Seminar Report on

WIRELESS SENSWOR NETWORKING

Submitted by

SUSHREE MEERASHREE JENA

Regd. No.: 2001229053

Seminar Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of degree of B.Tech. in Computer Science &
Engineering under
Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT)

2020 - 2024

Under the Guidance of

Raghunath Rout
Asso. Professor, Dept. of CSE

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

DRIEMS (Autonomous), Tangi, Cuttack-754022
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
DRIEMS (Autonomous), Tangi, Cuttack - 745022

Certificate

This is to certify that this is a bonafide Seminar report, titled “Wireless Sensor
Networking”, done satisfactorily Sushree Meerashree Jena (2001229053) in partial
fulfillment of requirements for the degree of B.Tech. in Computer Science & Engineering
under Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT).

This Seminar report on the above mentioned topic has not been submitted for any other
examination earlier before in this institution and does not form part of any other course
undergone by the candidate.

Raghunath Rout Surajit Mohanty

Asso. Professor, Dept. of CSE Asso. Professor & Head
Guide Dept of CSE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my indebtedness to my guide Raghunath Rout, Associate Professor of the

Computer Science & Engineering department who spared his valuable time to go through
manuscript and offer his scholar advice in the writing. His guidance, encouragement and
all out help have been invaluable to me. There is short of words to express my gratitude
and thankfulness to him.

I am grateful to all the teachers of Computer Science & Engineering department, DRIEMS,
for their encouragement, advice and help.

At the outset, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Surajit Mohanty, H.O.D of
Computer Science & Engineering department for his moral support extended towards me
throughout the duration of this seminar.

I am also thankful to my friends who have helped me directly or indirectly for the success
of this seminar.

Sushree Mrashree Jena

Regd. No.: 2001229053
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
DRIEMS Autonomous Engg. College
ABSTRACT

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) enable new applications and require

nonconventional paradigms for protocol design due to several constraints. Owing to the
requirement for low device complexity together with low energy consumption (i.e., long
network lifetime), a proper balance between communication and signal/data processing
Capabilities must be found. This motivates a huge effort in research activities, standardization
process, and industrial investments on this field since the last decade.

This survey paper aims at reporting an overview of WSNs technologies, main

applications and standards, features in WSNs design, and evolutions. In particular, some
peculiar applications, such as those based on environmental monitoring, are discussed and
design strategies highlighted; a case study based on a real implementation is also reported.

Trends and possible evolutions are traced. Emphasis is given to the IEEE 802.15.4
technology, which enables many applications of WSNs. Some example of performance
characteristics of 802.15.4-based networks are shown and discussed as a function of the size of
the WSN and the data type to be exchanged among nodes.

Keywords: Wireless Sensor networks, WSN design, WSN technology

CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES i
CHAPTER 1 1
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 WSN TECHNOLOGY 1
1.2 HISTORY OF WSN 3
1.3 ARCHITECTURE OF WSN
CHAPTER 2 5
2 SENSOR TECHNOLOGY 5
2.1 DEFINITION 5
2.2 TYPES OF SENSOR 6
2.3 TRENDS OF SENSOR 7
CHAPTER 3 8
3 FEATURES 8
3.1 AD-HOCK DEPLOYMENT 8
3.2 UN-ATTENDED OPERATION 8
3.3 UNMETERED 8
3.4 DYNAMIC CHANGES 8
CHAPTER 4 9
4 APPLICATIONS 10

4.1 ENVIORNMENT MONITERING 10

4.2 TRAFIC CONTROL 11

4.3 APPLICATION 11
4.4 SMART BUILDING 13
4.5 SECURITY
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 14
REFERENCES 16
LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO. FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO

Fig 1.1 WIRELESS NODE ARCHITECTURE 3

Fig 2.1 SENSOR AND GATEWAY NODE 4
Fig 2.2 SENSOR TECHNOLOGY 5
Fig 2.3 APPLICATION 9
Fig 2.4 ENVIRONMENT MONITIORING 10
Fig 3.1 SMART BUILDING 12

i
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to

monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and
to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location. The more modern
networks are bidirectional, also enabling control of sensor activity. The development of
wireless sensor networks was motivated by military applications such as battlefield
surveillance; today such networks are used in many industrial and consumer applications, such
as industrial process monitoring and control, machine health monitoring, and so on.

1.1 WSN TECHNOLOGY

The WSN is built of "nodes" – from a few to several hundreds or even thousands, where
each node is connected to one (or sometimes several) sensors. Each such sensor network node
has typically several parts: a radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an
external antenna, a microcontroller, an electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and an
energy source, usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting.

A sensor node might vary in size from that of a shoebox down to the size of a grain of
dust, although functioning "motes" of genuine microscopic dimensions have yet to be created.
The cost of sensor nodes is similarly variable, ranging from a few to hundreds of dollars,
depending on the complexity of the individual sensor nodes. Size and cost constraints on sensor
nodes result in corresponding constraints on resources such as energy, memory, computational
speed and communications bandwidth. The topology of the WSNs can vary from a simple star
network to an advanced multi-hop wireless mesh network. The propagation technique between
the hops of the network can be routing or flooding.

1.2 HISTORY
The origins of the research on WSNs can be traced back to the Distributed Sensor
Networks(DSN) program at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) at
around 1980. By this time, the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)

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had been operational for a number of years, with about 200 hosts at universities and research
institutes. DSNs were assumed to have many spatially distributed low-cost sensing nodes that
collaborated with each other but operated autonomously, with information being routed to
whichever node was best able to use the information.

At that time, this was actually an ambitious program. There were no personal computers and
workstations; processing was mainly performed on minicomputers and the Ethernet was just
becoming popular. Technology components for a DSN were identified in a Distributed Sensor
Nets workshop in 1978 (Proceedings of the Distributed Sensor Nets Workshop, 1978). these
included sensors (acoustic), communication and processing modules, and distributed
software. Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) even developed a
communication-oriented operating system called Accent (Rashid & Robertson, 1981), which
allowed flexible, transparent access to distributed resources required for a fault-tolerant DSN.
A demonstrative application of DSN was a helicopter tracking system (Myers et al., 1984),
using a distributed array of acoustic microphones by means of signal abstractions and
matching techniques, developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Even
though early researchers on sensor networks had in mind the vision of a DSN, the technology
was not quite ready. More specifically, the sensors were rather large and This work was
carried out during the tenure of an ERCIM “Alain Bensoussan” Fellowship Program and is
part of the MELODY Project, which is funded by the Research Council of Norway under the
contract number 187857/S10. In the new wave of sensor network research, networking
techniques and networked information processing suitable for highly dynamic ad hoc
environments and resource constrained sensor nodes have been the focus. Further, the sensor
nodes have been much smaller in size (i.e. pack of cards to dust particle) and much cheaper
in price, and thus many new civilian applications of sensor networks such as environment
monitoring, vehicular sensor network and body sensor network have emerged. Again,
DARPA acted as a pioneer in the new wave of sensor network research by launching an
initiative research program called SensIT. Which provided the present sensor networks with
new capabilities such as ad hoc networking, dynamic querying and tasking, reprogramming
and multitasking. At the same time, the IEEE noticed the low expense and high capabilities
that sensor networks offer. The organization has defined the IEEE 802.15.4 standard (IEEE
802.15 WPAN Task Group 4, n.d.) for low data rate wireless personal area networks. Based
on IEEE 802.15.4, ZigBee Alliance (ZigBee Alliance, n.d.) has published the ZigBee

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standard which specifies a suite of high level communication protocols which can be used by
WSNs. Currently, WSN has been viewed as one of the most important technologies for the
21st century (21 Ideas for the 21st Century,1999). Countries such as China have involved
WSNs in their national strategic research programmer’s (Ni, 2008). The commercialization’s
of WSNs are also being accelerated by new formed companies like Crossbow Technology
(Crossbow Technology, n.d.) and Dust Networks.

1.3 WSN ARCHITECTURE

The architecture of wsn consist of sensor microcontroller unit antenna and transmitter &
receiver of the system.sens0r and control units are connected to the battery for required power
supply voltage sensor sense the physical environment and send the input to the A/D converter
to convert it into digital form and then it is send to the control unit of microcontroller from
where the o/p’s are controlled by the mechanism stored in microcontroller unit

Fig 1.1 WIRELESS NODE ARCHITECTURE

The topology of the WSNs can vary from a simple star network to an advanced multi-hop
wireless mesh network. The propagation technique between the hops of the network can be
routing or flooding.

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Fig 1.2 SENSOR AND GATEWAY NODE

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Chapter 2
SENSOR TECHNOLOGY

Sensors are the very important part of any sensor network it is the primery hub of wireless
sensor networks. All wireless technology is depend upon these sensors in our general life
we use many sensors ,do u know that how much sensors are working in your system or in
your mobile cell. U can not think about a network without sensor

Fig 2.1 SENSOR TECHNOLOGY

2.1 DEFINITION

A 'sensor' is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a 'signal' which
can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, a mercury thermometer converts
the measured temperature into the expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on
a calibrated glass tube.

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2.2 TYPE OF SENSOR
There are a lot of different types of sensors. Sensors are used in everyday objects.

Thermal sensors
A sensor that detects temperature. Thermal sensors are found in many laptops and computers
in order to sound an alarm when a certain temperature has been exceeded.

• temperature sensors: thermometers

• heat sensors: bolometer, calorimeter

Electromagnetic sensors
An electronic device used to measure a physical quantity such as pressure or loudness and
convert it into an electronic signal of some kind (e.g. a voltage).

• electrical resistance sensors: ohmmeter

• electrical voltage sensors: voltmeter
• electrical power sensors: watt-hour meter
• magnetism sensors: magnetic compass
• metal detectors
• Radar

Mechanical sensors

• Pressure sensors: barometer

• Vibration and shock sensors

Motion sensors
A motion sensor detects physical movement in a given area.

 radar gun, tachometer

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Car sensors

• reversing sensor
• rain sensor

2.3 THE TRENDS OF SENSOR

Because of certain disadvantages of physical contact sensors, newer technology non-contact

sensors have become prevalent in industry, performing well in many applications. The recent
style of non-contact sensors shows that “Thin (g) is In”. Market trends show that form and
size are important.

Users are looking for smaller and more accurate sensors. New technologies for the sensing
chips are breaking application barriers. For the future, the trend will be to continue to provide
smaller, more affordable sensors that have the flexibility to fit even more applications in both
industrial and commercial environments.

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Chapter 3

FEATURES

In spite of the diverse applications, sensor networks pose a number of unique technical features
due to the following factors:

3.1 AD HOC DEPENDENCY

Most sensor nodes are deployed in regions which have no infrastructure at all. A typical way
of deployment in a forest would be tossing the sensor nodes from an aeroplane. In such a
situation, it is up to the nodes to identify its connectivity and distribution.

3.2 UNATTENDED OPERATION

In most cases, once deployed, sensor networks have no human intervention. Hence the nodes
themselves are responsible for reconfiguration in case of any changes

3.3 UNMETERED
The sensor nodes are not connected to any energy source. There is only a finite source Of
energy, which must be optimally used for processing and communication? An interesting fact
is That communication dominates processing in energy consumption. Thus, in order to make
optimal Use of energy, communication should be minimized as much as possible.

3.4 DYNAMIC CHANGES

It is required that a sensor network system be adaptable to changing Connectivity (for e.g.,
due to addition of more nodes, failure of nodes etc.) as well as changing Environmental
stimuli. Thus, unlike traditional networks, where the focus is on maximizing channel
throughput or minimizing node deployment, the major consideration in a sensor network is
to extend the system lifetime as well as the system robustness.

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Chapter 4

APPLICATION
The original motivation behind the research into WSNs was military application. Examples
of military sensor networks include large-scale acoustic ocean surveillance systems for the
detection of submarines, self-organized and randomly deployedWSNs for battlefield
surveillance and attaching microsensors to weapons for stockpile surveillance (Pister, 2000).
As the costs for sensor nodes and communication networks have been reduced, many other
potential applications including those for civilian purposes have emerged. The following are
a few examples.

Fig 4.1 APPLICATION

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4.1 Environmental Monitoring
Environmental monitoring (Steere et al., 2000) can be used for animal tracking, forest
surveillance, flood detection, and weather forecasting. It is a natural candidate for applying
WSNs, because the variables to be monitored, e.g. temperature, are usually distributed over a
large region. One example is that researchers from the University of Southampton have built
a glacial environment monitoring system using WSNs in Norway (Martinez et al., 2005).
They collect data from sensor nodes installed within the ice and the sub-glacial sediment
without the use of wires which could disturb the environment.

Fig 4.2 ENVIRONMENT MONITIORING

4.2 Health Monitoring

WSNs can be embedded into a hospital building to track and monitor patients and all medical
resources. Special kinds of sensors which can measure blood pressure, body temperature and
electrocardiograph (ECG) can even be knitted into clothes to provide remote nursing for the

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elderly. When the sensors are worn or implanted for healthcare purposes, they form a special
kind of sensor network called a body sensor network (BSN). BSN is a rich interdisciplinary
area which revolutionizes the healthcare system by allowing inexpensive, continuous and
ambulatory health monitoring with real-time updates of medical records via the Internet.

4.3 TRAFFIC CONTROL

Sensor networks have been used for vehicle traffic monitoring and control for some time. At
many crossroads, there are either overhead or buried sensors to detect vehicles and to control
the traffic lights. Furthermore, video cameras are also frequently used to monitor road
segments with heavy traffic. However, the traditional communication networks used to
connect these sensors are costly, and thus traffic monitoring is usually only available at a few
critical points in a city (Chong & Kumar, 2003). WSNs will completely change the landscape
of traffic monitoring and control by installing cheap sensor nodes in the car, at the parking
lots, along the roadside, etc. Street line, Inc. (Street line, Inc., n.d.) is a company which uses
sensor network technology to help drivers find unoccupied parking places and avoid traffic
jams. The solutions provided by Street line can significantly improve the city traffic
management and reduce the emission of carbon dioxide.

4.4 SMART BUILDINGS

The New York Times Building - a Smart Building

The headquarters of the New York Times is an example of how different smart building
technologies can be combined to reduce energy consumption and to increase user comfort.
Overall, the building consumes 30% less energy than traditional office skyscrapers. Opened
in November 2007 and designed by Renzo Piano, the building has a curtain wall which serves
as a sunscreen and changes color during the day. This wall consists of ceramic rods, “a
supporting structure for the screen and an insulated window unit” (Hart, 2008).

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Fig 4.3 SMART BUILDING

The building is further equipped with lighting and shading control systems based on ICT
technologies. The lighting system ensures that electrical light is only used when required.
Further day lighting measures include a garden in the centre of the ground floor which is open
to the sky as well as a large area skylight.

The electrical ballasts in the lighting system are equipped with chips that allow each ballast
to be controlled separately. The shading system tracks the position of the sun and relies on a
sensor network to automatically actuate the raising and lowering of the shades.

The high-tech HVAC system is equipped with sensors that measure the temperature. It is
further able to rely on free air cooling, i.e. fresh air on cool mornings is brought into the
HVAC system. An automated building system monitors in parallel “the air conditioning,
water cooling, heating, fire alarm, and generation systems” (Siemens, 2008).

The system relies on a large-scale sensor network composed of different kinds of sensors
which deliver real-time information. Consequently, energy can be saved as only as few
systems are turned on as needed.

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4.5 SECURITY
While the future of WSNs is very prospective, WSNs will not be successfully deployed if
security, dependability and privacy issues are not addressed adequately. These issues become
more important because WSNs are usually used for very critical applications. Furthermore,
WSNs are very vulnerable and thus attractive to attacks because of their limited prices
andhuman-unattended deployment .IT provide kee management, authentication, intrusion
detection, privacy protection which makes WSN secure.

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CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 CONCLUSION

 Speech recognition will revolutionize the way people interacted with Smart devices &
will, ultimately, differentiate the upcoming technologies. Almost all the smart devices
coming today in the market are capable of recognizing speech. Many areas can benefit
from this technology. Speech Recognition can be used for intuitive operation of
computer-based systems in daily life.
 This technology will spawn revolutionary changes in the modern world and become a
pivot technology. Within five years, speech recognition technology will become so
pervasive in our daily lives that service environments lacking this technology will be
considered inferior.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

 Achieving efficient speaker independent word recognition

All the SR systems will be speaker independent and will produce the same kind out
output for a particular command irrespective of the user. SR systems will be able to
process the voice commands of all the users with very high accuracy & efficiency.
 Ability to distinguish nuances of speech and meanings of words
SR systems would be able to distinguish between nuances phrases & meaningful
commands, & would be able to process the proper command out of the nuances phrases
correctly.
 Stand-alone Speech Recognition Systems
Presently there is no SR stand-alone systems available, all the SR systems been
developed are based on one or the other preexisting hardware and software platforms.
But in near future Stand Alone SR systems might be available in the market.
 Wearable Speech Recognition System
SR systems will be embedded in wearable devices or things such as wrist watch,
necklace, bracelet etc. There will be no need of carrying bulky devices and the
technology can be used on the go.

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utomated accident detection systems help in reducing fatalities emanating from vehicular
accidents by decreasing the emergency response time. Real-time accident detection and
emergency alert can save lives. In this work we have presented a smartphone based
accident detection system which augments data from sensors such as accelerometer,
gyroscope and microphone to reliably detect a vehicular crash. Proposed models based
only on acceleration thresholds have false positives in absence of GPS. In-vehicle airbag
deployment is triggered at acceleration above or equal to 60g whereas mild or medium
accidents produce acceleration only up to 40g which may result in serious injury to the
driver or passenger on-board. Hence, keeping the thresholds high will definitely reduce
false positives but it will introduce false negatives, and keeping it low will bring false
positives along with actual true positives (crash events). Additionally, smartphones are
capable of providing rich amount of data for accident analysis, like data from multiple
sensors, including pictures and videos, etc. In accidents where smartphone itself is
completely damaged, this solution may not be able to deliver what it promises to. Hence,
it may not be possible to beat the accuracy of expensive in-vehicle systems equipped with
high-end accident detection technologies with a smartphone sensor based application, as
they have the obvious advantage of direct access to the vehicle. However, there might be
several scenarios where the smartphone is actually not damaged wherein such a solution
can result into life-savings. Especially in developing countries where people in general
cannot afford those pre-installed vehicle accident detection systems because of the cost
involved, this solution becomes even more important and will have a significant impact
on first emergency/medical response team reaching the accident location on time and
thus saving lives. Therefore, having a solution with similar level of accuracy which can
make a difference as big as saving lives of people is better than having no other
alternative at all. As a part of future work we are investigating whether pictures/videos
from smartphone and data from multiple mobile gadgets like smart watch, heart rate
monitor or other smart wearables can be used to identify and improve the accuracy of
analyzing severity of an accident. This data captured during an accident or at the location
can help emergency responders to better analyze the accident and situation of injured
people or victims and act accordingly. Moreover, this solution can be integrated with
traffic congestion monitoring solutions to divert traffic from accident location.

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School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University
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Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, College of Arts and Science, Stetson
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