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Alveolar Bone

The document discusses the alveolar process, which forms the tooth sockets and is tooth-dependent. It describes the parts of the alveolar process including the alveolar bone proper, external plate, and cancellous trabeculae. Fenestrations and dehiscences are defined as anatomical defects of the bone. Bone remodeling is discussed as well as the cells involved - osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. The composition of bone includes inorganic minerals and an organic collagen matrix.

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51 views

Alveolar Bone

The document discusses the alveolar process, which forms the tooth sockets and is tooth-dependent. It describes the parts of the alveolar process including the alveolar bone proper, external plate, and cancellous trabeculae. Fenestrations and dehiscences are defined as anatomical defects of the bone. Bone remodeling is discussed as well as the cells involved - osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. The composition of bone includes inorganic minerals and an organic collagen matrix.

Uploaded by

rtottar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dr.

Omar Husham ‫المرحله الرابعه‬

Periodontology

Alveolar process(AP)

Is the portion of the maxilla and mandible that forms and supports
the tooth sockets (alveoli).

It develops in conjunction with the formation of and during the


eruption of the teeth and is gradually resorbed if the teeth are lost ,
thus it is tooth dependent structure

Functions of alveolar process:

1.comprises the attachment apparatus and the supporting tissue of


the teeth together with root cementum and PDL fibers.

2.provide the osseous attachment to the PDL fibers

3.distribute and resorb forces generated by mastication and other


tooth contacts

Alveolus:is the space in the alveolar bone that accommodates the


roots of the teeth.

Parts of the alveolar process:

1.Alveolar bone proper: it is a thin layer of compact bone forming the


inner socket wall (lines the alveolus), which is seen as the lamina dura
in radiographs. A great number of sharpey's fiber bundles are
embedded into this layer of bone which is adjacent to the PDL
therefore it is called((bundle bone))
Dr.Omar Husham ‫المرحله الرابعه‬

Histologically this bone contains many small holes or openings called


((volkmann's canals)) through which blood vessels , lymphatics and
nerves link the PDL with the cancellous bone thus it is called
((cribriform plate))

2.An external plate of cortical bone

3.Cancellous trabeculae or spongy bone: which is located in the space


between the external cortical plate and alveolar bone proper, they
meet and fuse to form the alveolar crest.cancellous bone, which act as
supporting alveolar bone, with cortical bone surround the alveolar
bone proper (ABP)

Basal bone:- is the portion of the jaw located apically but unrelated to
the teeth.

Lamina dura:-the layer of ABP appears as white line surrounding the


root of the tooth on radiographs.

The alveolar processes are subdivided according to their anatomical


relationships to the teeth

1.Interproximal bone (interdental septum):- The bone located


between the roots of adjacent teeth

2.inter radicular bone:- the bone located between the roots of


multirooted teeth.

3.radicular bone:- the alveolar process located on the facial, lingual or


palatal surfaces of the roots of teeth.
Dr.Omar Husham ‫المرحله الرابعه‬

The distance between the crest of the alveolar bone and the
cementoenamel junction increases with age to an (average of
2.81mm).The thickness of alveolar process varies from one region to
another depends on the position of the teeth in the arch and their
relationship to one another, e.g. teeth that are labially positioned in
the arch will have thin labial radicular bone and thicker lingual
radicular bone.

Bone marrow:- The cavities of all bones of new-born are occupied by


red marrow while in the adult jaw occupied by fatty or yellow type of
marrow , however foci of red bone marrow are seen in the jaw which
may be visible radiographically as zones of radiolucency.

Common locations are the maxillary and mandibular molar and


premolar areas.

Periosteum and Endosteum:

Periosteum:-it is a layer of tissue covering the outer surface of bone,it


contains collagen fibers and cells (osteoblasts) with blood vessels,
nerves and fibroblasts

Endosteum:- the marrow spaces inside the bone are lined by


endosteum, this tissue contains cells (osteoblasts)
Dr.Omar Husham ‫المرحله الرابعه‬

Anatomical defects of bone:-

1.Fenestration(window):-This bony defect include isolated areas in


which the root is not covered with bone but covered only by
periosteum and overlying gingiva and it does not extend to the
marginal bone.

2.Dehiscence:-This bony defect include the denuded areas which


extend to the bone margin,exposing the root surface.The defects may
extend to the middle of the root or farther.

Such defects occur on approximately 20% of the teeth,they occur


more often on the facial bone than on the lingual bone are more
common on anterior than on posterior teeth.

The cause of these defects is not clear, but may be related to some
factors such as, prominent root, malposition or labial protrusion of
the root with thin bony plate.

Haversian system or Osteon:-

It is an internal mechanism that bring a vascular supply to bones,


consists of central canal called (Haversian canal)which in their center
contains the blood vessel. These blood vessels surrounded by bone
lamellae which arranged in concentric layers constitute the center of
an osteon.The blood vessels in haversian canal are connected with
each other by anastomoses running in the Volkmann's canals,so the
nutrition of bone is secured by the incorporation of blood vessels in
the bone tissue.
Dr.Omar Husham ‫المرحله الرابعه‬

Bone cells:-

1.Osteoblast cells(bone forming cells):is responsible for the


production of an organic matrix of bone which is consisting primarily
of collagen fibers called (osteoid), this bone matrix undergoes
mineralization by the deposition of minerals such as calcium and
phosphate,which are subsequently transformed to hydroxyl apatite

2.Osteoclast cells:-These are large multinucleated cells found in


concavities on the bone surface called (howship's lacunae) these cells
responsible for bone resorption.

3.Osteocyte cells:- osteoblast cells that become trapped in the bone


matrix and later on in the mineralized bone tissue , we call them
osteocyte cells, they are located in the lacunae and are connected
with the one another by extending processes into canaliculi through
which they get nutrients and removes metabolic waste products.

Resorption of bone:-

The sequence of events in the resorptive process as follows:

1.attachment of osteoclasts to the mineralized surface of bone

2.creation of a sealed acidic environment,which demineralizes bone


and exposes the organic matrix

3.degradation of the exposed organic matrix to its constituent amino


acids via the action of released enzymes(e.g.,acid phosphates,
cathepsin).

4.Sequestering of mineral ions and amino acids within the osteoclast


Dr.Omar Husham ‫المرحله الرابعه‬

Composition of the bone:-

Bone consists of 2/3 inorganic matter and 1/3 organic matrix.

The inorganic matter is composed principally of the minerals calcium


and phosphate,along with hydroxyl,carbonate,citrate,and lactate
trace amounts of other ions such as sodium,magnesium and fluorine.
The mineral salts are in the form of hydroxy apatite crystals.

The organic matrix consists mainly of collagen type I fibers (90%),with


small amounts of non collagenous proteins such as osteocalcin and
osteonectin.

Bone contains 99% of the body’s calcium ions and therefore is the
major source for calcium release when the calcium blood levels
decrease,this is monitored by the parathyroid gland.

Remodeling of alveolar bone:-

Alveolar bone undergoes constant physiologic remodeling (resorption


and formation)in response to external forces specially occlusal forces.

Teeth erupts and tend to move mesially throughout life to


compensate for wearing in the proximal contact areas with age which
become flat , this referred to as physiologic mesial migration , thus
osteoclast cells and bone resorption occur in areas of pressure on the
mesial surface and osteoblast cells with new bone formed in areas of
tension on the distal surface.This process of resorption and formation
of bone is called bone remodeling and it is important in the
orthodontic treatment.
Dr.Omar Husham ‫المرحله الرابعه‬

Remodeling of alveolar bone is regulated by local influences include


functional requirements on the tooth and age related changes in bone
cells while,systemic influences are probably
hormonal(e.g.,parathyroid hormone,or vitamin D3).
‫‪Dr.Omar Husham‬‬ ‫المرحله الرابعه‬
‫‪Dr.Omar Husham‬‬ ‫المرحله الرابعه‬
‫‪Dr.Omar Husham‬‬ ‫المرحله الرابعه‬
‫‪Dr.Omar Husham‬‬ ‫المرحله الرابعه‬
‫‪Dr.Omar Husham‬‬ ‫المرحله الرابعه‬
‫‪Dr.Omar Husham‬‬ ‫المرحله الرابعه‬
‫‪Dr.Omar Husham‬‬ ‫المرحله الرابعه‬

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