lakh ha land light soil covers 2.43 lakh ha. Land where the oil
seed crops could thrives well. variety JM1 was demonstrated. Horizontal spread of the
technology is observed in 1,800ha. With the increase in productivity by 60%.
Gram :- Gram is one of the major pulse crops of the Rabi covering 89,200 ha. In the
district. Wilt is the major problem observed in the crop. With this resistantvarietyJG-
130andJG11weredemonstrated.Therewas27%increaseinproductivityof the crop.
Betel vine : It ismost important cash crop grown in the district Chhatarpur. Thearea was
decreasing due to sclerotial wilt. Impact of demonstration on integrateddisease
management (IDM) was noticeable. Area which goes down to 138 ha.From334
ha.Intheinitialyear hasagaingone upto 262ha.During2009–10 .
Vegetables:Althoughtotalareaisonly5691ha.Stillagoodsourceoftheincome.Withthisviewf
romRs.64,000hato1,53600perha.IDMinchillibringthechangein the income of farmers from
76,650 to 97,800. Likewise introduction of gardenpeaoverfield peaalso
gavethebumperincreasein farmincome.
Training Programrs :- So far 265 courses benefited to 6000
participatedincludedruralyouthextraincomeof2500–2700perannum.Duringtheyear2008
-09trainingonintegratedpondmanagementwereImparted.Theyappliedonlyonetechnical
intervention and noticed noticed change in net income by 7000 Rs. /ha.Fromfish
production.

90
Extensionactivities:-Tocreateawrenessamongthefarmerslargeno.ofextension activities.
Were organized. During the 2009 – 10 15000 animal camps.Quarterly magazine of KVK
is being circulated to all villages panchayat of districtChhatarpur.

Other important activities :-Availability of good quality planting material is

bigconstraint. Is big constraint. So far KVK has produced 129.24 q seed and
54500seedingoffruitandvegetable.Technologyparkisbeingdevelopedfordissemination of
technology. At present it includes crop cafeteria, medow
orchardofbuavaHighdensityorchardofmangomedicinal&Nutritionalgarden,vermicomposti
ngetc.

Interventionof KVK:-
• IntegratedPestManagement(UseofTpheromonetrap)
• Integratedsoilhealthmanagement(UseofZincandSulphur)
• Vegetablegardening

• New Varieties of major crops like Wheat var. HI 1418, GW-273 & Soybeanvar.

JS– 9305,JS– 335&JS-9560andMustadvar.PusaTarak.

• Stopdamandwellconstructionforirrigation.
• Cattlevaccinationcamps

Result:-

• Yield of Soybean increased by 3-4 q/ha. (baseline yield 8-10 q/ha), Wheatby 4-6
q/ha (baseline yield 25 q/ha.) and Mustard by 3q/ha. (baseline yield8-10q/ha).

• 7stop dam and 15 dug well constructed to cover 209.64 ha. Area
underirrigationbenefitting 150farmers.

• Average increase in income of Rs. 1800-2000 for benefitted families fromthe

baseline.

• AverageRs.2000-
8000increaseinincomethroughlandandWateractivitiesforbenefitedfamilies.

91
Landutilization(Areainha.)
TotalArea:20ha.Andtotalcultivatedarea21.50

Season wise Culticatedarea(ha.)

landuse
Irrigated Partiallyi Rain-fed Total Croppingint
rrigated ensity
%108
Kharif-2012 13.5ha - - 13.5

Rabi-2012 8 ha - - 08

Summer-2013 - - -

Total - - -

Totalcroppedarea 21.50

ActivitiesofKVK

The major emphasis of KVK is to enhance the production and productivity as wellas to
genrerate household income and employment of farming community. Theactivitiesof
KVKinclude

• On-
farmtestingtoidentifythelocationspecificityofagriculturaltechnologiesundervariousf
armingsystems,
• Front line demonstrations to establish its production potentials on farmer’sfields,
• Trainingoffarmersandfarmwomentoupdatetheirknowledgeandskillsinmodern
Agricultural technologies, and training of extension personeel toorientthemin
thefront areas oftechnology development.

• Work as knowledge and resource centre of agriculturaltechnology forsupporting

intiatives of public, private and voluntary sectory for
improvingtheagriculturaleconomy thedistrict,
• Create awareness about frontier technologies through large number
ofextensionactivitieslikefarmerfair,fieldday,strategiccampaign,Ex-traineesmeet
etc.
• TheseedandplantingmaterialsproducebytheKVKsalsomadeavailableto the farmers

S.no Faculty Designatiion

1 Dr.RajeevkumarSingh(Agronomy) SeniorScientist

2 Dr.KamleshAhirwar(Horticulture) Scientist

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VisitofKVKfarminChhatarpur–

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Picno.31KVKNowgaow

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IX. PLANTCLINIC

NameofVillage-KADARI Block-CHHATARPUR

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S.No. NameofFarmer ProblematFarmerfield SolutionSuggestedtofarmer
1 SHATRUDHANSIN at Farmer field paddy is Solution Suggested to farmer #
GH affected by false smut disease Spray propiconazole at the rate
of 250 ml per acre with 150
liters of water on the affected
crop at an interval of 10-10
days. Or

# Spray the affected

crop with Taspa
(Propiconazole
Difenoconazole @
200 ml per acre
with 150 liters of

2 RAJKUMARM Arhar crop affected by

mungbean yellow Spray the affected crop with
ISHRA mosaic virus FlonicamidUlala / Panama) @
10 gm per pump (15 liters of
water) or Denotefuran
(Osheen) @ 10 gm per pump.

3 LALANSINGH To destroy broad and narrow leaf

weeds in wheat crop Use
ClaudinafopPropyrateMetsulfuron
Mile (Vesta) at the rate of 160
gm/acre within 25-30 days of
sowing

4 RAMPALDAHIYA Wheat field with only narrow Use Clodinafap Propargyl

leaf weeds as a problem 15 (WP) @ 160 gm per
acre within 25 to 30 days
of sowing

5 RAMES For the control of broad leaf 2,4-D sodium salt (80%) or
weeds in wheat 2,4-D ethyl ester (36%) 250
HGAUT
grams or 250 ml. per acre with
AM 150 liters of water

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6 RAJESHGAUTAM The outbreak of pod borer Indoxacarb 12 ml. Spray the
has started to be clearly affected crop at the rate of 10
visible in gram crop, Jorai / grams per pump or
Illi and Arhar crop. Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG
(Proclaim) per pump.

7 VASDE For the control of broad leaf 24-D sodium salt (80%) or 2,4-
weeds in wheat D ethyl ester (36%) 250
VTRIPA grams or 250 ml. Spray
THI with 150 liters of water
per acre on 30 to 40 days
of sowing.

8 AKHILES The outbreak of pod borer To control it, spray the

has started to be clearly affected crop with
HSURYAV seen in gram crop, Jorai / Indoxacarb 12 ml per pump
ANSI Illi and Arhar crop. or Emamectin Benzoate 5%
SG (Proclaim) 10 grams per
pump.

9 Ramadheen earrings became very bad After observation of paddy

Dubey g ears, it was found that paddy
crop is affected by stem borer,
for its control-

# Fipronil 0.6 GR (Regent

Ultra) 4 kg + 10 kg. Sprinkle
with sand. It is necessary to
have sufficient moisture in the
field at the time of tillage. Or

● Spray Fipronit 5% (SC) at the

rate of 30ml/pump on the
affected chest. Or ●Cartap
Hydrochloride (Dartriz 50SP)
at the rate of 25 grams per
pump on the affected crop.

10 Narendra ahirwar Along with pod borer, leaf Spray. For its prevention,
wrapper is also a problem in Indoxacarb 150 ml per acre or
pigeon pea. beta cyfluvin

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Imidacloprid (Solomon) 100 ml
per acre or Emamectin
Benzoate 5% SG (Proclaim)
100 g per acre or
Chlorantraniliprole (10%) +
Lambda Cyhalothrin (5%) ZC
(Ampligo) @ 100 ml/acre with
150 liters of water Spray on the
affected crop along with it..

11 Ashish Shukla Tell the treatment for Spray

yellowing and drying Propiconazole at
of grains in paddy the rate of 250 ml
crop. per acre with 150
liters of water on
the affected crop at
an interval of 10-10
days. Or

# Spray Taspa
(Propiconazole +
Difenoconazole) at
the rate of 200 ml
per acre with 150
liters of water on
the affected crop
12 Sumit Anuragi Yellowing of leaves Spray Tebuconazole +
Trifloxystrabin 75
(WG) at the rate of 15
grams per pump or
Captan Hexaconazole
75 (WP) at the rate of
30 grams per pump to
control tomato crop
Alternaria.

vulnerable to blight

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13 Jitendra Kumar Suitable Varieties of Wheat 45 to 50 kg by choosing
any variety from RVW
4106, JW 1202, JW 1203,
JW 1142, MP 4010, HD
2864 and HD 3059. 15
minutes before sowing by
arranging seeds at the rate
of per acre

Be sure to do seed
treatment with fungicide
Carboxin 37.5% Thiram
37.5% (Vitavex Power) at
the rate of 3 grams per kg
of seed.

14 Suresh bindua For the control of narrow leaf Quezalofap Ethyl 10% EC
weeds in gram and lentil (Sakura) 15ml per pump

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Spray at the rate of 15 to 20
days after sowing. Use
Clodinafop
15 Heeralal ahirwar To destroy broadleaf and Use Clodinafop
narrow leaf weeds in wheat Propargyl +
crop Metasulfuran Methyl
(Vesta) @ 160 gm/acre
within 25-30 days of
sowing.
16 Vinod ahirwar Narrow leaf weeds are the only Use ClodinafapProparzil 15
problem in the (WP) at the rate of 160 gm per
wheat field acre within 25 to 30 days of
sowing.

17 ASHARAM Onions and garlic have Apply on 15 to 20 days after

AHIRWAR narrow leaves and broad transplanting with
Oxyfloraphen 10 ml +
leaves.
Propaquizafap 25 ml per
pump.

18 Raju Kushwaha In order to destroy the weeds, For control, sprinkle Fipronil
the problem of termites and 0.6 (gr) 4 kg or
bitter insects has been noticed Chlortraniliprole 0.4 (gr) 4 kg
in rabi crops. mixed with 8 to 10 kg sand or
urea in the affected area. It is
necessary to have moisture in
the field at the time of dusting.

19 jaganan Ahirwar For control of stem and fruit Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 (SC) 5
borer in brinjal ml. Per Pump or Deltamethrin
2.8 (EC) 15. ml. Use at the rate
per pump.

20 Narayan Dhobi Paddy has been seen to be Velextra (Hexaconazole 5%+

affected by Sheath Blight, Validamycin 2.5%) 400 ml. per
for its control- acre Or

Matsuri (Thifluzamide 24%

SC) 300 ml per acre. Or Taspa
(Propiconazole +
Difenoconazole) 200 ml

per acre

Or

10
0
+ Trifloxystrabin) at the rate of
100 grams per acre

with 150 liters of water

Spray on affected crop.

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X. AGROINDUSTRIALATTACHMENT

Agriculture industrial attachment(AIA)/in–Plant training:

Name of Industry: Malik poly chem limited/Mentha Oil DistillationPlant

Location: Rural

Does the industry operate in an industrial estate: yes

Form of Ownership: Cooperative(trust)

Introduction &Objective of the industry:

Estavlished in theyear1999,weMalik Poly chem Limited agree engaged in

manufacturing of Material Handling Conveyor, Brewery plant,
RecoverSolvent,pneumaticconveyingSystem.

Managed under the proficient guidance of Mr. manav Dhawan, ourorganization has
acquired a strong foothold in the industry. Owing to hisstrongbusiness
insightandrichindustryexperience,wehavebeenabletoprovide the utmost level of
contentement to our clients spread across themarket.

Mentha Oil Distillation Plant

We are a reputed company for mentha oil distillation plant manufacturer in India. As
a leading mentha oil distillation plant manufacturers in Delhi, India. We can
customize the Plant/ capacity requirement.

About Mentha Oil Distillation Plant:-

Mentha cultivation in India has proved quite remunerative to the growers,
particularly to small holders and fitted well in the existing cropping system in mint
growing area in the country, Mint growers consider Mentha as a bonus crop as it
does not disturb or replace the cultivation of any major winter (Rabi) or rainy
season (kharif) crop. Being a lavour intensive crop mentha provides various
employment opportunities in cultivation, distillation, processing field particularly
in rural areas. ?There are several species and varieties of mint oil which are
cultivated in one or the other parts of the world, five of them are grow
noncommercial scale in India, these are

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Mentha arvensis, Mentha-piperita, Mentha spicata, Mentha-veridish, mentha
citrata. The Important mint producing regions in India are in
thestatesofuttarPradeshandPunjab.Theformeraccountsforabout90%oftotal area
under mint production, the important, mint production cultivation district sare uttar
Pradesh and Punjab.
Raw Material and Sources:-

Mentha oil is obtained from the leaves/entire plant of various Mentha species and
varieties. The final product so obtained is Menthol Crystal and Pepperment Oil.
The Oil of mentha-Arvensis is used as a source of natural mentha oil and dementh
oilseed oil(DMO).Because of its refreshing aroma and cooling effect, Mints have
very wide spread use as flavouring agent indifferent pharmaceutical preparation.

The mint oil and its derivatives, menthol and DMO are now being marketed at
various locations in North India as also being exported. The marketed at various
locations in North India as also being exported. The marketing of Japanese mint
oil and menthol is wide spread. India is the second largest country in production of
mints and its derivatives Mint oil and its derivatievementole is widely used as
flavouring ingredients for various products suchas toothpaste, dental cream, cough
syrup, confectionery, Pan Masala chewing-gum and in pain relieving preparations.

Plant Capacity:-
Thereareplantwithdifferentcapacitiesrangingfrom5mt200MT per/month.
The average plant capacity is considered to be 50mt
Raw material consumption required for 50mt plant will be3.6MTperday

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Description for Main Plant Machinery:-

• Menthol flakes crystallizes

• Menthol bold crystallizes
• Centrifuges
• Menthol dryer
• Menthol shifter
• Cutting trees and troll eyes
• Metal detector
• Distillation/fraction eating columns with CY packing and complete
accessories of different capacities
• Induction reactor and reactors

 Introduction & Uses of its Oil

Peppermint (Japanese Mint-Menta Japones), is a medicinal plant that has received more attention
from both food and pharmaceutical industries because of its health benefits for human society.
Peppermint oil is the essence of peppermint extracted into an oil. Some peppermint oils are stronger
than others. The strongest types are made using modern distillation techniques and are called
essential oils.
Peppermint essential oil is the most common type of peppermint oil available for purchase. It can be
used for health, beauty, and cleaning purposes. Peppermint contains a compound called menthol.
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• Cooling tower
• Water ring vacuum pump, high vacuum pump and booster
vacuum pumps
• Mechanical seal pumps
• Thermic fluid heater
• Structure for distillation columns
• Process chiller for cooling purpose
• ETP/STP
• Water softening plant
• Generator300KVK
• Electrics tacker
• Storage tanks, thanks for intermediate products and finished
product of different capacities
• Electric appliances as panels, cable etc.
• Fire fighting equipment
• Lab equipment

SUMMARY OF THE WHOLE RAWE&AIA PROGRAM 2023-24

We all students of B.Sc.(Hon.) Ag. Got a chance to be directly interact with the
famers and we learn lot’s of the useful things from this whole program which can
be listed as follows:-

1. We directly associated with the basic problems and need of the

farmers.
2. We got a chance to serve the farmers through our skill obtained under
our degree program.
3. We know the basic difference in between the practical and the
or ethical period
4. We got useful experience about how to handle the farmer and their
problems in their fields.
5. We demonstrated many activities and organized different
training program under which were participated.
6. We gave technical knowledge to farmers about the different
agriculture aspects related with:

1. Crop production
2. Horticulture

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3. Entomology
4. Plant pathology
5. Extension Program
6. Rural economics
7. Research activities Related with agriculture

We also interact with the assigned teachers of the marked subjects and got lot’s of
knowledge.

 Impacts of dairy processing

As for many other food processing operations, the main environmental impacts associated with all
dairy processing activities are the high consumption of water, the discharge of effluent with high
organic loads and the consumption of energy. Noise, our and solid wastes may also be concerns for
some plants.

Dairy processing characteristically requires very large quantities of fresh water. Water is used
primarily for cleaning process equipment and work areas to maintain hygiene standards. The dominant
environmental problem caused by dairy processing is the discharge of large quantities of liquid
effluent.

Dairy processing effluents generally exhibit the following properties:

· high organic load due to the presence of milk components;
· fluctuations in pH due to the presence of caustic and acidic cleaning agents and other chemicals;
· high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus;
· fluctuations in temperature.

Future of the RAWE Program:

The future of the RAWE Program is very golden because it provides an

environment for the proper growth and learning opportunities to the students. And
there by a chance to serve the nation by our cooperative work in fields of
agriculture.
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THANKING

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