UNIT . aD BASIC CONCEPTS SIA GROUP Raa) ~~ or ee : ‘ Laat oe , we 1 mes Wh neat skteh cons Rankine cycle. Sy Rasknc cycle seme hemadnai ce edi gam po nn i le era for nes wSiat are used for achieving actual power eyele. The rankine cycle is as show in figure “ ee ined ~ ees Wit 2 Pe es a —_ eee + pm Operations of Rankine Cycle . a process 1-2: Reversible adiabatic expansion ‘hae Process 2-3 : Heat transfer at constant pressure in condenser = Process 3-4 : Reversible adiabatic compression . ad * a Procesy4-1 : Heat transfer at constafit pressure in boiler. rman. ut the advantages and limitations of Rankine reheat cycle over simple rankine cycle. Answer = Ue Model ra Qa pen ore _Aereceases the work output of the turbine, = " F ineliminates of erosion and corrosion problems in turbines, = frereases the thermal efigency of th Sem, FE quality af steam ic, dryness fact ie: proves the nozzle and bli efficiencies of turbine mito Me wi The Rankine reheat eye requires more maintenance in comparison to simple Rankine eye, “The increased thermal efficiency of turbine isnot acceptable compared to expenses involved in the proces of vane i SPECTROM ALL-IN-ONE JOURN@L FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS Sia GROUP @ scanned with OKEN Scanner— THERMAL ENGINEERING-II [JNTU-KAKINADA PART-B ESSAY QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS 1-4 RANKINE CYCLE ~ SCHEMATIC LAYOUT, THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS, CONCEPT OF MEAN TEMPERATURE OF HEAT ADDITION Q21//Praw the schematic for an ideal Rankine cycle. Draw P-, T-s and h-s diagrams for this cycle. Ansdver z (WoriDee-12, Set, Q1(a)| Oct/Mov-17, Set3, 22(0) Rankine Cyele 5 : it Jiminated is ‘The thermodynaiic cyele for steam power plant is Rankine eyck§ Many limitations of Carnot eycle are el Rankine cycle by superheating the steam in a turbine and condensing it completely in the condense Each of the four processee constituting the eycTeis'a theoretical pedsess that may be néarly achieved in an actual power EYCT, ic Kine ¢ sare i : the absence 0} Tn an ideal Rankine ‘cycle, there is no pressure drop during evaporation and condensation.) Also, in th irreversibility snd heat interaction with The furuundingy the expansion ‘and compression in the turbine would be isentropic. =| | Wy C < s < es 9 Doe. Qf Cooling Water 9 Figure (1): Flow Diagram ‘Ideal Rankine eycle is shown in figure (1). The four processes involved in the complete cycle are different from each one and each process requires a separate component. Further it may be noted that, the working fluid is water which exists in liq phase during the part of the eycle-and vapour phase in the remaining part ofthe cyele. The sequence of operations in the cycle : ; : q igure (2; P-V Diagram Figure (31: T-s Diagram Figure (4): H-s Diagram oyu Process 2-37{leat transfer from the’steam in the condenser, Steam is condensed to saturated water at 3, ¥ Reversible adiabatic compression (isentropic compression) of water in the pump, ‘P, (condenser pressure) to P, (boiler pressure). The temperature of water ‘corresponding to the boiler pressure, Prpcses ‘The pressure of water.inereases from ‘at 4is less than the saturation temperat Process 4-1: Heat transfer to water at constant pressure in the boiler to produce steam, Initially, th Ma point to complete the cycle, 18 fluid retumns'to start Look for the @ scanned with OKEN ScannerEfficiency of the Rankine eyele, 5s thy = —totiatone_ nah “Heat absorbed ~ hy —hiy . Derivation Tirankine ~ Rankine cycle efficiency Heat absorbed. Workdone = Heat absorbed ~ Heat rejected Heat absorbed during the process 3 - 4— 4" = (Heat absorbed during process 4’ ~ 1) + (Heat absorbed during process 3-4 ~ 4') te, thy hg) = (ig, +hg, ry) COTTA, af nohy, Heat rejected, UUCCCCCC COI [ohg shy] + Work done, = Heat absorbed ~ Heat rejected hy Yamal, 1a hig, Fahy.) te : om Work done * iMentae Feat absorbet 22, How does a modified Rankine cycle differ from a Rankine cycle? Write also the expression of modified Rankine cycle efficiency. ‘Answer = ‘Modified Rankine cycle is obtained by replacing a complete expansion engine (like steam turbine) with an incomplete expansion engine (like. reciprocating steam engine) ina steam ; ower plant, It was found to be uneconomical (due to larger Size ofthe cylinder) to expand the steam fo the maximum extent. It may also be noted that from the P-V diagram, the amount of svorkdone during the final portion ofthe expansion stroke i extremely small, such that it became difficult overcome fection between the moving parts of steam engine. So, in order to avoid such difficulties modified Rankine eycle was developed in which all the processes are almost same as the Rankine cycle except the expansion stroke of the piston, The expansion process is stopped at a pressure (P.) highér than ‘eecondenser pressure exhaust pressure or back pressure) andthe steam is expanded at constant volume whet the exhaust valve is opened and thus the pressure P, is reached, SPECTROM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS tt 3 Sia GROUP 25 IT @ scanned with OKEN Scanner1.8 ‘The figures (1) and (2) show the P-V and T- for modified Rankine cycle. P too Loss of work due to incomplete ‘expansion s Figure (2: T-s Diagram of Modified Rankine Cycle . Efficiency of a Modified Rankine Cycle Workdone during the oycle/kg of steam = Area of ‘/-1-2-3-m’ = Area of ‘[-1-2-s° +/Area of ‘s-2-3-m' Oy sh) + P2- PM, Heat supplied = Ih ~ hy, Workdone £ i ficiency = Modified Rankine efiieney = tied Saiel= Gy =hy)* (=P) ase a 23. What are the different thermodynamic variables affecting efficiency ‘and output of Rankine cycle. Explain their influence on Rankine cycle. Answer: (OctINov-17, Sét-2,02(b) | Médel Peper, 22(8) ‘The different thermodynamic variables affecting efficiency and output of Rankine cycle are, 1. The Bffect of Pressure at Throttle Condition [JNTU-KAKINADA] THERMAL ENGINEERING: “The above figure shows the temperature pressure of two cycles for which the exhaust pressure is assumed constant In this cycle the temperature is minimum but the throttle pressure is different at the inlet. From the figure, for throttle pressure “P the cycle is (1-2-3-4-5-1)’and for higher throttle pressure ‘P” At pressure p, the work done is '-1'-6-5-4) gets 2) is increased § < the cycle is (1 reduced at (1-2-2' increased. The efficiency. at the area (2"2! « because of the less rejection of heat. As the latent heat decreases, © at higher pressure, the cycle efficiency doesn’t gets increased & continuously with boiler pressure. ‘The cost of the boiler, pipeline and turbine increase at 6 the same time with increase in pressure, and these results in g increase in moisture content and decrease in dryness fraction. ion of efficiency and S.S.C. & ‘The below figure shows the vari ‘ é - ar F zs ac “ 4 ec be Bock 5 pi |g < é ae _ \ i < 5 Bolter restart) 6 Figure: Effect of Boiler Pressure 2... The Effect of Temperature “Teperature ye Figure tay meee eat i super heated, the effect eased by it ine is shown in abov work done increases atthe area (1-1 2" iy one eure The spermine, which est inthe increase area (2-2'-2".2".2), The advantay ca (2-2-2 antage of usi steam inallyithat the average temperature other edeionn gi BB . ho ae &| 4 apy — Look for the SI 00 @ SIA GROUP Loco Zion the TITLE COVER ‘bolore you buy increases, PSAPDMDDD DD DMD DDD DM @ scanned with OKEN Scanner50) 2 : io “BS } ime i a = peqssc| 3 g 20} 2 2 a gu ini 1 a —p Temperature of super heated steam °C igure: Effect of Temperature 3. The Effect of Condenser Pressure Entropy, —> Figure: T-s Diagram In above figure the heat rejected temperature is decreased, workdone and heat added are increased by decreasing the condenser pressure. Hence the efficiency of the cycle increases. Due to the increase of moisture content is exhaust steam the corrosion and errosion of blades occurs :xplain the concept of mean temperature of heat addition. May-13, St, (a) —S Figure: Simple Rankine Cycle ~ SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURN@L FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS 7 7 Heat is added between the states 2 and 1 at constant pressure, ‘The magnitude of heat addition Q=h-h, Where, i, and hy are the enthalpy at states 1 and 2, respectively. From the entropy concept between the states I and 2, given by, Sos Here, ‘5, and sare the entropy at states 1 and 2, respectively. Q- Magnitude of heat addition and T,,~ Mean temperature of heat addition. Q 2-8 r, + Mean temperature of heat addition, y= hy HoH : jgher the mean temperature of heat addition the higher the cycle efficienc Q25. How are the maximum temperature and maximum pressure in the Rankine cycle fixed? Answer * ‘A higher boiler pressure using dry-saturated steam and ‘8 constant condenser pressure. gives high work output and ‘thermal efficiency as shown in figure. But use of dry-saturated steam at high pressure gives more moisture in the lower stages of turbine (+ O=hy- Al +— Increases 1 ——> Decreases : Figure jum temperature is fixed from metallurgical considerations. When the maximum temperature of steam is fixed, the steam pressure increases at which heat is added in the boiler. Hence, the moisture content increases at the exhaust of the turbine, It will effect the blades and erode the surface. ‘Therefore, the maximum temperature atthe inlet of the turbine is fixed to achieyé expansion of steam in a single phase of a turbine, 7 By superheating the steam at constant pressure in the boiler and condenser, the efficiency of the cycle and work output increases, SIA GROUP {5 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerGINEERING-II [JNTU-KAKINAVA) “ ‘THERMAL EN! From the steam tables at 30 bat, p eee ig, = 2802.3 KK ‘ ee Sq, = 6.1837 kiMkg-K ‘ Ts, =233.84°C ‘ ‘At0.25 bar, Figure Superheating reduces the moisture content in lower stages of turbine, heat ejection increases and the work output increases. ‘Maximum pressure is fixed to increase the steam pressure at inlet of the turbine. Hence, efficiency of the cycle increases. Therefore, maximum temperature and maximum pressure are fixed in the Rankine cycle. 26. Draw T- s diagram of Rankine cycle using dry- saturated steam and develop the equation for | the Rant e cycle efficiency. : OctiNov-16, Set, 02(0) Ts Diagram For diagram refer Unit-I, Q21, Figure(3): 5 Diagram Efficiency of Rankine Cycle For answer refer Uni 1, Q21, Topic: Derivation Q27.. Ina Rankine cycle, the steam at inlet to turbine is saturated at pressure of 30 bar and exhaust pressure is 0.25 bar. Determine .(i) The pump work (ii) Turbine work (iii) Rankine efficiency (iv) Condenser heat flow (v) Dryness at the end of expansion. Assume flow rate of 10 kg/s. Answer: —— (Gct/Nov-17, Set, @2()| Medel Paper V, 2a)) Given that, Inlet pressure, P, = 30 bar Initial dryness fraction, x, = 1 j Exhaust pressure, P, = 0.25 bar - 7 . Boiler Pressure a33e4*c}-----D a2 30 bar Tarbis ‘Condenser 649°C -~ ressure 0.25 bat @ Look for the SIA GROUP Loco ig, =hy, = 271.99 keg, Age, = 2346.4 KIikg, f vg, = 0.0010199 m*/kg 5, £08932 ki/kg-K 5 fg, = 6.9391 KKK Sq, = 7.8323 kikg-K T,, = 64.992°C (Pump Work w= @)=PI%p (G0~ 0.25) x 10? x 0.001019 034 Ki/kg, Power required to drive the pump, P = mw, =10 «3.034 =3034kW ) Turbine Work p= y= h) ‘hy— Specific enthalpy of steam before expansion = 2802.3 kikg In order to find h, one must know the condition of steam. after expansion, for which s, Sa= Sh tH Se, 6.1837 = 0,8932 + x, x 6.9391 x %,= 0.762 (or) 76.2% Iys hy +x, x Ne, = 271.99 + 0.762 x 2346.4 = 2059.947 ki/kg ‘Turbine work, (yy) m. = (2802.3 - 2059.947) x 16 7423.53 kW on the TITLE COVER before you buy @ scanned with OKEN ScannerUNIT-1 Basic Concepts Rankine Efficieney hy hy _ 2802.3-2059.947 2802.3-271.99 Mankine = hyn hy, _ 742.353 2530331 =29,34% Condenser Heat Flow 5 = (hy hy) 2059.47 - 271.99) = 1787.957 kitkg Dryness at the End of Expansion 0.762% (or) 16.2% 0.2934 ro) w) 28. In a steam power plant operating on an ideal Rankine cycle, the steam enters the turbine at 3 MPa and 400°C and-is exhausted at 10 kPa. Assuming all ideal processes, determine the following, (a) Thermal efficiency of the cycle and condition of steam at the exit of turbine. {b) Thermal efficiency ifthe steam is supplied at 3 MPa and 500°C and condition of steam at the exit of turbine. Estimate the increase or decrease of thermal efficiency due to super heating and comment on the result of thermal efficiency and steam exit condition from turbine comparing the two cases. Dbe-3,Set1.01 (e) Answer = Given that, 3. MPa = 3000 kPa Inlet pressure, P, Inlet teniperature, 7, = 400°C Exit pressure, P, = P,= 10 kPa (a) Condition of Steam af Different Cases Case (i) P, = 10 kPa, water is in saturated state. 3 Figure: T's Diagram we IRON ALLAN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS Sin GROUP QS SPE LAL From steam tables, at P, = 10 kPa 91.83 KIM 2584.7 Kke = 0.00101 m*/kg Case ( 7 AP, Also, Wyun amp MPa Pad ,00101 (3000 — 10) 02 kI/kg, 1 Moun 91.83 + 3.02 = 194.85 kI/kg Case (ii) ‘AtP,=3 MPa and 7; = 400°C From superheated steam tables, E h, =3230.9 ki/kg 6.9212 kikg-K s Case (iv) At P, = 10 kPa, from steam tables S,= 0.6493 KN/kg- and 5, 8.1502 ki/kg-K = 2 493 = 9.836 8,1502-0.6493 .- Quality of steam at the exit of turbine, x, = 0.836 La pt hy 91.83 + 0.836 (2584.7 - 191.83) , = 2192.27 Kikg iat = 3230.9-1194.85 3036.05 Ki/kg NOW, dou Ay hh 2192.27 - 191.83 (= 2000-44 Kirk ence, thermal efficiency of the plant — Moat on 2000.44 3036.05 341 or 34.11% May @ scanned with OKEN Scanner112° () Steam Supplied at 3 MPa and 500% Properties of steam at 500°C is, y= 3456.5 kikg 5 = 72338 kag -K SSG 16493 + x, (8.1502 - 0.6493) +. 2 72338-0,6493 ‘ 8.1502-0.6493 = 0.878 hy tah, = 191.83+0.878 (2584.7 - 191.83) = 2292.77 ki/kg ‘Heat Supplied . + Gig = hy = hy = 3456.5 ~ 194.85 = 3261.65 kivkg, ‘Heat Extracted ou = ha hy = 2292.77 — 191,83 = 2100.94 kirkg Hence, thermal efficiency of the plant becomes. out 4a 2100, 3261.65 3559 or 35.59% It can be observed from the above two cases that, an increase in the turbine inlet temperature will increase’ the thermal efficiency as well asthe steam quality (je, from 0.836 to 0.878), Hence, the moisture content reducds.”” Q29. A simple Rankine cycle works between : Pressures 28 bar and 0.06 bar, the initial condition of steam being dry saturate, Calculate the cycle efficiency, work ratio an specific steam consumption. Answer : Model Papers, a2(a) Given that; Pressureand condition ofstam at nletto the turbine, P, 8 bar = 28 x 105 Nim? (dry and saturated) Exhaust pressure, P= 0.06 bar .06 105 Nim? il [JNTU-KAKINADA] THERMAL ENGINEERII Figure: T-s Diagram From steam tables, 4. ‘At 0.06 bar, a hy, = 151.53 Kitkg, 524159 kiike 5210 ki/kg-K $fei= 7.8094. Kiikg:K,- VY; ~ Specific volume of water ¥,=0.00101 miskg.,x:5, @ © Cycle Efficiency a firh Mea” Th Steam expansions in turbine is treated as isentropic expansion ie., entropy réinain§ constant. 729 - hyd arrhy, = 151.53 #°0,729 x 2415.9 hy = 1912731 bg = 2804=1912.721 Nanking = Sars = 26847 = 0.336 a ah am ahh th th pO OHOEDHDDDDDADDOHOHODEHESLSHS @ scanned with OKEN ScannerUMIT-1 Basic Concepts 1.13 etal ths ol (i) Work Ratio = Mos Meine ‘Net workdone, Moat Wtioe~ W pany Pump work, Wrap Hie ~ hy > =VAP\-P) 822 Ks nah 804 — 1912.721 = 891.279 ike Wot = an Ma A bar = 1 105 N/m?) Moume Wourine ‘Work ratio = 0.997 * (il) Specific Fuel Consumption ‘Turbine workdone per kg of steam, . Wading = 891.279 KSI <+ Specific fuel consumption, kg/sec = x36 91279-2822 52. ke/kW-hr Gad Wha steam turbine steam at 20 bar, 360°C le expanded to 0.08 bar. W then enters a condenser, where its ne Condensed to saturated liquid water. The pump feeds back the water into the boller. Assume ideal processes, find por kg of steam the net work and cycle efficiency. Answer t From steam tables, Specific enthalpy of steam at 20 bar and 360°C, h, = 3139.3 Kak : Specific entropy of steam at 20 bar and 360°C, 5) 6.9917 Kite K @ scanned with OKEN Scanner1.14 From steam tables, at 0.08 bar hip = 173.88 Khkg igs = 2408.1 kg 5926 kiTkg Sie. = 7.6361 KK 8.103 mg $ Figure: Ts Diagram Now considering equation (1), He SK tag, 69917 = 0.5926 + x; (7.6361) x, 70.838 Now, hy = hy + 2h, % 73.88 + (0.838) (2403-1) 4) hy =2187.678 kik fag iy Net workdone =i ~ hy 159.3 -2187.678 = 971.622 kikg : ° 31593 - 173.88 = 2985.420 kik 971.622- 2985-420 = 0325 x 100 32.5% "renin 2+ Efficiency, Npstige = Meanie ‘Q31. A steam turbine consumes 9 kgik W-hr wi ‘steam is supplied at a pressure of 10 bar and at 400°. The exhaust takes place at 0.1 bar. Compare the efficiency of the engine with the Rankine efficiency. Answer : Given that, Mass of steam, M,=9 ke/kW-hr From the h-s chart, 4h, = 3260 ki/kg and hy = 2360 kitkg Heat 0.1 bat) = 191.8 Krkg May-13,Set3, a1(0) THERMAL ENGINEERING-II (JNTU-KAKINADA] T . “Temperature Figure ( 3600 Actual thermal efficiency 7G, 3600 © 90 hay 3600 ~ 9(3260-191.8). = 0.130 = 13% i Rankine efficient’y "* 3260-191.8 , = 0.293 = 29.39% Actual efficiency Rakine efficiency 13, » 305 = 0.444 = 44.36% As the pressure and temperature are known, marka point ;C’on the chart and draw a vertical line through point *¢ tll i cus the pressure line 0.1 bar, ab. Read the hand hy values from the Mollier chart, b yo * Bfliciency rat @ scanned with OKEN ScannerUNIT-1 Basic Concepts 1.15 Q32. Superheated steam at a, pressure of 10 bar and 400°C is supplied to a steam engin Adiabatic expansion takes place to release point at 0.9 bar and it exhausts into a condenser at 0.3 bar. Neglecting clearance, for a steam flow rate of 1.5 kg/s determine the quality of steam at the end of expansion and the end of constant volume operation, power developed, specific steam consumption and modified Rankine cycle efficiency, Anewer t {Now-15, Set2, 02 | Model Paper, 02(2) Given that, Pressures, P, = P, = 10 bar P,=09 bar P,=P,=0.3 bar ‘Temperature, 7,,,, = 400°C > Pressure (P) ———> Ss -Temperature(T)———> Volume(V) ———> ——Entropy(s) —__» Figure: PV { Figure: T-s Diagram From steam tables, ALP, y= 15 = 0.307 mikg = 10 bar, Ty: 400°C 5,78, 7465 kiTkg k hy = hy =3263.9 Kg At, P,=0.9 bar 869 mike | Ty =96:7°C Sg, = 73954 kirk Ke ; : fg, = 26709 Kg At, By = 0.3 bar Va, = 5.229 Pg fy, = 289.3 klk. SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS ‘SIA GROUP ab | 4 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner16 (@) Quali ‘Since, the flow of steam is isentropic from process ‘of Steam at the End of Expansion 1 ki/kg] Twp, _____[ Assume, for superheated steam, C,, 7.465 = 7.3954 + z Mok. (657-4273) eS hoo 0.0696 = 2.1 log, sam log, 3¢77- “947® = 0.0331 ms = 10336 369.7 ~! Trap, = 1.0336 369.7 j Quality of'steam at the end of expansion, Tap, = 382.121 K = 109,121°C Enthalpy at point ‘3” is given by, y= he, + Co( Ton, Ti) = 2670.9 + 2.1 (382.121 ~ 369.7) = 2696.984 ki/kg ‘Quality of Steam at the end of Constant Volume Process 5 a) Where, 186) _ _“, 369.7 ~ 382121 1.869 360-7 * 382121 1.931 mig ‘On substituting, v, in equation (1), 1931 =x, «5.229 = 1931 > 3.229 x,= 0369 Quality of team a the end of constant volume operation, x, = 0,369 (b) Power Generated ‘Work done during the process 2-3 is given by, W=(hy-h)+(P,-P) v, ~62639-2696545)« (09=03)s10%s1991 = 566.916 + 115,86 > x W= 682.776 kilkg Then, Power generated, P = Work done x Steam flow rate 82.776 x 1.5 = 1024.164 KW. took for the SIA GROUP Loco Ghani. @ scanned with OKEN Scannera © UNIT-1 Basic Concepts — © © Specific Steam Consumption Specific steam consumption = #3600. 3600 1024.164 3.515 ky/kwh (@ Modified Rankine Cycle Efficiency Workdone per eye "a= Hears s . . . e Efficiency of modified Rankine cycle, 1), = 22.95%, Q33. Superheated steam at 10 bar abs and 300°C admitted into the cylinder of a steam engine expands isentropically to a pressure of 0.7 bar. The pressure then falls at constant volume to a back pressure of 0.28 bar. Determine, (i) Modified Rankine cycle efficiency - Steam.consumption per kWhr (ili) Mean effective pressure (iv) Heat removed in the condenser per kg of steam a (v)_ Loss of work due to incomplete expansion (vi) Ifthe cylinder diameter and stokes are 30 cm and 58 cm respectively, what would be the new we S R stroke if the steam is allowed to expand without any restriction upto the condenser pressure. Answer : INow/Dee-12, Set2, Qt) | OcLNov-17, Set-4, 02°) ® Given that, Pressure, Py = ‘Temperature, z > on Pressure, P = 0.7 bar > Pressure, P,= Py = P, = 0.28 bar = t pi 2 [Poe = S S. B 3 : - £07 e = &r. > | —Volume(v) > Sea ‘ = (a) P-V Diagram (b) Es Diagram, FE Figure & From steam tables, AL, Py P)= 10 bat, Tyyp= 300°C * = y= v= 0258 m/kg i= 7. 125 kJ/kg K 1 = 3052.1 Kikg, Sia GROUP 25 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner FS SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS@ scanned with OKEN ScannerUNIT-1 Basic Concepts Given, Diameter, d= 30m =0.3 m Length, L= 58 cm =0.58 m x 2 V= 7x03)? x 058 V = 0.041 m? Since, the pressure of steam at point ‘3? is expanded isentropically similar to the point. (ie,, P, = Py = 0.28 bat) From Steam tables, Py =0.28 bar fy, = 282.7 Khe, S,, = 0.925 kihkg K hg, 2340 KIMkg, Sp, = 6.868 ki/kg K hy, = 2622.7 kg, 5, =7.793 kitke K V,, = 5.5778 mikg, Isentropic expansion from 2 —3', Entropy before expansion = Entropy after expansion, 5, =Sy fs ty She] Sy= Sty ty Spy 7125 = 0.925 + xy x 6.868 6.868 xy = 6.2 xy = 0.903. 2 Dryness fraction, x,, = 0.903 Mass of steam at point ‘3 v _ 0041 Sou = 0.018 ki ama at eS ‘Volume of steam at point ‘3”, m. Vy= m3 %5¥,, 0.018 x 0.903 x 5.5778 Vy.= 0.091 m? Expansion ratio, Steam volume Cylinder volume F423 08n-P, : x (1+ 2.3 log (2.22) - 0.28 m 222 8,093 - 0.28 P,, = 7.813 bar 1.19 (@__ Heat Removed in Conden Heat removed in condenser per kg of steam is equal to (hy hy) 2532.235 ~282.7 249.535 kik (©) Loss of Work due to Incomplete Expansion Loss of work, = W,~ Where, W, ~ Work done during modified Rankine cycle W, ~ Work done during Rankine eycle W,=hy—hy [ohy hig phe] = 3052.1 ~ (282.7 + 0.903 « 2340) 656,380 ki/kg Loss of work W = 656,380— 613.609 42.771 kik, ()_Newstroke length, (L’) Stroke volume at point ‘3° is given by, Expl 4 0.091 = 2x(0.3)? x2” 4 0.091 = 0.071 L L'= 1.282 m ‘Therefore, new stroke length, L’ 282 m 1.2 METHODS TO IMPROVE CYCLE PERFORMANCE - REGENERATION AND REHEATING 34, Explain with the help of neat diagram a ‘regenerative cycle’. State the advantages of regenerative cycle over simple Rankine cycle. OR Explain regenerative cycle with the help of neat sketches of layout, P-V and T-s plots. Answer : Regenerative Cycle This cycle is used in steam turbines, to improve its performance, The dry saturated steam from the boiler ente the steam turbine at higher temperatureand Then expands, isentropically to a lower Temperature The condensate from the condenser is pumped Back and circulated around the steam turbine, The condensate is thus hated Before entering into the boiler. Such a system of heating is known as “regenerative ‘OcLNow-17, Set2, 02) heating”. eee ‘SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS Sia GROUP {ib a @ scanned with OKEN Scanner1.20 ‘Ts diagram P-v diagram (dvantages of Regener: THERMAL ENGINEERING-II [JNTU-KAKINADA] Steam Work done BOILER Water Steam Condenser Feed pump Figure: Ideal Regenerative Cycle Regeneration Figure: Po Diagram ive Cycle Over Simple Rankine Cycle There is a provision of reversible heating system, Due tothe inerease in average temperature of heat addition, the thermal efficiene y of cycle is increased, ‘The required size of condenser is small, 1 2 3. The rate of heat addition in regenerative cycle is decreased. 4 5. Due to small temperature range in the the thermal stresses are minimum, Look for the SIA GROUP Loco n the TITLE COVER before you buy nan @ scanned with OKEN ScannerUNIT-1. Basic Concepts 235. Whats the effect of regeneration on efficiency and specific work output of the steam power Plant? Show the cycle on T-s plot. Answer + The efficiency of Rankine cycle can be improved b using feed heater in practical regenerative feed heating, In this case, Some part ofthe steam is drained from the turbine, during {he expansion and iis utilised for heating the feed water in feed heater. Draining the steam from the turbine for the purpose of heating the feed water is called bleeding and the steam drained or extracted is called bled steam, The bled steam is fed to a feed water heater where feed ‘water is heated to saturation temperature corresponding to the boiler pressure. Feed water heating takes place in ether an open ‘ora closed heater. The mixture is then fed to the boiler through the feed pump. Figure (1) shows the regenerative cycle of steam, power plant. In large steam turbine plants, several feed heaters are introduced. The process results in an improvement in the thermal efficiency ofthe plant, but there isan inerease in specific steam consumption and capital expenditure is also increased considerably. ‘Thermal efficiency is given by, NNet,workdone yy N= "Heat supplied =“ Lke Boiler > (ke Feed heater 4s Feed pi 3 Sear Steam cae 2 Flow Diagram tive Cycle of Steam Power Plant Figure 2): T-s Diagram 1.21 Q36. What are the advantages and limitations of regenerative rankine cycle over reheat cycle? Explain. Answer Model Papers, 02(0) Advantages of Regenerative Rankine Cycle Over Rehe: Cyele 1, Maintenance cost of regenerative cycle is low, because reheat cycle involves huge cost for piping connections and other equipments. 2. Thermal stresses developed in boiler can be reduced, by minimizing the boiler temperature 3. Maintains low condense capacity due to decreased ‘dryness fraction of steam. 4, Reduction of heat addition rate. 5. Increase in work done per kg of steam, due to large boilers. 6. _ Itemploys small blade height, to reduce the quantity of steam passing through low pressure stages. 7. This eyele increases the thermal efficiency. Limitations of Regenerative Rankine Cycle Over Reheat Cycle Blade erosion occurs, when water particles strikes on 2. Ttoccupies more space for additional accessories such as heaters, pumps, etc. 3. Increase in thermal efficiency is less, when compared to cost of heaters fiscuss briefly the advantages of a regenerative feed heating in steam power cycle. Answer : : Oct JNov-16, Set-2, Q2(a) ‘The following are the advantages of regenerative cycle. Eatery ‘eycle, the addition of heat is carried out at a higher temperature, due to this the he: ‘n boiler tends to be reversi a @A Thechange in temperature of working hence 1 mal stresses developed in the boiler is reduced, ~~ thermal efficiency of eycle is higher duet in the average temperature of heat adi 4,_-The rate of heat of addition is reduced, Se The height of the blade is comparatively lesser as there is a minimum amount of steam passing through the low pressure stages. 6. The turbine drainage is improved and erosion ‘moisiure is reduced due to many extractions. ‘The use of small size condenser is sufficient) SPECTROM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS Sia GROUP (3 @ scanned with OKEN Scannermea THERMAL ENGINEERING-II [JNTU-KAKINADA] Q38. What is reheating? What the advantages of reheat Rankine cyclo? ‘Answer : . Reheat OotiNov-17, Set-4, 02) ie One way of improving the net work output is by reducing the compressor work input. Another way fe eae! oe Work output is by inereasing the turbine work output. The turbine work can be improved by expanding the eases 10 HUG Ul ® fa re-heater in between the stages. In reheating the gas temperature, which has dropped due to expansion rf approximately the initial temperature of expansion in the next stage. [ ‘Combustion chamber 7 4, 5 Compressor 2" Tee 1 Low pressure turbine Woe | | 1 High pressure oe | I carb, Exhaust | Figure: Reheating Advantages of Reheat Rankine Cycle 1. Itincreases the thermal efficiency and output of the turbine. 2, Reheating process improves the final dryness fraction of steam. 3. Italso increases the nozzle and blade efficiencies of turbine, 4,__Iteliminates the erosion and corrosion problems occurred in the steam turbine. ‘39. Derive an expression for thermal efficiency of a regenerating cycle. Answer : Now-18, Set3, 21a) Consider a regenetative cycle with single feed water heater, as shown in figure, Bled steam fromturbine mg hy 1kg. be PromFeed gat = Feed waterheater © [—<—+— ro pump hy (1- m) kg ofbollet condenser Figure: Single Foed Water Heater The steam enters the turbine from boiler (through superheater). After expansi i ugh . After expansion, some amount of steam is drai inmate rn ert Te ame a a is lensed in condenser and pumped into the feed f . ee is ae sed pt into the feed water heater, where it mixes up with the steam extracted from Look for the $1& GROUP Loco {fon the TITLE COVER before you buy @ scanned with OKEN ScannerUNIT-1. Basic Concepts = “onsider, 1 kg of steam entering into the turbine from boiler. 1h, = Speciti enthalpy of steam entering into the steam turbine (ki/kg) ‘hy — Specific enthalpy of bled steam (ki/kw) ‘hy ~ Specific enthalpy of steam leaving the turbine (kI/kg) hy, ~ Spec uhalpy of feed water leaving the feed water heater (Ki/kg) fy, ~ Spestic enthalpy of steam leaving the condenser (KI/ke) ‘m= Amount of bled steam per kg of steam supplied from boiler. Heat Balance Equation Heat lost by bleeded steam = Heat gained by feed water im(t,~ hy, ==") (iy, = hy) mh, +mhy in=hy Work done in the turbine per kg of feed water before bleed = (fh, ~ ig) KNIks Work done in the turbine per kg of feed water after bleed-off = (1—m ) (iy —hy) Total work done = (Hh, ~) + (1) (hy ~ hs) Total heat supplied per kg of feed water = h, — hy. ‘Thermal efficiency ofthe eyele including the effect of bleeding, Total workdone "Total heat supplied y= hy) + (A= m) (hh) Gah) ive expressions for mass flow rates of bled steam considering 2-bleedings. (ay, Se, 10) | GetNow-17,Set-2, 02 | Model Paper, 20) Expression for Mass Flow Rates of Bled Steam ‘The expression for mass flow rates of bled steam can be derived by considering the regenerative or bleeding eycle as shown in the figure (a). Figure (a): Regenerative or Bleeding Cycle SPECTROM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS SIA GROUP @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTHERMAL ENGINEERING-H [JNTU-KAKINADA} B - Boiler S- Superheater T- Turbine C- Condenser LPH - Low Pressure Heater H.PH- High Pressure Heater P- Pump ‘The temperature-entropy diagram for the above cycle is shown in the figure (b). Figore: T-2 Diogram Consider, ‘m,~ Mass of steam in high pressure heater ‘m, ~Mass of steam in low pressure heater (1=m,) ~ Mass of steam entering into the turbine (-m,-m,) ~ Mass of steam entering into the condenser. For high pressure heater, the energy balance equation can be written as, am(h, —hy, )= 1 —m) hy, — hg) mh, — my hy, = Now, considering low pressure heater, Energy balance equation can be written as follows, sm,(ty— hg.) = =m ~m) (hy, ) mzf,—myhy, tg, ig, Im, hy, + my hy, mg hy, + my hy, gh, = by, ig, hy, + m4 hy, — my hy, aig — hy, = By My, emily, — hey), my — by, = Where, Ayhy hy, and hy, are respective enthalpies of regenerative cycle, Look for the SUA GROUP LOGO (ion the TILE COVER before you buy @ scanned with OKEN ScannerUNIT-1_ Basic Concepts, ad Cre in with the Rélp of diagram a reheat cycle. State the advantages and disadvantages of reheating. inswer : Model Pape, 2/0) a) | ne Figure: Block Diagram of Reheat Cycle ‘Components of Reheat Cycle 1. Boiler It is used to generate the steam. 2. Aturbine is used to expand the steam isentropically. 3. Heater It is used to reheat the steam fo a certain temperature, 4. Condenser It is used for heat rejection and also to convert the steam into liquid. Pump 4 It is used to feed the water into the boiler. Advantages 1. __Itimereases the thermal efficiency and output of the turbine 2. Reheating process improves the final dryness fraction of steam, 3. Italso increases the nozzle and blade efficiencies of tubi 4, It eliminates the erosion and corrosion problems occuring in the steam turbine. Disadvantages 1, __Itrequires more maintenance. 2. ‘Tn-comparison fo the expenditure incured invebeating, he increase in thermal fice i ot adequate. 3, It involves huge cost for piping connections and other equipment. 4, Thermal efficiency of rankine cycle is comparatively low. G42, Draw the T-s and H-s diagrams of reheat cycle representing all the salient points, Answer ‘Ts and H-s Diagrams of Reheat Cycle Inareheat cycle the steam enters the turbine ina superheated state at point-1. The steam then expands isentropically while flowing through the turbine, as shown by the vertical line in figure (2), After expansion, the steam becomes wet, which is reheated ‘ata constant pressure (generally upto the same temperature as that at point) shown by the point-3, where it is superheated. The ‘steam again expands isentropically while flowing through the next stage of the turbine, as shown by the vertical ine 3 to 4 in Hes diagram. . SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS. Sta GROUP {5 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner1.26 HERMAL ENGINEERING-I! [INTU-KAKINADA| q The Salient Pi is 1 Steam entering into turbine. Steam condition after partial expansion, (point where reheating st Steam condition after reheating, 4 Steam condition after expansion in turbine 1 ‘Temperature 0 Entropy —> Figure (1: T-s Diagram Eathaipy () ————> 0 ntropy 8 Figure (2: H-s Diagram 243. Derive the expression for efficiency of reheat cycle and com are wi i Answer : pare with rankine cycle, Expression for Effi ney of Reheat Cycle __Workdone ‘Total heat supplied Maco Workdone = Total heat drop Heat drop during the process 1 4, ~ (Heat drop during process 1-2) + (Heat drop dari Ng process 3.4) (hh) (yyy y @ scanned with OKEN ScannerINIT-1 Basic Concepts 1.27 Total heat supplied, cat Supplied at process (1) + Heat supplied between process (2) and (3). = hy +10, =h,)— hal Workdone heat supplied Tce = 7 Comparison between Efficiency of Reheat Cycle and Rankine Cycle The efficieey of rankine cycte is given by, ‘The efficiency of reheat cycle is given by, Nea, laced) Reve #10 hy) =H] By comparing both the efficiencies itcan be conc! mpared to simple rankine cycle. uded that the efficiency of rankine cycle with reheating can be increased Saturation curve PU PY PEER UTC eee ne |. A steam power cycle uses the following cycle, steam at boiler outlet 150 bar, 550°C. With reheat at 40 bar to 550°C, condenser at 0.1 bar. Assuming ideal processes, estimate the quality of steam at turbine exhaust, cycle efficiency and steam rate in kg/kWh. Given that, ‘Temperature, T, = T= 550°C Pressure, P, = P,= 150 bar Nov-15, Set, a2 PUN A AA pers ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS SIA oe a al @ scanned with OKEN Scannerae ; THERMAL ENGINEERING-II [JNTU-KAKINA From Mollier diagram, At, P,= 150 bar, 7, 4 550°C 1, = 3450 Kiikg At point 2, hy = 3050 kS/kg At point 3, hy = 3565 ki/kg 4, hy = 2290 kik x4 =0.88 (quality of steam at turbine exhaust) From steam tables, At poi At, P, = 150 bar Specific volume, v, 001658 m/kg ‘Work done by pump, W,=vA, =P, Ve—P5¥% vAP- 3) [¥ ve=v) = 0.001658 (1500.1) x 100 = 0.2485 « 100 W, = 24285 kilkg From steam table, at P, h, = 191.8 kik, Sp, = 0.649 Kihkg K 5y,= Sy, = 0.689 kilkg K Pump work, W, 24.85 =h,- 191.8 : ig = 216.65 kikg s+ Heat supplied, Q, = (hy — hig) * (hy hy) = (3450 - 216.65) + (3565 3050) 233.35 + 515 Q, = 3748.35 kihkg ‘Work done by turbine, Wy = (hy —hy) + (hy — hy) (3450-3050) + (3565 - 2290) 400+ 1275 W,,= 1675 Kiikg +. Net work done, Wr = Wy Wp = 1675 ~24.85, Wye, = 1650.15 kSkg ; Cycle efficiency (May, = a 1650.15 37ag3s 04 = 0.44 x 100 "Look for the SUA GROUP Loco ian tha HMLEGOVER GGG @ scanned with OKEN ScannerUNIT-1 Basic Concepts Ro s 550°C Toren y — Figure : hs Diagram team Rate or Specific Steam Consumption The steam rate is given by, > = 3600 ; ssc= 3700 SSC =2.182 kgkWh, . Atwo stage steam turbine receives steam at 38 bar and 350°C. The ‘expansion in the first turbine is carried Out until the steam is just dry saturated. Before entering the second turbine the steam is reheated at constant pressure to original temperature of 350°C. The steam expands in the LP turbine to a condenser Pressure of 0.03 bar, Calculate, () Work output in ki/kg (ii), Heat supplied per kg of steam (ii) Specific steam consumptions (iv) The cycle efficiency. 3 ‘The process of expansion may be considered isentr ihe é PUR, and feed pump work neglected. = Given that, Pressure, P, ‘Temperature, T, = 350°C Pressure, P, = 0.03 bar E E & é rc = r a 35°C r t 0.03 bar r 2 r Saturation fine a 3 rE Figure: Mollier Chart IM ALLAN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS ——— SIA GROUP g f @ scanned with OKEN Scanneri) iy dv) BC THERMAL ENGINEERING-II [JNTU-} From Mollier char, hy = 2765 kaikg f= 3190 kaikg Ay= 2187 kaikg Work Output Work done/kg of steam, W=((h,—hy) + (1,—hy) = [6080 -2765) + (3190-2187) = 1318 kiikg York output = 1318 ki/kg Heat Supplied /kg of Steam ‘Amount of heat supplied during reheating, Preset = hy ~ hy = 3190-2765 = 425 kikg © Heat supplied/kg of steam = 425 ki/kg Specific Steam Consumption Specific steam consumption, ~ 3600 (hy = hy) + (hy —hy) a 3600 © B080=2765)+ 190-2187) = 2.731 kw/kW-hr Specific steam consumption = Cycle Efficiency 731 ke/kW-he Cycle efficiency is given by, (hy fy) + (hy —Iy) EN Eee) From steam tables at 0.03 bar, fy, = 101 kiikg, 3080-2765)+ (3190-2187) Meyete = (3080-101) + 3190-2765) = 0.387 « 100 = 38.7% yele efficiency = 38.7% @ scanned with OKEN ScannerUNIT-1. Basic Concepts 1.31 48. Steam at 70 bar and 450°C is supplied to a steam turbine. After expanding to 26 bar in high pressure Stages, itis reheated to 420°C at the constant pressure, Noxt; itis expanded in intermediate pressure Stages to an appropriate minimum pressure such that part of the steam bled at this pressure heats the feed water to a temperature of 180°C, The remaining steam expands from this pressure to a condenser pressure of 0.07 bar in the low pressure stage. The isentropic efficiency of HP stage is 78.5%, while that Of the intermediate and LP stage is 83% each. Determine the minimum pressure at which bleeding ie necessary, the quantity of steam bled per kg of flow at the turbine inlet and the efficiency of the cycle. Answer + Nov-15, Set, a2 Given that, Pressures, P, = 70 bar P,=P,=25 bar P,=10 bar P.=0.07 bar Steam temperatures, 7, = 450°C T, = 420°C Feed water temperature = 180°C Isentropic efficiency of high pressure stage, ry p= 0.785 Isentropic efficiency of intermediate and low pressure stages, np =n, p= 0.83 (@) The Minimum Pressure For feed water at a temperature 180°C, the saturation pressure is 10 bar (from steam tables). ‘Therefore, the minimum pressure at which bleeding is necessary is 10 bar. From mollier chart, Reheater Boiler They! hike p fice P| areal ue fi ofthe Ay a amke mike. Pump] 5 (1m kg LWW Pumpe2 Feed water heater 7 ‘Condenser Figure : Plant Arrangement 70 bar 1 | Figure : WS Di @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTHERMAL ENG NEERING-II [JNTU-KAKINADA} 1.32 70 bar, 450°C; h, = 3285 Ki/kg 25 bar $y = 2980 kik 25 bar, 420°C jh; = 3280 KV/kg 10 bar sIig = 3030 Kirke, O07 bar 5H, = 2210 ki/kg From the figure, ny 3280 ~ hi 083= 5790-3030 i, = 3280 0.83 (3280-3030) i, =3072.5 ki/kg ‘And, Isentropic efficiency of LP stage, n, p= 3072.5 ~ 0.83(3072.5 2210) 2356,625 ki/kg hy Isentropic efficiency of FLP stage, Nyy p= 3285 — hi, 0.785 = 3385 =2980 i, = 3285 ~ 0.785(3285 2980) hi, = 3045.575 kikg () The Quantity of Steam Entered in Turbine Using relation, mx hy +(1—m)hy, = shy, From steam table, ‘At0.07 bar, hy, =1634= hy, 10 bar, hy, = 762:6 m 3072.5 + (1 =m) * 163.4 = 1 * 7626 3072.5 m+ 163.4~163.4m = 762.6 2909.1 m = 599.2 599.2 x ‘m= 0.206 kg of steam 0.206 kg of steam bled per kg of flow at the turbine inet, Look for the SIA GROUP Loco BAARARAABARAADALRARADD HR RRA Aanaaae ‘on the TITLE COVER before you buy | @ scanned with OKEN ScannerS unit-1 Basic Concepts = 3 (© Efficiency of the Cyate E Noa, = Work laste Heat supplied 5 3 = (in fa) *( hs — hi) +(1—m)( ay — hs) 5 (tm ~ 4g) +(ha— he : 5 >? = (3285 - 3045.575 )+ (3280-307: $)+(1-0.206 ( 3072.5 - 23: ) 5 (3285 - 762.6) +(3280 — 304s. 5 239.425 + 207.5 +0.794( 715,875 BATA 5 i = 0.3675 = 36.75% 5 Efficiency of cele, ns, —36 s “47. A steam power plant of 110 MW capacity is equipped with regenerative as well as reheat arrangement. The steam Is supplied at 80 bar and 56°C of superheat. The steam is extracted st? ber tor feed heating g 350°C and then expanded to 0.4 bar in the LP stage. Assume indirect 9 ratio of steam bled to steam generated, the boiler generating capacity § in tonnes of steam per hour and the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Now-16, S03, a2 5 “Answer : 5 ° Given that, > Plant capacity, P= 110 MW > Pressure, P, = 80 bar Pressure, P; = P,=7 bar ) Pressure, P, = 0.4 bar ) Temperature, 7, = 55°C + 295°C (-~ From steam tables t 80 bar, = 295°C) { 50°C ‘Temperature, T, = 350°C > Rebeser Boiler Superheater} (lm) ke 0 bs 7 bar tka TP y ake 80 bar Condenser Feed heater if bar (ake 7a Figure : Plant Arrangement IEERING STUDENTS SIA GROUP 2 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerS Zz 3 = z > =| Zz > 9 z= |EERING: ENGINI 34 THERMAL Te are Se. Cue 0.4 bar Saturation ine Etat (0) ——> hy ony 9) ——> Figuro: Mller Chart From steam tables, ALP, ALP, From moliee chart, enthalpies corresponding 1, P,=80 bar and 7, = 350°C jh, =2985 KIKE n= T ar shi, = 697.1 Kis 14 bar ; hg, = 317.7 kg, P,=7 bar ; h, = 2520 Kirke 7 bar and 7, = 350°C ; h, = 3170 kifke, P,=0A bar ; hy =2555 kik ‘On applying heat balance feed heater, Heat rejected by steam of m kg = Heat absorbed by condensed steam of (I~) kg m(hy~ hs,)= (hm) (hg hy) IYVVVVYV UV UY ‘m (2520 — 697.1) = (1 =m) (697.1 ~317.7) : = 1822.9 r SA om fom See aos = 1 - 5.804 = 3 s ‘Mass of steam bled, m= 0.172 kg 4 ca Ratio of steam bled to steam generated = Steamgenersred a bi f ba be =5.814 ‘Work done is given by, » Plant eapacity = my ~h) + m1 —m) (ty ~ hy) 7 be SIA GROUP Loco. Look for ti @ scanned with OKEN ScannerUNIT-1 Basic Concepts — Where 7,~ Amount of steam supplied from boiler 1010) =m, (29852520) + m,(1 ~0.172) (3170-2558) 10 10° = 465 m, + (0828) (615) m, 110 * 10° = 465 m, + soo, m, = 19x10" = 97829 m,~N2391 kgs Steam generating capacity of boiler, m, = 406, Thermal efficiency is given by, 48 tonnes/hour, _ _Workdone 6” Feat supplied _ (298s 2520 )+(1- 0.172 )(3170- 2555) (2985—697.1)+(1—0.172 (3170-2520 34.47% 248. A turbine with one bleeding for regenerative heating of feed water is admil enthalpy of 3200 kJ/kg and the exhausted steam has an enthal feed water is fed with 11350 kglhr of bled steam at 3.5 bar of e an enthalpy of 134 kJ/kg is pumped to the heater. It eaves the the power developed by the turbine. ited with steam having ipy of 2200 kJ/kg. The ideal regenerative nthalpy 2600 kJ/kg. The feed water with ter dry saturated at 3.5 bar. Determine Answer Turbine 3 Lkg 1 Output Boiler on Z 3 (l= m) kg mkg 4 6 3 } a-mg heat Pum Figure: Rognorative Rankine Cycle ‘ECTRUM A@LLIN-ONE JOGRNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS SIA GROUP 5 ‘ed @ scanned with OKEN ScannerG49. Ina reheat cycle, st Given that, Inet enthalpy, fh, = 3200 kitkg Exhaust enthalpy, hy = 2200 kkg Ideal regenerative feed = 11350 kg/hr Steam supply pressure, P=3.5 bar Enthalpy of bled steam, h, = 2600 ki/kg Enthalpy of feed water, My, = 134 ki/kg From steam tables, At, P=3.5 bar, hy, = 584.25 kiikg, Consider, m= Mass of feed water taken from I kg. From energy balance equation for feed heater, mh, + (1—m) By, = 1% hy ‘m x 2200 + (1m) 134 = 1 * 584.25 2200 m-+ 134 — 134 m = 584.25 2066 m = 450.25 m=0.218 ke/kg of steam ‘Steam supplied to the turbine per hour is given by, Ideal regenerative feed x Mass 1350 ~ 0.218 = 52064220 kg/hr ‘Net workdone per kg of steam is given by, W = (h,— hy) + (1m) (hy) = (3200-2600) + (1 ~0.218) (2600-2200) = (600) + (0.782) x (400) = 912.8 ikke Power developed by the turbine is given by, P =Net workdone * Steam supplied to the turbine = 912.8 x 52064.220 kithr __ 47524220.02 3600 = 13201.172kW Power developed by the turbines 13201.172 kW. turbin ‘at 100 bar and 500° C. The expansion Is con- tinued to a pressure of 8.5 bar with isentropic efficiency of 80%. There is a pressure drop of 1.5 bar in the reheater and then steam enters the L’P turbine at 7 bar and 500° C in which expan- ‘sion is continued to a back pressure of 0.04 bar with isentropic efficiency of 85%, Determine, iuls Le MAL ENGINEERING-II [J THER! {) Thermal efficiency (iy Specific steam consumption. Answer = Nousbec-12, St4, Q1(0)| OcLNov-17, Se Given that, HPP turbine, P, = 100 bar 7, = 500° LP turbine, P; =7 bar 7, = 500°C Back pressure, P,=0.04 bar P, — Figure: H-s Diagram Properties of Steam From mollier chart, State 1 P, = 100 bar and 7, = 500°C, h, = 3374.6 ki/kg and 5, = 6.599 klke-K State 2 ‘The quality of steam, s, = AtP,=8.5 bar, hj, = 732.05 KSikg, he, = 2769.9 KSikg 8, = 2.071 kikg-K Sp, = 6.639 kilkg-K 228A tH% Sh 6.599 = 2.071 +x, x (6.639 ~2.071) 4.528 =x, * 4.568 0.991 ‘ dy + x thy, 732.05 + 0.991 x (2769.9 ~ 732.03) 2751.559 ki/kg 599 ki/kg-K a State 3 P,=7 bar and T, = 500°C, hy = 3481.6 kilkg 4° 7931 Klkg-K Gok for the SIA GROUP LOGO {Ion the TITLE COVER before you buy 3,020) 0.04 bar‘ a) t INTU-KAKINADA] nn DDD DDD © © TPAAAASASSASSASSASLSD @ scanned with OKEN ScannerUNIT-1. Basic Concepts Stated At P,= 0.04, hy = 2400 kiikg 5 At P= P,=0.04 bar =4 kPa ¥= 1.004 * 10 mikg hy= hy, = 12) 46 ki/kg ‘Thermal Efficiency of Cycle The pump work is given by, Wy=v,(P\~P) = 1.004» 10° x (100 1024) (-. 1 bar= 108 Pa) a ~ 10.036 kirkg "© The work done by pump is also given by, eS Wy hgh JS (10.036 =, 121.46 ‘ a ‘n= 10.036 + 121.46 = 131.496 kikg "Total heat supplied per kg of steam, = O=(h,-h,) + (shy) ~ = (6374.6 — 131.496) + (8481.6 -2751.559) 243.104 + 730.041 973.145 kilkg © The work done by turbine per kg of steam, Wp = (hy hy) + (hy hy) ~ (3374.6 ~2751.559) + (3481.6 ~2400) = 1704.641 ki/kg ‘The net work done is given by, "Fe Wy Wp = 1704.641 ~ 10.036 = 1694.605 kirkg 5 u ° ‘Thermal efficiency is given by, 5 We é ng = B= : My = 42.7% i) Specific Steam Consumption The specific steam consumption is given by, _ 3600 3600 © Wye 1694.605 ssc = 2.124 kg/kWh 1.37 150. In a single regenerative heater system, the steam is supplied to the t and 15420 kg of steam is blowed per hour at 10 bar and the remaini turbine at a rate of 68000 kg/hr ing is passed to the condenser. Determine the enthalpy of steam at entry of regenerative heater and entry condition at the entry of the condenser. OctiNov.-1, Set-1, 220) iECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS SIA GROUP @ scanned with OKEN ScannerL ENGINEERING-II [JNTU-KAKINADA THERMAI 1.38 Answer : that, Rate of steam supplied to the turbine, m= 68000 ker Rate of steam blowed, m, = 15420 kg/hr Pressure of blowing steam, P, = 10 bar Figure: Ts Diagram ‘Assume, the part of steam blowed is in dry saturated condition From steam tables, At pressure P, = 10 bar Saturation temperature, (T,). = 179.9°C y= hg, = 2776.2 kikg, 762.6 kikg, ij, = 2013.6 KE 8, > S,, = 65828 kikgk Energy balance for regenerative heater = 762.6 ki/kg) (n= m,) (i, hs) # phe, = My CG (68000 ~ 15420) (762.6 ~ h,) + 15420 * 2776.2 = 68000 x 762.6 52580 (762.6 — h,) + 15420 x 2776.2 = 68000 x 762.6, 2. = 590.52 kVkg Properties of steam at an enthalpy, ly, = h, = 590.52 ki/kg Pressure, P, =3.65 bar Ig 2143 Kak ng, = 2733 Kk, 5, =, = 5, > 1.7360 kitkgk 1820 kik 928 ki/kgK 1 "Look for the SIA GROUP Loco Qfion the TITLE COVER before you buy @ scanned with OKEN Scannerr PPP UNIT-1. Basic Concepts pr __ Since, the expansion process in turbine I onOpiC E S=5, r 55° Sp, ~ 6.5828 = 1.73 +x «5.1820 x= 0.94 5 - y= hy +g ~ $9052 +094 «2183 (0 =) iS = 2604.94 ki/kg Enthalpy of steam at the entry of regenerative heater ~ My = hy = 2776.2 kSikg po Entry condition of steam at the entry of condenser im ©, Preoeurs, = Dryness fraction, x, = 0.94 Enthalpy, A, = 2604.94 ki/kg Entropy, S, = 6.928 ki/keK Steam at 50 bar and having an enthalpy of 3100 kiikg is supplied toa turbine and comes out at O41 and enthalpy of 2100 kJkg. A feed heating is done by extracting the steam at 3.2 bar with an enthal 2500 kJikg, The condensate from condenser with an enthalpy of 125 ki/kg Is fed into the feed heat direct mixing type. The quantity of bled steam is 11200 kgJhr. Find the power developed by the tur Neglect pump work. UU Up uw Daswer: Oct Now-16,Sot2 + Given that, i Turbine inlet pressure, P, = 50 bar > Turbine inlet enthalpy, 4, = 3100 kirkg > ‘Condenser inlet pressure, P, = 0.10 bar E Condenser inlet enthalpy, /, = 2100 kikg > Condenser outlet enthalpy, h, = 125 kiikg 5 Regenerative pressure, P, ~ 3.2 bar 5 Inlet enthalpy of feed heater, h, = 2500 kikg > Mass of bled steam, m, = 11200 kg/hr > 12 kg/s From steam tables, At pressure 3.2 bar, \ Ing = hy, = 570.9 kg \ ECTROM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS ‘SIA GROUP @ scanned with OKEN Scanner1.44 THERMAL ENGINEERING-II [JNTU-KAKINADAI@®) Enery Balance for Feed Heater 11200 (hy — hg) = (m= 11200) (Fg — hs) 11200 (2500 ~ 570.9) = (ms - 11200) (570.9 - 125) (C, (m — 11200) = 48454.63 m = 59654.63 ke/hr Mass of bled steam, m= 59654.63 ke/br 654.63 3600 Ke/s 16.57 kg/s Pump work is negligible, hy = h,) Power Developed By the Turbine Power, P = m(lt,—h,) + (m —3.12) (h—hy) 16.57(3100 ~ 2500) + (16.57 ~ 3.12) (2500~2100) P= 18012 kW. s] Q52. In a two stage regeneration system, steam at 26 bar and 400°C is supplied at a rate of 127 10° kg/h The extractions are 10400 kglhr at 2.9 bar and 8700 kgjhr at 0.6 bar. The condenser pressure is 5 cm of Hg. ‘Actual feed water temperature is 125°C. Find out the percentages of extracted steam at both points an thermal efficiency of the system. The power output from the plant is 25 MW. FAALLDLLD®D Answer : ‘Oct Nov.-16, Set-3, Given that, AIS. Boiler pressure, P, = 26 bar Boiler temperature, T, = 400°C °Rate of steam, 7, = 127 * 10° kg/hr First extraction : Pressure, P, =2.9 bar Mass of steam, m, = 10400 kg/hr = Second extraction : Pressure, P, = 0.6 bar ‘Mass of steam, m, = 8700 ke/hr = 2.42 kg/sec Condenser pressure, P, = 5 em of Hg — 1.01325%5 76 Baggage aA AAALZASZSZLZS. 0.0667 bar Feed water temperature, T,= 125°C Power output, P= 25 MW @ scanned with OKEN ScannerINIT-1 Basic Concepts 400°C Saturation temperature, (7,),,,= 226°C Since, 7, > (T)),q» team enters into the turbine is in superheated state, From superheated steam tables, 237.518 kilkg, 995 kikg K Bs PR Atpressure, P, =26 bar, temperature, 7, es > re 6.995 ki/keK. 2.9 bar) 56.5 kik, Sp, = 53427 kilkgK Since, S, 00325. | fGp3 “0059 | 5.349% 13.09 0.8675 "N, 13.09 28 —— = 0.4675 poe 1 ¥ 5 = pane 70.7695. | 76.954 % . z == 0.6075 ‘The volumetric analysis of the products of combustion, CO =2.189% C0, = 8.790% Excess 0,= 6.716% 349% H,O N,= 76.954% Look for the SIA GROUP Loco: on the TITLE COVER before you buy \ tl PP a DOE a Oa PoE EE Oa ae ee me | @ scanned with OKEN Scanner