Form and location tolerances according to ASME Y14.5 Additional drawing entries according to ASME Y14.

5
Form tolerances limit the deviations of an individual feature from its geometrically ideal form. Orientati- In many cases, circled characters can be entered in the feature control frame next to the tolerance (and/or someti-
on, location and runout tolerances limit the errors of the mutual location of two or more features. One mes also next to a datum).
or more features can be specified as datum features.

M
Maximum material requirement: M permits the addition of unused di- Ø 0.5 M

Leader line Tolerance symbol Tolerance value

mension tolerance portions to the toleranced form or location error. Ø 6 - 1.0
0

Leader Datum is the Toleranced fea-

arrow axis or mid- ture is the axis
0.1 A plane or mid-plane Example (simple case): cylinder diameter 6 mm and the axis straightness M

Considered
feature
Feature Control Frame tolerance t = 0.5 mm (see image to the right). If the actual diameter is Ø6.0 Ø6.5

Datum
feature
Datum A
Datum feature Toleranced
5.0 mm, the straightness of the axis can deviate up to 1.5 mm. M

Ø5.0 Ø6.5
is the surface feature is the
line or surface surface line or
surface

L
Least material requirement: L enables the addition of unused dimension Ø 0.5 L

tolerance portions (away from the material side) to the toleranced form 0
Ø 6 - 1.0
Circularity (form tolerance): the tolerance zone is limited in the t 0.02
or location error.
measuring plane perpendicular to the measuring axis by two con- Example (simple case): cylinder diameter 6 mm and axis straightness to- L

centric circles a distance t apart. lerance t = 0.5 mm (see image to the right). If the actual diameter is 6.0
Ø5.0 Ø4.5

mm, the straightness of the axis can deviate up to 1.5 mm. Ø6.0 Ø4.5
L

Straightness (form tolerance): the tolerance zone is limited by

I
t 0.03 Independency requirement: this symbol invokes the „Principle of Inde-
- a cylinder of diameter t ( of a derived median line)
pendency“ instead of ASME Rule #1. This principle sets no limits to the 0
Ø 6 - 1.0 I
- two parallel planes a distance t apart ( of an edge)
number of errors of form possessed by individual features of a

US_60_050_0026IV Printed in Germany. CZ-VIII/2023 © Carl Zeiss Industrielle Messtechnik GmbH. ZEISS endeavors to ensure that all information is correct. However, the accuracy of the information cannot be guaranteed and ZEISS assumes no liability regarding the accuracy or completeness of the information.
- two parallel lines a distance t apart ( of a surface line).
workpiece. I

International designer, except the USA, use this principle as default (ISO Ø 6.0 Ø 6.5
Cylindricity (form tolerance): the tolerance zone is limited by two t 0.05
GPS standardization).
coaxial cylinders a distance t apart.

T
Tangent plane: the toleranced and measured feature must be evaluated
limits implicitly: and axis and surface and surface as an external tangential feature (as per the Chebyshev minimum method)
(OTPL).
Flatness (form tolerance): the tolerance zone is limited by two 0.05
t
parallel planes a distance t apart.
F
Free state: the inspection of the (elastic or plastic, non-rigid) workpiece
must be performed in the unfixtured state (only formed by gravity).
limits implicitly: surface or derived median line

Unequally disposed profile tolerances: the tolerance zone of value t is

U
A

Unlike form tolerances, location tolerances almost always require one or multiple datums: shifted to outside the material. The value after U indicates the amount
of tolerance in +material direction. In the example to the right, the zone
Parallelism (orientation tolerance): the tolerance zone is limited by t is entirely outside of the material.
0.08 A
two parallel lines or planes a distance t apart, which are parallel
P
6x
Projected tolerance zone: this symbol tolerance zone has been moved by 30
0.1 P A B
to the datum. B

t entirely outside of the workpiece in order to inspect the locations rele-

20
limits implicitly: surface or derived median line/ axis
vant for later assembly.
A

P
A

Perpendicularity (orientation tolerance): the tolerance zone is limi-

CF
t Continuous Feature: this symbol is used to identify a group of two or
ted by two parallel planes a distance t apart (or a cylinder with Ø 0.05 A
more features where there is a requirement that they be treated geo- 0
Ø 6 - 1.0 CF
t) which are perpendicular to the datum. A
metrically as a single feature. Rule #1 applies here.
limits implicitly: surface or derived median line/axis

Statistical Tolerance: Features controlled by a statistical tolerance shall

Angularity (orientation tolerance): the tolerance zone is limited
by two parallel planes a distance t apart (or a cylinder with Ø t)
t
60°
A
0.1 A B ST be produced with statistical process controls (SPC).
ST
which are at the defined angle to the primary datum. B

limits implicitly: surface or derived median line/axis

60°

Ø 0.2 A
Position (location tolerance): the tolerance zone is limited by a cy- Ø 0.2
Tolerance zones and datum features can also be limited in their configuration and direction of action:
linder of diameter t coaxial to the datum (position with Ø sign).
100

limits implicitly: , if applicable also and plane 50

Ø Diameter: this symbol defines a circular tolerance zone of diameter t or
indicates a circular feature when used on the field of a drawing.
Ø 0.2 A B

Symmetry (location tolerance): the tolerance zone is limited by A

SØ
0.08 A
Spherical Diameter: this symbol defines a spherical tolerance zone of
two planes symmetrical to the datum axis or datum plane at a t SØ 0.2 A B
diameter t.
distance t apart. (Obsolete, not used any more.)
limits implicitly: center plane center plane if applicable center plane
R Radius: symbol R creates a tolerance zone defined by two arcs (minimum
and maximum radii) that are tangent to the adjacent surfaces. R 6 - 0.5
+ 0.5

Concentricity (location tolerances): the tolerance zone is limited by CR 6 - 0.5

+ 0.5

SR Spherical Radius: SR creates a tolerance zone defined by two sphere seg-

øt

Ø 0.03 A R
a cylinder or circle of diameter t which is coaxial or concentric to A
ments (minimum and maximum radii) tangent to adjacent surfaces.
the datum. (Obsolete, not used any more.) CR
Coaxiality limits implicitly: axis axis concentricity Controlled Radius: symbol CR creates a tolerance zone defined by two

Line profile (profile tolerance with and without datum): the tole- 0.08 A
CR arcs (minimum and maximum radii) that are tangent to the adjacent sur-
faces and the part contour has to be a fair curve without reversals.
t

rance zone is limited by two curves which envelop circles of dia-

ø

meter t whose mid-points are on a curve of geometrically ideal Datum Translation: datum feature only acts as an orientation feature. The
Ø 0.2 A
form. If applicable: a datum limits the position position coordinates are not considered.
A

Profile of a surface (profile tolerance with and without datum): the 0.03 A A B Between (tolerance zone limitation): the tolerance must be inspected
only in the area between A and B. A B
tolerance zone is limited by two surfaces which envelop spheres 0.5
of diameter t whose mid-points are on a curve of geometrically
ideal form. If applicable: a datum limits the location. A
t/... Tolerance zone limitation: the tolerance of 0.5 cannot be exceeded in any
section of the length 100 (in the example to the right).
0.5 / 100
øt
All Around: the tolerance applies to all line and surface features surroun- 0.03
t
Circular radial or axial run-out (run-out tolerances): the tolerance 0.1 A-B ding the entire workpiece in the viewing plane.
zone is limited by two concentric circles or parallel planes a dis-
tance t apart, which are located by datum A-B. All Over: the tolerance applies to all surfaces surrounding the entire
0.03
Circular radial run-out limits: workpiece.
A B
Circular axial run-out limits:
Dynamic Profile: the profile zone only controls form of the feature, not
Total radial or axial run-out (run-out tolerances): the tolerance t
0.1 A-B
size. It can be used for profiles with and without datum.
zone is limited by two concentric cylinders or parallel planes a
distance t apart, which are located by datum A-B. Dimension origin: this symbol is indicating that a toleranced dimension between two features
Total radial runout limits: . Total axial run-out limits: A B originates from the one marked with the dimension origin symbol and not the other.

GD&T – Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

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