REPRSENTATION OF FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS - 𝕗 in 𝕗 (x) = mx + b, where m and b are real numbers, and m and 𝕗 (x) are both not equal to
zero is an example of linear function. The graph of a linear function forms a line.

RELATION – defined as a set of ordered pairs.

DOMAIN – first coordinates. X coordinate.

RANGE – second coordinates. Y coordinate.

MAPPING DIAGRAM – an image that shows the relation of two circles that shows the relation between
the domain and range.

ORDERED PAIRS – an ordered pair refers to two numbers written in a certain order.

TABLE OF VALUE – a set of ordered pairs usually resulting from substituting numbers into an equation
(relation).

GRAPH – a diagram that shows the relation between the domain and range.

2 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS:

LINEAR FUNCTION (SLOPE) – f(x) = mx + b

f(2) = 7x + 35 f(5) = 4x + 60
= 7(2) + 35 = 4(5) + 60
= 14 + 35 = 20 + 60
= 49 = 80

QUADRATIC FUNCTION – f(x) = a𝑥2 + bx + c

EX1: y=x2
a = 1, b = 0, c = 0
𝑏
Formula for x coordinate: −
2𝑎
0
− =0
2(1)

x y
-2
-1
0
1
2

Substitute x coordinates in the original equation y = x 2

substituting Y = (-2) 2 y = (-`1) 2

y = (0) 2 y = (1) 2
y = (2) 2
Y coordinate Y=4 =1 =0 =1 =4

x y
-2 4
-1 1
0 0
1 1
2 4
THEN GRAPH:

Vertex: (0,0) Axis of symmetry: x = 0 Domain = x/x 𝜖ℝ Range = y/y ≥ 0

EX2: y = (x + 2) 2 -3

Vertex ( -2, -3)

x y
0
-1
-2
-3
-4

Substitute x coordinates in the original equation y = x 2

+4

Substituting: Y = (0 + 2) 2 - 3 = 1

y = (-`1 + 2) 2 -3 = -2

y = (-3 + 2) 2 - 3 = -2

y = (-4 + 2) 2 -3 =1
x y
0 1
-1 -2
-2 -3
-3 -2
-4 1
THEN GRAPH:

Vertex: (-2, -3) Axis of symmetry: x = -2 Domain = x/x 𝜖ℝ Range = y/y ≥ -3

ABSOLUTE VALUE:

|-54| |5| |-2X + 78|

= 54 =5 = 2x + 78

How to solve x in absolute value:

|-2x + 3 = 5 | (trial and error)

|-2(4) + 3 = 5 |

|-8 + 3 = 5 |

| -5 = 5 |

=5=5

X=4
PIECEWISE
5𝑥 + 5, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
𝑓 (𝑥) ∫
−4𝑥 + 16, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0

(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 10, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0

X Y
1
2
3
4
Solve for y coordinates:
𝑓 (1) = 5x + 10 𝑓 (2) = 5x +10 𝑓 (3) = 5x +10 𝑓 (4) = 5x +10

= 5(1) + 10 =5(2) + 10 = 5(3) +10 = 5(4) + 10

= 15 = 20 = 25 = 30

X Y
1 15
2 20
3 25
4 30

(𝑥) = − 4𝑥 + 16, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0

X Y
-1
-2
-3
-4

Solve for y coordinates

𝑓 (-1) = -4x + 16 𝑓 (-2) = -4x + 16 𝑓 (-3) = -4x + 16 𝑓 (-4) = -4x + 16

= -4(-1) + 16 = -4(-2) + 16 = -4(-3) + 16 = -4(-4) + 16

= 20 = 24 = 28 = 32

X Y
-1 20
-2 24
-3 28
-4 32

GRAPH:

PROPERTIES

SUM: (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x)

Ex. 𝑓 (x) = 5x –1 g(x) = x 2 + 4x +

5

𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)

= [5x- 1] + [ x 2 + 4x + 5]

=x2 + 5x +4x – 1 + 5

=x2 + 9x + 4

= 56
(4) + 𝑔(4)

= [5x- 1] + [ x + 4x + 5]

= [5(4) - 1] + [ (4) +4(4) +5]

= [19] + [37]
DIFFERENCE: (f - g) (x) = f(x) - g(x)

Ex. (𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 4 𝑔(𝑥) = 6𝑥2 + 2

f(x) - g(x)

= [4x – 4] - [ 6𝑥2 + 2 ]

= 4x –4 - 6x 2 -2

= 4 - 6x 2 -2

f (2) - g (x)

= [4(2) - 4] - [6x + 2]

= 6x 2 + 4x - 6

= 6x 2 -2

PRODUCT: (fg) (x) = f(x)g(x)

Ex. (𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 3 𝑔(𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 7

f(x)g(x)

=( 5x + 3)( 6x – 7 ) FOIL METHOD

= 35X 2 - 35x + 18x - 21

= 35x 2 - 17x – 21

f(2)g(5)

= (5(2) +3) (6(5) - 7)

= (13)(23)

= 299
𝑓
QUOTIENT:( ) 𝑓𝑥
𝑔 (𝑥) =
𝑔𝑥

Ex. F(x) = 6x – 3 g(x) = 4x + 7

𝑓𝑥
𝑔𝑥

6𝑥 − 3
4𝑥 + 7

FINAL ANSWER = 6𝑥 − 3
4𝑥 + 7
(−4)
(−4)

6(−4) − 3
=
4(−4) + 7
−27
=
−9
FINAL ANSWER= 3
𝑁(𝑥)
RATIONAL FUNCTION - Can be written in the form (𝑥) = where N(x) and D(x) are polynomials and
𝐷(𝑥)
D(x) is not the zero polynomial.

RATIONAL EXPRESSION – A ratio or quotient written in the form of 𝑝 where p and q are polynomials and
𝑞
q ≠ 0.

RATIONAL EQUATION – An equality consisting of at least one rational expression.

SOLVING RATIONAL EXPRESSION USING LCD:

2 3
+ = 1
3𝑥 4
𝑥
2 3
1
12𝑥 [ + =
3𝑥 4 ] 12𝑥
𝑥
2(4) + 3(3𝑥) = 1(12)

8 + 9𝑥 = 12
9𝑥 = 12 − 8

9𝑥 = 4
4
𝑥 =
9
SOLVING RATIONAL EXPRESSION USING CROSS MULTIPLY:
𝑥 − 2 1
=
2𝑥 + 4 5
5(𝑥 − 2) = 1(2𝑥 + 4)

5𝑥 − 10 = 2𝑥 + 4
5𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 4 + 10

3𝑥 = 14
14
𝑥 =
3
SOLVING RATIONAL INEQUALITIES:
𝑥+2
≤0
𝑥−3
𝑥+2 𝑥 −3

𝑥 = −2 𝑥 = 3

Then create a boundary line

Region 1 (-3) 

−3+2
−3−3 ≤0
−1
−6 ≤0
1
≤ 0 FALSE
6

Region 2 (0)

0+2
= ≤0
2
0−3
= ≤ 0 TRUE
−3

Region 3 (4)

4 + 2
≤0
4−3
6
≤0
1
6 ≤ 0 FALSE

SOLUTION SET: [-2,3]

EX. 2

2𝑥 + 10
≥1
𝑥+3
2𝑥 + 10
−1 ≥0
𝑥+3
2𝑥 + 10
−1 ≥0
𝑥+3
2𝑥 + 10 − 1(𝑥 + 3)
≥0
𝑥+3
2𝑥 + 10 − 𝑥 − 3
≥0
𝑥+3
𝑥+7
≥0
𝑥+3
𝑥+7` 𝑥+3

𝑥 = −7 𝑥 = −3

CREATE A BOUNDARY LINE:

REGION 1 (-8)

−8+7
−8+3 ≥0
−1
−5 ≥0
1
≥ 0 TRUE
5

REGION 2 (-4)
−4 + 7
≥0
−4 + 3
3
≥ 0 FALSE
−1

REGION 3 (0)

0+7
≥0
7
0+3
= ≥ 0 TRUE
3

SOLUTION SET: (−∞, −7)(−3, ∞)

SOLVING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS: GOAL THE FINAL ANSWER SHOULD NOT BE EQUAL TO 0
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
Any real number can be used except for
0.
5+𝑥
(𝑥) =
𝑥2 − 100
Any real number can be used except for 10 and –10.

INVERSE FUNCTION – a function f receives an input x from its domain, manipulates it, and produces the
output value y which is in the range.

f(x) 6 4 2 0 -2
y 4 3 2 1 0
INVERSE FUNCTIONS:

y 4 4 2 1 0
f(y) 6 3 2 0 -2
STEPS:

Replace f(x) by y

Interchange x and y

variable. Solve for y in terms

of x Replace y by 𝑓−1(𝑥)

2𝑥+3
Ex. f(x)= x – 98 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−2
2𝑥+3
Y= x – 98 𝑦=
𝑥−2
2𝑦+3
X = y – 98 𝑥=
𝑦−2
2𝑦+3
X + 98 = y → y = x +9 𝑥
=
1 𝑦−2

𝑓−1(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 98 𝑥(𝑦 − 2) = 1(2𝑦 + 3)

𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 3

𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3
(𝑥 − 2) = 2𝑥 + 3
(𝑥 − 2) 2𝑥 + 3
=
𝑥−2 𝑥−2
2𝑥+3
𝑦= 𝑥−2 →
2𝑥 + 3
𝑓−1 = 𝑥 − 2

GRAPHING INVERSE FUNCTION:

(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1

𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 1

𝑥 = 3𝑦 + 1
𝑥 − 1 = 3𝑦 → 3𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1
3𝑦
= 𝑥−1
3 3
𝑦=𝑥−1
3
𝑥−1
𝑓−1 = 3
f(x) -2 -1 0 1 2
y -5 -2 1 4 7

Substitute all the x coordinates in the original equation 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 1 .

𝑓(−2) 𝑓(−1) 𝑓(0) 𝑓(1) 𝑓(2)

𝑦 = 3(−2) + 1 𝑦 = 3(−1) + 1 𝑦 = 3(0) + 1 𝑦 = 3(1) + 1 𝑦 = 3(2) + 1
𝑦 = −6 + 1 𝑦 = −3 + 1 𝑦=0+1 𝑦= 3+1 𝑦=6+1

𝑦 = −5 𝑦 = −2 𝑦=1 𝑦=4 𝑦=7

𝑓−1(𝑥) -5 -2 1 4 7
-2 -1 0 1 2
THEN GRAPH
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS, EQUATION.

PRODUCT RULE: (𝑛𝑥)(𝑚𝑦) = 𝑛𝑥+𝑦 (𝑛𝑥)(𝑚𝑥) = (𝑛𝑚)𝑥

(55)(64) = 309 (102)(102) = (100)2

𝑥
𝑛𝑥
QUOTIENT RULE: 𝑚
= 𝑛𝑥−𝑦
𝑛 𝑥
𝑛𝑦
=( )
𝑚𝑥 𝑚
𝑥20 102 𝑥
20−5 10
=𝑥
𝑥5
=( )
52 5

ZERO EXPONENT RULE: 0

𝑛 =1
1
NEGATIVE EXPONENT RULE: 𝑛−𝑥 =
𝑛𝑥

1
5−2 =
52
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS – functions I the form of f(x) = a 𝑥 where a > 0 and

a≠1. Ex. F(x) = 2𝑥

x 𝑓(𝑥)
2
𝑥

0
1
2
3
To find f(x) substitute x coordinates in the equation (𝑥) = 2𝑥.
𝑓(0) = 2𝑥 𝑓(1) = 2𝑥 𝑓(2) = 2𝑥 𝑓(3) = 2𝑥

= 20 = 21 = 22 = 23
=1 =2 =4 =8

To find 2𝑥 or y coordinate substitute the f(x) coordinates in the equation (𝑥) = 2𝑥

= 21 = 22 = 24 = 28
=2 =4 = 16 = 256

x 2 𝑓(𝑥)
0 (1,2) 1
1 (2,4) 2
2 (4,16) 4
3 (8,256) 8
EXPONENTIAL EQUATION (TRAIL AND ERROR)

EQUATION VALUE OF THE VARIABLE COMPLETE EQUATION

𝑥
4=2 X=2 4=4
81 = 3𝑦 Y=4 81=81
8 = 2𝑦 Y=3 8=8

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS - functions involving logarithmic.

LOGARITHMIC – came from the Greek word “logos” and “arithmos” founded by John Napier.

LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITY – inequality involving logarithmic.

LOGARITHMIC EQUALITY – equation involving logarithmic.

LOGARITHMIC FORM EXPONENTIAL FORM

Y=log𝑎 𝑥 𝑋 = 𝑎𝑦

2 KINDS OF LOGARITHMIC
COMMON LOGARITHMIC - 𝐿𝑜𝑔10𝑥 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥

NATURAL LOGARITHMIC - ln 𝑥 = log𝑒 𝑥

COMMON LOGARITHMIC
LOGARITHMIC FORM EXPONENTIAL FORM
2 = 𝐿𝑂𝐺100 102 = 100
3 = 𝐿𝑂𝐺28 23 = 8

PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMIC
PROPERTY 1:

𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎1 = 0
𝐿𝑜𝑔31 = 0
PROPERTY 2:

𝐿𝑜𝑔33 = 1

𝐿𝑜𝑔1010 = 1
PROPERTY 3:

1
𝐿𝑜𝑔10 = −1
10
1
𝐿𝑜𝑔9 = −1
9
LOGARITHMIC OF A POWER

𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛 log𝑏 𝑥
PRODUCT RULE

𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑀𝑁 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑀 + 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑁

EX. 𝐿𝑜𝑔26 + 𝐿𝑜𝑔23 𝐿𝑜𝑔2(7) = log2 18

𝐿𝑜𝑔2(6)(3) 𝐿𝑜𝑔2(7)(18)
= 𝐿𝑜𝑔218 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔2126

𝑀
QUOTIENT RULE: = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑀 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑁
𝑎𝑁 𝑎 𝑎

= 𝐿𝑜𝑔26 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔23
6
= 𝐿𝑜𝑔2
3
= 𝐿𝑜𝑔2