Science 9

Pointers
1.Parts and Functions of Respiratory and Circulatory System
2.Diseases of the Respiratory and Circulatory System
3.Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
4.Sex-Related Inheritance
5.Biodiversity
6.Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
REVIEWER
I. Parts and Functions of Respiratory and Circulatory System
A.Respiratory System

A.Functions:
▪help us breathe
▪Obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
▪Includes tubes that remove particles (filter) incoming air and transport air into and out of the
lungs.
▪Entrap particles from the incoming air
▪Help control the temperature and water content of the air.
▪Produce vocal sounds.
▪Participate in the sense of smell.
▪Functions as an air distributor and gas exchanger in order that oxygen may be supplied to; and
carbon dioxide may be removed from the body’s cells.

B.Respiration - the exchange of gases between cells and the environment.

C.Parts and Functions of the Respiratory System

▪Nasal Cavity
-A hollow space behind the nose.

- Passageway of air to and from the lungs.

-Filters, warms, and moistens the air.

-Lined with mucous membrane that possess cilia.

▪Pharynx

- Throat; 5 inches long.

-Hallway for the respiratory and digestive tracts.

-Located behind the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx.

▪Larynx

-An enlargement in the airway at the top of the trachea and below the pharynx. Protects the airway against
entrance of food during swallowing

-Conducts air in and out of the trachea.

-It houses the vocal cords.

▪Trachea

-Windpipe. Flexible and cylindrical tube.

-Open passageway through which air can reach the lungs and splits into right and left bronchi.

▪Bronchi

-Distribute air into the lungs’ interior

-Similar structure with the trachea.

-Smaller branches have less cartilage.

▪Bronchioles

-Distribute air into the lungs’ interior

-Lack cartilage

-Smallest airways that lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli.

▪Alveoli

-Microscopic air sacs that lie within capillary networks.

-Actual site of gas exchange.

▪Lungs

-Soft, and spongy cone-shaped organs.

-Function for gas distribution and gas exchange.

▪Diaphragm

-A dome-shaped muscle that divides the chest from the abdomen.

-Contracts and relaxes during the breathing process.

B.Circulatory System

A.Functions:

▪The life support structure that nourishes your cells with nutrients from the food you eat and oxygen you
breathe.

▪Can be compared to complex arrangements of highways, avenues and lanes.

▪The life support structure that nourishes your cells with nutrients from the food you eat and oxygen you
breathe.

▪Can be compared to complex arrangements of highways, avenues and lanes.

B.Parts and Functions

▪Heart –a hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump.

-Pumps blood to the different parts of the body.

-Located in the chest, has a special covering called pericardium.

-Shaped and sized roughly like a man’s closed fist.

-Four chambers

-Parts of the Heart

•Atria – upper chambers; receiving chambers; has thin walls.

Right Atrium – from the body

Left Atrium – from the lungs

•Ventricles – lower chambers; pumping chambers; has thick walls.

Right Ventricle – to the lungs

Left Ventricle – to the body

▪Blood vessels - form a closed-circuit of tubes that carry blood to and from the heart and the different
parts of the body.

-Form a closed circuit of tubes that carries blood from the heart to the body cells and back again.

-Carry the blood throughout the body.

-Has three types:

•Arteries – carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

•Veins – carry deoxygenated blood to the heart.

•Capillaries – smallest (microscopic) blood vessels in the body; connect the smallest arteries

And smallest veins; and the actual site where gases and nutrients are exchanged.

▪Blood – is a fluid made up of liquid plasma (55%), and floating cells (45%).

-The circulating fluid that carries the materials (e.g. oxygen and nutrients) to all body cells and collects
waste materials (e.g. carbon dioxide) from them.

-Carries the materials throughout the body.

-A type of connective tissue whose cells are suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix.

•Formed elements

-Plasma

➢– 92% water, 7% proteins, 1% other

substances (inorganic salts, hormones,

enzymes, vitamins, respiratory gases,

nutrients, metabolic waste)

-Red blood cells

➢Biconcave discs.

➢No nucleus.

➢Contains Hemoglobin – a complex protein that has strong attraction to oxygen.

➢Carries oxygen to the different parts of the body.

➢Life span of 120 days.

➢For male adults: 4.6 to 6.2 M cells per cubic mm (microliter).

➢For female adults: 4.2 to 5.4 M cells per cubic mm (microliter).

-White Blood Cells

➢Larger than RBC.

➢Nucleated.

➢Lack Hemoglobin.

➢Functions as part of body’s defense against microorganisms.

➢Guarding against invading organisms that cause diseases.

➢4,500 – 10,000 per cubic mm.

➢Life span: depends on the type

-Platelets

➢Fragments from large cells called megakaryocytes.

➢Play an important role in blood clotting/blood clotting mechanism.

➢Life span of an average of 10 days.

➢130,000 to 360,000per cubic mm.

C. Blood Circulation

▪Types of Circulation

Pulmonary Circulation - Movement of blood from the heart,

to the lungs, and back to the heart

Systemic Circulation - Movement of blood from the

heart to the rest of the body, excluding the lungs

Coronary Circulation - Movement of blood

through the tissues of the heart

II.Diseases of the Respiratory and Circulatory System

A. Respiratory System

a. Asthma - Respiratory disease in which certain airways in the lungs could be constricted due to
sensitivity to a stimulus (such as pollen and perfume) thus, making the passage of air more difficult.

b. Pneumonia - An infection of the alveoli, secondary to aspiration of bacterial pathogens into the lower
respiratory tract.

- Severe forms may be seen in patients who are immune-compromised.

c. Emphysema - A condition where the lung tissues lose their elasticity, thus, greatly affecting the
efficiency of gas exchange between blood and the lungs.

d. Lung Cancer - One of the most dreaded diseases caused by the uncontrolled and rapid growth of cells
that impair healthy cells and tissues.

- Exposure to tobacco smoke through active and passive smoking is a primary cause of lung cancer.

e. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Carbon monoxide is extremely poisonous, even in small quantities.

- When inhaled, CO combines with hemoglobin, thus, preventing Oxygen from combining with
hemoglobin.

f. Tuberculosis (TB) - One of the most common causes of chronic cough in the Philippines.

- Patients may have blood-tinged sputum, chronic cough (more than 2 weeks), weight loss, anorexia, low
grade fever, and night sweats.

g. Common colds - One of the most common upper respiratory tract infections usually secondary to viral
pathogens.

B.Circulatory System

a. Atherosclerosis - Caused by the accumulation of fatty substances and/or cholesterol in the arteries,
which may result to vascular resistance and decreased blood flow in the arteries.

b. Angina Pectoris - Chest pain; A pressing discomfort of squeezing pain in the chest when some part of
the heart fails to receive enough blood; due to obstruction of blood flow because of narrowed arteries.

c. Hypertension - Due to the extra energy or buildup of pressure to make blood circulate in narrowed
blood vessels.

➢Can be inherited (gene) or due to environment/lifestyle

➢Inability, stress, obesity, smoking age, too much salt and alcohol intake

d. Heart attack (myocardial infarction) - Caused by the insufficient supply of blood to one or more parts of
the heart muscles, which results to the death of the cells; Due to blood clot that forms in the coronary
arteries.

e. Stroke - Caused by the interference in the blood supply to the brain; May be caused by a blood clot in
the blood vessels of the brain or by atherosclerosis.

f. Anemia - Occurs when the blood does not have enough red blood cells or deficient in hemoglobin; The
most common type is the inability to form hemoglobin.

g. Leukemia - Cancer of the blood; Excessive production of abnormal white blood cells.

➢Symptoms: Easy bruising or bleeding, Swollen gums, Enlargement of lymph nodes, liver or spleen
III.Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance

A. Terms to Remember:

▪HEREDITY – passing of genetic factors from parents to offspring

▪GENETICS – the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring

▪TRAITS – observable or inherited characteristics

▪GENES – functional unit of heredity found in chromosomes which are in the nucleus of a cell

▪CHROMOSOMES – highly condensed structure of DNA

▪DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) – is a long molecule that contains our unique genetic code; hereditary
material in humans and almost all other living things

▪ALLELES – different forms of the same gene which are located in the same part of the chromosome

▪GREGOR MENDEL (1822-1884)•Founder/Father of Modern Genetics

▪HOMOZYGOUS – the term used to refer to organisms that has two identical alleles for a particular trait

-Homozygous dominant

-Homozygous recessive

▪HETEROZYGOUS – the term used for organisms that has two different alleles for the same gene

B. Incomplete Dominance

▪A heterozygote shows a phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes.
Neither allele is dominant over the other.

▪A cross between organisms with two different phenotypes produces offspring with a third phenotype
that is a blending of the parental traits

➢Four o’clock plant – red (RR), white (WW), pink (RW)

➢Coat color in mice – yellow (YY), white (WW), cream (YW)

➢Andalusian fowls – black (BB), white (WW), bluish gray (YW)

C. Codominance

▪This results when one allele is not dominant over the other. The resulting heterozygotes exhibit the traits
of both parents.

▪Neither of the alleles are dominant

▪A cross between organisms with two different phenotypes produces offspring with a third phenotype in
which both of the parental traits appear together.

➢Sickle Cell Anemia

➢Horse: Chestnut x Cremello = Palomino

➢Horse and Cattles’ color: red (RR), white (WW), roan (RW)

➢Chicken’s feather color: black (BB), white (WW), checkered (BW)

D.Multiple Alleles

▪The trait is controlled by more than two alleles.

▪There are more than two phenotypes available depending on the dominant or recessive allele that are
available in the trait.

▪An example is the ABO blood group system in humans.

IV. Sex-Related Inheritance

A. SEX-LIMITED TRAITS
▪Generally autosomal.
▪Genes for these traits behave exactly the same way that any autosomal gene behaves.
▪Expressed in ONLY ONE SEX OF THE SPECIES.
▪Examples: Lactation in cattle; fan-like tail feathers of peahens; Horns of certain sheep species; Beard
in males
B. SEX-INFLUENCED TRAITS
▪Also autosomal.
▪Genes are present in both sexes; but are MORE FREQUENTLY EXPRESSED by one sex.
▪Example is baldness pattern in humans
C. SEX-LINKED TRAITS
▪Genes located in the sex chromosomes
▪Genes located on the X chromosomes are called X-linked genes.
-Examples are Hemophilia and color blindness
▪Genes located on the Y chromosomes are called Y-linked genes.
-Example is Hypertrichosis pinnae auris
V. Biodiversity

A. Terms to Remember:

▪BIODIVERSITY - It refers to the variety of life in an area.

▪SPECIES - It refers to a group of organisms that are having similar morphology and physiology.

▪POPULATION - It is a group of organisms of the same species living in a certain place.

-Populations can be of the same size, but they may have different densities.

-Population density – the number of individuals per unit area.

DENSITY = Number of Individual

Size of Area

▪Index of Diversity – a mathematical measure of species diversity in a given community.

B.Limiting Factors - Anything that limits the size of a population like environmental factors;
Keep a population from increasing in size and help balance an ecosystem; help determine the types of
organisms that can live in an ecosystem.
-Migration - members move in and out of the ecosystem
-Birth and death rates
C. Carrying Capacity
- The maximum population size an environment can support.
-Organisms will die because not all their needs can be met.
D. Threatened - Species which are vulnerable toendangermentin the near future; Population of the
species declines rapidly.
E. Endangered - When a species’ population becomes so low that only a few remain; Has the possibility
to become extinct.
F. Extinct - The last individual of the species dies; It is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms
(taxon) normally a species; The dying out or termination of a species.
G.CAUSES OF SPECIES EXTINCTION
▪Habitat Destruction
Habitat is the place where an organism lives. They thrive in environments wherein their requirements
are met; and this environment becomes their habitat.
➢Deforestation
•Trees are cut down at a very rapid rate.
•The process by which the trees in a forested area are cut down for different purposes.
•Deforestation is one of the major causes of the disappearance of wildlife species.
a. Kaingin farming
b. Illegal logging
c. Conversion of agricultural lands to housing projects
d. Forest fires
e. Typhoons
➢Destruction of Coral Resources
•Beaches in the Philippines are converted into residential areas and beach resorts.
•Dumping of waste (domestic or not) and alteration of marine habitats for tourism are prevalent in these
areas.
•Exploitation and destruction of marine resources.
a. Dynamite fishing.
b. Muro-ami
c .Overharvesting
▪Pollution - Pollution is any chemical, physical, or biological change in the environment that harms living
organisms; Pollution affects the quality of air, water, and land that may be harmful to organisms and
affect biodiversity.
➢Water Pollution
•Eutrophication – Happens when the concentration of organic nutrients from domestic garbage thrown
in the bodies of water increase rapidly.
•Biological magnification - The buildup of pollutants in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain;
Ex: PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl)
➢Air Pollution
•Greenhouse Effect - The trapping of heat by gases in the earth’s atmosphere
•Global Warming - Increase in the earth’s temperature from the rapid build up of carbon dioxide and
other gases.
•Acid Precipitation - Acid water flowing through the soil can exchange acidic hydrogen ions for essential
plant nutrient ions such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium; Nutrients migrate beneath the rooting
zone.
▪Invasive Species
➢Native species (plants and animals) are those which are part of a specific geographic area.
➢Introduced species are those which are brought to an area where it does not previously occur.
➢They become invasive when they begin breeding in their new location and spread widely from the
point of introduction.
➢Causing harm and destruction.
▪Overexploitation
➢Refers to harvesting a species faster than it can reproduce: Food, pet and profit
➢Human activities and overpopulation have caused most of the environmental problems nowadays.
➢People are beginning to realize that the way they interact with the environment MUST CHANGE TO
ENSURE THE SURVIVAL OF ALL LIVING THINGS.

MASS EXTINCTION - PERIODS IN EARTH'S HISTORY WHEN ABNORMALLY LARGE NUMBERS OF SPECIES DIE OUT
SIMULTANEOUSLY OR WITHIN A LIMITED TIME FRAME

▪Five (5) Massive Extinction

➢Holocene Extinction - A 6th extinction episode began 30, 000 years ago, continuing to the present time,
characterized by the elimination of species by human populations through habitat loss, overharvesting
and impact of invasive species.

VI.Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

A. Photosynthesis
▪is the process of converting sun’s energy to chemical energy in the form of sugar or carbohydrate.
▪occurs in plants, some photosynthetic bacteria and algae
▪Involves carbon dioxide and water reacting with light energy to produce sugar and oxygen

▪Two (2) Stages of Photosynthesis

Light-Dependent Reaction - It is the stage where the chlorophyll absorbs energy from the sun (photons).
➢Takes place in between thylakoids
➢Requires photons from light
➢2 groups of light absorbing molecules: Photosystem I and Photosystem II
➢Uses light and water to produce oxygen and 2 energy carrying molecules: ATP and NADPH
➢Steps:
1.Chlorophyll in Photosystem II absorbs light energy which will excites the electrons.
2.Breaking down of water molecules.
3.Chlorophyll in Photosystem I absorbs light energy which will excites the electrons.
4.Electrons help bond NADP+ and H+ to create NADPH
5.H+ diffuses in the stroma
6.ADP turns into ATP
Light-Independent Reaction or Calvin Cycle
➢also called as Calvin Cycle --- named after Melvin Calvin
➢Consists of cyclical series of reactions that uses enzymes to assemble sugar molecules from carbon
dioxide and the products of light reaction
➢Does not require light
➢Takes place in the stroma
➢Uses carbon dioxide and NADPH to produce carbohydrate or sugar
➢Steps:
1.Carbon Fixation - Production of 6 carbon molecules through the combination of RuBP and CO2; the
resulting six-carbon compound is broken down into two three-carbon compounds-- PGA
Phosphoglycerate
2.Reduction Phase - The energy from ATP and NADPH is used to convert PGA to G3P (PGAL)---
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
3.Carbohydrate Formation - Formation of glucose from the bonding of 3 carbon molecules
4.Regeneration Phase - Regeneration of RuBP, process restarts again

B.Cellular Respiration
▪All heterotrophic organisms, including man, depend directly or indirectly on plants and other
photosynthetic organisms for food.
▪All organisms need energy to perform essential life processes.
▪Life depends on energy.
▪Cells have evolved a system to release and convert the chemical energy in sugar molecules to energy
storage molecules, adenosine triphosphate or ATP.
▪Not all organisms need air, but all of them need food to extract energy through the process called cellular
respiration.
▪It is an energy-releasing process that takes place in all active cells 24 hours a day.
▪Energy flows in an ecosystem as sunlight leaves as heat, while chemicals essential to life are recycled.