lOMoARcPSD|17569366

Final exam - Market Leader Intermediate

Empresa internacional (Universitat de Barcelona)

Scan to open on Studocu

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Susan Roszkowiak ([email protected])
lOMoARcPSD|17569366

| UNIT 1 BRANDS

VOCABULARY BRANDS MANAGEMENT

Inexpensive
Aspirational
Well-made
Stylish
Cool
Upmarket
Classic
Value for money
Reliable
Timeless
Sexy
Fun
Durable
Fashionable
Brand loyalty
Brand stetching Using an existing name on another type of product
Brand image
Brand awerness How familiar people are with a brand (or its logo and slogan).
Brand name
Product launch The introduction of a product to the market.
Product lifecycle The length of time people continue to buy a product.
Product range The set of products made by a company.
Product placement When products are used in films or TV programmes.
Product endorsement The use well-known person to advertise products.
Market leader
Market research
Market share
Market challenger The second best-selling product or brand in a market.
Market segment

LANGUAGE REVIEW PRESENT SIMPLE & PRESENT CONTINUOUS

PRESENT SIMPLE
1. To give factual information, for example about company activities.
2. To talk about routine activities or habits.
3. For actions and situations which are generally true
4. For timetables and scheduled events.
→ Usually, often, every day, once a month, currently, at the moment, these days…
Verbs usually in PS: agree, believe, belong, consist, contain, depend, prefer, realise, suppose…
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. To talk about ongoing situations and projects.
2. Describe temporary situations.
3. Describe trends.
4. To talk about personal arrangements and plans.
→ This year, now, nowadays, currently, at the moment, these days…

Downloaded by Susan Roszkowiak ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD|17569366

| UNIT 4 ORGANISATION

VOCABULARY COMPANY STRUCTURE

Subsidiary A company which is at least half-owned by another company.
Factory/Plant A large bulding or group of buildings where goods are made (using machinery)
Call centre An office where people answer questions and make sales over the phone.
Service centre A place where faulty products are mended.
Headquarters The main office or bulding of a company.
Distribution centre A bulding from which goods or suppliers are sent to factories, shops or costumers.
Warehouse A building for storing goods in large quantities.
Outlet A place through which products are sold.
Departments Activities What do they do?
R&D Carry on research People research and develop new products
Customer Services Deal with complaints Answer calls from customers
Human Resources Train staff Recruit staff
Sales and Marketing Run advertising campaigns Sell products or services
Production Operate assembly lines Make products
Finance Prepare budgets/accounts Find the money to invest in new activities
Administration Keep records Do paperwork
Legal Draw up contracts Deal with contracts, regulations any dispute of ©
Logistics Transport goods and equipment Manage incoming supplies, warehouse stocks…
Public Relations Issue press release Deal with journalists' enquiries and the public
IT Install and maintain systems equipment Information technology: run computer systems
Bureaucratic Centralised
Decentralised Dynamic
Impersonal Professional
Caring Conservative
Decmocratic Hierarchical
Market-driven Progressive

LANGUAGE REVIEW NOUN COMBINATIONS

1. 's possessive: a relationship between a person or organisation and another person or thing
Google's objective
2. One noun used as an adjective: two nouns are used together = the 1st noun functions as
an adjective and describes the 2nd noun
Internet company
3. Phrases with of: when the ideas are more abstract
Culture of autonomy
4. Compound nouns forming one word
Teamwork
5. When compund nouns are used with a number in expressions of measurament, the 1st
noun is singular
A four-day week
TIP: In some expressions, the pl. is kept on the 1st noun. However, usually the 1st noun in sing.

Downloaded by Susan Roszkowiak ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD|17569366

| UNIT 7 CULTURES

VOCABULARY IDIOMS
Thrown in at the deep end Negative Given a difficult job to do without preparation.
Get on like a house on fire Positive Quickly have a friendly relationshio with someone.
Fish out of water Negative Feel uncomfortable in an unifamiliar situation.
Put my food in it Negative Sayor do something without thinking carefully, so that you
embarass or upset someone.
We don't see eye to eye Negative Disagree with someone.
A real eye-opener Positive An experience where you learn something surprising or
something you did not know before.
Break the ice Positive Make someone you have just met less nervous and more
willing to talk.
Got into hot water Negative Get into trouble
The ball is in your court It is your responsability to take action next.
To be up to one's eyes in work To have a lot / too much to do.
To go with the flow To be relaxed and not worry about what you should do.
To have a good / poor gasp of sth To be able / unable to understand something well.
To know sth inside out To be very familiar with something.
To run over shedule To take more time than expected.

LANGUAGE REVIEW ADVICE, OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY

ADVICE
1. Should and shouldn't to give or ask for advice.
2. For strong advice, we can use must or mustn't

OBLIGATION / NECESSITY
1. We often use must when the obligation comes from the person speaking or writing.
2. We use mustn't to say something is prohibited, it is not allowed.
3. We often use have to to show that the obligation comes from another person or
instiution, not the speaker.

LACK OF OBLIGATION / LACK OF NECESSITY

We use don't have to when there is no need or obligation to do something.

Downloaded by Susan Roszkowiak ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD|17569366

| UNIT 10 ETHICS

VOCABULARY RIGHT OR WRONG

Bibery and corruption Soborno y corrupción
Price fixing
Environmental pollution
Sex discrimination
Counterfeit goods Falsificación de productos
Tax fraud
Animal testing
Money laundering Blanqueo de dinero
Industrial espionage
Insider trading Uso de información privilegiada
Arrested Arrestado Commited Cometer
Accused Acusado Misinformed Desinformado / mal informado
Charged Ser acusado de Lie Mentir
Sentenced Sentenciado Cheat Jugar sucio / timar / engañar
Investigated Investigado Misrepresentin
Tergiversar / malinterpretar
Convicted Condenado / declarado culpable Stole Robar
Wanted Buscado Overcharge Cobrar de más
Acquit Absolver ( exculpar Mistreat Maltratar
Suspected Sospechoso Misuse Mal usi / abusar / malversación
Prosecuted Procesar a / enjuciar a (por un crimen) Discredited Desacreditar / desconfiar
Discriminate Discriminar Overbook Reservar de más
Distinguish Distinguir

LANGUAGE REVIEW NARRATIVE TENSES

1. The past simple is common when we describe a sequence of events or tell a story in
chronological order about events that happened in the past.
· Events in the story

2. We use the past perfect to situate an event that happened before another past event.
· Event which happen before the story begins.

3.The present perfect is used to describre past events of current significance.

· Saying what the present results of the story are.

4. We use the past continuous to desctibe unfinished events which were in progress around
a particular past time.
· Setting the scene and providing background information.

Downloaded by Susan Roszkowiak ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD|17569366

| UNIT 2 TRAVEL

VOCABULARY BRITISH & AMERICAN ENGLISH

Bristish American
Undergorund Subway
City centre Downtown
Hand luggage Carry-on baggage
Single One way
Round trip Return
Motorway Freeway
Public toilet Rest room
Lift Elevator
Economy class Coach class
Timetable Schedule
Car park Parking lot
Queue Line
Bill Check
Booking Reservation
Ground floor First floor
*Trolleys carrito
*Divert desviar
*Legroom sitio para las piernas
Peak travel at times when the largest number of people are travelling
Check in
Frequent-flyer points awarded by airlines to reward customer loyalty
Upgrade a change to a better seat or level of service
Lounge a room in a hotel/airport where people can sit and relax
Boarding pass
Ground staff

LANGUAGE REVIEW TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE

1 . We use going to to talk about what we intend to do or what someone else has
already decided to do.
2. We use wiII to make a spontaneous promise or offer to do something.
3 . We use the present continuous to talk about fixed plans or arrangements.
4. We use the present simple to talk about a schedule.

TIP
After as / if / until / unless/ when / once /next time we use a present verb form, even when we
are talking about the future.

Downloaded by Susan Roszkowiak ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD|17569366

| UNIT 5 ADVERTISING

VOCABULARY ADVERTISING MEDIA AND METHODS

Advertising media Methods of advertising
Cinema Commercials Posters Product placement
Exhibitions Free samples Leaftlets / flyers
Internet Pop-ups Banner ads Viral advertising
Outdoor advertising Billboards (USA) / Hoardings (UK) Leaftlets / flyers
Posters Sponsorship
Point-of-sale Free samples Leaftlets / flyers Posters
Press Advertorials
Radio
Television

Verbs to do with advertising

Communicate Communicate a message
Endorse Endorse a product
Place Place an advertisement
Run Run a campaign
Sponsor Sponsor an event
Target Target a consumer

Word-of-mouth advertising
Controversial advertising
Offensive

LANGUAGE REVIEW ARTICLES

The indefinite artice: a/an
1. Before unspecified singular countable nouns.
2. With the names of professions.
3. In expressions of measurament.
4. Before a noun to mean all things of the same type.
The definitie article: the
1. When it is clear from the context what particular thing or place is meant.
2. Before a noun that we have mentioned before.
3. Before adjectives to specify a category of people or things.
Zero article: Ø
1. Mass nouns / uncountable nouns used in general statements.
2. The names of places, companies and people.
Exception:
- Before some countries (States, Kingdom, Republic) or regions
- Before some institutions
- With superlative expressions
- When two nouns are joined with of
- Before adjectives to specify a collective group of people or things

Downloaded by Susan Roszkowiak ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD|17569366

| UNIT 8 HUMAN RESOURCES

VOCABULARY EMPLOYING THE RIGHT PEOPLE

Curriculum vitae (CV) / résumé
Application form
Covering letter
Interview
Psychometric test
Probationary period
To advertise a vacancy/post
To shortlist the candidates
To assemble an interview panel
To check references
To make a job offer
To train new staff
Creative Is able to come up with ideas
Authoritative Is respected and listened to by others
Objective Is able to see differemt points of view
Practical Can see how to put ideas into action
Ambitious Is determined to succedd in their career
Enthusiastic Has lots of energy and often gets excited
Methodical Is concerned with details and getting things right even if it takes times
Analytical likes to assess and evaluate
Adaptable Is able to change with new situations
Reliable Is someone you can trust and depend on
Headhunter
Word Verbs
an interview To call for To hold To carry out
a post To take up To advertise To appoint somebody to
applicants To interview To reject To shortlist
one's CV To update To submit To send
a contract To sign To enter into To terminate
a salary To earn To pay To receive

LANGUAGE REVIEW ING FORMS AND INFINITIVES

1. We sometimes use one verb after another verb. Often, the second verb is in the infinitive form.
Verbs followed by the infinitive: intend attempt promise plan mean try arrange offer
want pretend hope forget seem fail wish expect claim guarantee
2. Sometimes, the second verb must be in the -ing form. This depends on the first verb.
Verbs followed by the -ing form: admit appreciate contemplate give up involve deny
enjoy consider carry on mean mind justify can't stand don't mind remember resent
detest recommend risk delay miss suggest avoid put off look forward to
3. Some verbs can be followed by the -ing form or the infinitive form without a big change in
meaning.
4. Sometimes, however, the meaning changes.

Downloaded by Susan Roszkowiak ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD|17569366

Downloaded by Susan Roszkowiak ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD|17569366

| UNIT 3 CHANGE

VOCABULARY DESCRIBING CHANGE

Downgrade Degradar / Bajar de categoría
Downsize Hacer recortes (de personal)
Decentralise
Deregulate Desregular / Liberalizar
Update Actualizar
Upgrade Actualizar (=software) / Ascender / Subir de categoría
Reorganise
Reassess Reexaminar / Revaluar / Replantearse
Redevelop Reurbanizar / Reformular
Relaunch Relanzar
Relocate Reubicarse
Restructure
Retrain Volver a capacitar / Volver a entrenar
*Trailblazer The 1st company to develop new methods of doing something.
Luxury brand
Chief executive
Parent company
Fourth quarter
Management style
Fuel-efficient models
Team approach
Dramatic effect

LANGUAGE REVIEW PAST SIMPLE & PRESENT PERFECT

PAST SIMPLE
1. We use the past simple to refer to events that took place in the past.
2. We frequently use a time adverb to situate the event in finished past time.
3. We use the past simple in annual reports to describe the company's performance
over the last year.
→ In 2010, yesterday, last year, six month ago, this week, recently…

PRESENT PERFECT
1. We use the present perfect to say that a finished past action is relevant now.
2. We use the present perfect whn we are thinking of a period of time
continuing up to the present.
3. We often use this tense to talk about our life experiences.
→ Since 2009, yet, ever, this week, recently…

Downloaded by Susan Roszkowiak ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD|17569366

| UNIT 6 MONEY

VOCABULARY FINANCIAL TERMS

Shares Equal parts into which the capital or ownership of a company is divided.
Recession A period of time when business activity decreases because the economy is doing badly.
Equity stake Money risked when a business owns part of another company.
Stock market A place where company shares are bough and sold.
Forecast A description of what is likely to happen in the future.
Debt Money owed by one person or organisation to another person or organisation.
Profit margin The difference between the price of a product or service and the cost of producing it.
Investment Money which people or organisations put into a business to make a profit.
Bankruptcy When a person or organisation is unable to pay their debts.
Dividend A part of a company's profits paid to the owners of shares.
Pre-tax profits The money a business makes before payment to the government.
Annual turnover The amount of money which a business obtains (1 year) from customers by selling G or S.
Revenue Money received by the company from selling G or S
Word Verbs
recession To plunge sth into To come out of To pull sth out of
a forecast To make To produce To give
bankruptcy To face To be close to To go into
investment To attract To encourage To make an
a profit To make To earn To generate
debts To repay To write off To run up

LANGUAGE REVIEW DESCRIBING TRENDS

1.1 To describe changing circumstaces:
↗ improve increase (i/t)recover rise
↘ decline (i*) decrease drop (i*) fall (i)
1.2 Dramatic movements:
↗ rocket soar (i) * peak (i) pointed top of a mountain
↘ dive plummet (i) fluctuate rise and fall irregularly
1.3 Slight movements: recover return to a normal state
↗ edge up level off (i) fly horizontally
↘ edge down dip jump return to a normal state
1.4 The amount of increase
1/2 halve (i/t)
x2 double (i/t)
x3 triple
x4 quadruple
x10 increase tenfold
1.5 Or with prepositions:
Our business frew by 15% last year.
Sales have increased from €5 million to €5.8 million.
2.1 Changes which have not reached their end-point are expressed using -ing.
Profits are falling
2.2 If the change is complete, we use a perfect tense.
The government has privatised the rail network.

Downloaded by Susan Roszkowiak ([email protected])

lOMoARcPSD|17569366

| UNIT 9 INTERNATIONAL MARKETS

VOCABULARY FREE TRADE

Open markets
Open borders Frontera
Liberalise
Free port
Deregulation Desregulación / Liberalización
Laissez-faire Política de no intervención
Protected markets
Barriers
Tariffs
Strategic industries
Customs Aduana
Restrictions
Developing industries
Quotas
Subsidise
Dumping Competencia desleal
Regulations
Free trade
Words with different meanings
Order
Protect
Quote
Regulation
Meet
Market
Carry out

LANGUAGE REVIEW CONDITIONS

1ST CONDITIONAL
1. We use conditional sentences when discussing the terms of an agreement, making
hypothetical proposals, bargaining and making concessions (the situtation is very likely).
The use of if + will + base froms of the verb suggests that the acceptance of the condition is
the basis for a deal.
2. We use unless in conditional sentences to mean if not.
3. As long as and provided that are also used to state conditions.

2ND CONDITIONAL
If the proposal is more tentative and possibily less certain, we use past verb forms.
(less certain or is imaginary)

Downloaded by Susan Roszkowiak ([email protected])