AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

The Measurement of Profit

1.

Total sales revenue = 250,000 x £2.50 = £625,000

Profit = £625,000 - £125,000 = £500,000

2.

Total sales revenue = 2,300 x £1.80 = £4,140

Total costs = (2,300 x £0.20) + £2,000 = £2,460
Profit = £4,140 - £2,460 = £1,680

3.

Yearly sales = 1,400 x 12 = 16,800

Total sales revenue = 16,800 x £120 = £2,016,000
Variable cost per unit = (£120 / 5) x 2 = £48
Total costs = (16,800 x £48) + (£75,000 x 12) = £1,706,400
Profit = £2,016,000 - £1,706,400 = £309,600

4.

Variable costs = £10 / 4 = £2.50

Total variable costs = £2.50 x 150,000 = £375,000
Total revenue = £10 x 150,000 = £1,500,000
Fixed costs = £1,500,000 – (£375,000 + £250,000) = £875,000

5.

Total revenue = 910 x £7.50 = £6,825

Total variable costs = £6,825 – (£3,000 + £2,005) = £1,820
Variable cost per bunch of flowers = £1,820 / 910 = £2

6.

Total costs = (10,000 x £25) + £200,000 = £450,000

Total Revenue = £450,000 + £50,000 = £500,000
Selling price per unit = £500,000 / 10,000 = £50

7.

Variable costs = £12 / 3 = £4

Total variable costs = 25,000 x £4 = £100,000
Total revenue = 25,000 x £12 = £300,000
Fixed costs = £300,000 – (£100,000 + £80,000) = £120,000
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

8.

Profit last year:

Selling price = £1.50 x 1.90 = £2.85

Total revenue = 20,000 x £2.85 = £57,000
Total costs = (20,000 x 1.50) + £15,000 = £45,000
Profit = £57,000 - £45,000 = £12,000

Profit this year:

Total revenue = 26,000 x £2.85 = £74,100

Fixed costs = £15,000 x 1.15 = £17,250
Total costs = (26,000 x £1.50) + £17,250 = £56,250
Profit = £74,100 - £56,250 = £17,850

Percentage increase in profit = (£17,850 - £12,000) / £12,000 x 100 = 48.75%

9.

New price = £5 x 0.95 = £4.75

New demand = 50,000 x 1.08 = 54,000 units
Total revenue = 54,000 x £4.75 = £256,500
Total costs = (54,000 x £1.50) + £75,000 = £156,000
Profit = £256,500 - £156,000 = £100,500

10.

Profit between January and March

Total revenue = 8,000 x £15 = £120,000

Total costs = (8,000 x £5) + £15,000 = £55,000
Profit = £120,000 - £55,000 = £65,000

Profit between April and June

New variable cost = £5 x 0.8 = £4

New price = £15 x 0.9 = £13.50
Total revenue = 10,000 x £13.50 = £135,000
Total costs = (10,000 x £4) + £15,000 = £55,000
Profit = £135,000 - £55,000 = £80,000

Average profit = (£65,000 + £80,000) / 6 = £24,166.67

AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

Decision Trees

1.

(0.7 x £500,000) + (0.3 x £50,000) = £365,000 (expected value)

2.

New ‘success’ sales amount = £500,000 x 1.05 = £525,000

(0.6 x £525,000) + (0.4 x £50,000) = £335,000 (expected value)

3.

(0.8 x £220,000) + (0.2 x £90,000) = £194,000 (expected value)

£194,000 - £80,000 = £114,000 (net gain)

4.

(0.6 x £340,000) + (0.4 x £210,000) = £288,000 (expected value)

£288,000 - £180,000 = £108,000 (net gain)

5.

E-commerce

(0.7 x £120,000) + (0.3 x £40,000) = £96,000 (expected value)

£96,000 - £80,000 = £16,000 (net gain)

New branch

(0.8 x £90,000) + (0.2 x £55,000) = £83,000 (expected value)

£83,000 - £65,000 = £18,000 (net gain)

The new branch should be chosen, as it has the highest net gain
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

6.

Option 1

Low sales = £50,000 – (£50,000 / 8) = £43,750

(0.6 x £50,000) + (0.4 x £43,750) = £47,500 (expected value)
£47,500 - £20,000 = £27,500 (net gain)

Option 2

High sales = £40,000 x 1.15 = £46,000

(0.7 x £46,000) + (0.3 x £40,000) = £44,200 (expected value)
£44,200 - £18,000 = £26,200 (net gain)

Option 1 should be chosen, as it has the highest net gain

7.

Reduce Prices

(0.7 x £1,200,000) + (0.3 x £700,000) = £1,050,000 (expected value)

£1,050,000 - £400,000 = £650,000 (net gain)

Increase Promotion

(0.8 x £1,400,000) + (0.2 x £500,000) = £1,220,000 (expected value)

£1,220,000 - £600,000 = £620,000 (net gain)

Reduce prices should be chosen, as it has the highest net gain

8.

UK Park

(0.7 x £2,200,000) + (0.3 x £800,000) = £1,780,000 (expected value)

£1,780,000 - £1,500,000 = £280,000 (net gain)

South of France Park

(0.6 x £3,000,000) + (0.4 x £1,800,000) = £2,520,000 (expected value)

£2,520,000 - £2,200,000 = £320,000 (net gain)

South of France should be chosen, as it has the highest net gain

AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

9.

Delivery service

(0.7 x £120,000) + (0.2 x £80,000) + (0.1 x £30,000) = £103,000 (expected value)

£103,000 - £60,000 = £43,000 (net gain)

Extend premises

(0.6 x £140,000) + (0.3 x £70,000) + (0.1 x £35,000) = £108,500 (expected value)

£108,500 - £80,000 = £28,500 (net gain)

The delivery service should be chosen, as it has the highest net gain

10.

Increasing size of sales team

(0.7 x £500,000) + (0.3 x £250,000) = £425,000 (expected value)

£425,000 - £200,000 = £225,000 (net gain)

Extend the showroom

(0.6 x £350,000) + (0.3 x £240,000) + (0.1 x £180,000) = £300,000 (expected value)

£300,000 - £80,000 = £220,000 (net gain)

Increasing the size of the sales team should be chosen, as it has the highest net gain
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

Market share, size and growth

1.

Business A = (£20m/ £240m) x 100 = 8.33%

Business B = (£18m/ £150m) x 100 = 12%
Business C = (£10m/ £80m) x 100 = 12.5%

Business A has the lowest market share

2.

Market Value = £4bn

Business A = £4bn x 0.30 = £1.2bn

Business B = £4bn x 0.20= £0.8bn
Business C = £4bn x 0.25 = £1 bn
Business D = £4bn x 0.10 = £0.4bn
Business E = £4bn x 0.15 = £0.6bn

3.

Sales revenue now = 100 x £480 = £48,000

Sales revenue next year = £48,000 x 1.10 = £52,800

Sales revenue in two years = £52,800 x 1.10 = £58,080
Sales revenue in three years = £58,080 x 1.10 = £63,888

Difference in sales revenue = £63,888 - £48,000 = £15,888

4.

472,500 / 1.05 = 450,000

5.

(£575,000 / 7) x 100 = £8,214,285.71

6.
2017 = £5bn x 1.06 = £5.3bn
2018 = £5.3bn x 1.06 = £5.62bn
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

7.

Sales revenue last year = £69,525 / 1.03 = £67,500

Market size by value last year = £459,000 / 1.02 = £450,000
Market share = (£67,500 / £450,000) x 100 = 15%

8.

Market size by value

2,500 x £5 = £12,500
£12,500 / 10 = £1,250
£1,250 x 100 = £125,000

Market size by volume

2,500 / 10 = 250
250 x 100 = 25,000 units

9.

150,000 × 1.35 = 202,500

(202,500 / 25) x 100 = 810,000 units

10.

The market has grown by 15% every year between 2014 and 2016
2016 market size by value = £5.29m x 1.15 = £6.08m
Market share = (£1.52m / £6.08m) x 100 = 25%
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

Price and Income Elasticity of Demand

Price Elasticity of Demand

1.

Demand will change by = 10% x -0.4 = -4%

New weekly demand = 500 x 0.96 = 480 products

2.

Percentage price change = (£1.60 - £2) / 2 x 100 = -20%

Percentage change in demand = - 20% x -2 = 40%
New demand = 800 x 1.4 = 1,120 burgers

3.

Percentage change in demand = (4,000 – 5,000) / 5,000 x 100 = -20%

Percentage price increase = (£15 - £10) / £10 x 100 = 50%
Price elasticity of demand = -20% / 50% = -0.4

4.

Current weekly revenue = 600 x £1 = £600

New price = £1 x 0.8 = £0.80
Percentage change in demand = -20% x -3 = 60%
New demand = 600 x 1.6 = 960 ice creams
New revenue = 960 x £0.80 = £768
Percentage change in revenue = (£768 - £600) / £600 x 100 = 28%

5.

Current weekly profit

Total sales revenue = 400 x £50 = £20,000

Total costs = (400 x £10) + £10,000 = £14,000
Profit = £20,000 - £14,000 = £6,000

Price increase = (£60 - £50) / £50 x 100 = 20%

Percentage change in demand = 20% x -0.2 = -4%
New demand = 400 x 0.96 = 384 units

New total sales revenue = 384 x £60 = £23,040

New total costs = (384 x £10) + £10,000 = £13,840
New profit = £23,040 - £13,840 = £9,200

Difference in weekly profit = £9,200 - £6,000 = £3,200

AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

Income Elasticity of Demand

1.

Percentage increase in demand = (832 - 800) / 800 x 100 = 4%

Income increased by = 4% / +0.8 = 5%

2.

Percentage increase in sales = (6,400 – 5,000) / 5000 = 28%

Income elasticity of demand = 28% / 7% = +4

3.

Percentage change in demand = -0.3 x 2.3% = -0.69%

New revenue = (1 - 0.0069) x 25,000,000 x 0.99 = £24,579,225

4.

Percentage change in income between 2015 and 2016 = (105 - 100) / 100 x 5 = 5%
Percentage change in demand between 2015 and 2016 = +1.3 x 5% = 6.5%
Number of luxury handbags sold in 2016 = 1,800 x 1.065 = 1,917 bags

5.

Change in demand for bread rolls = +0.4 x -5% = -2%

New daily demand for bread rolls = 400 x 0.98 = 392 bread rolls
Change in demand for ciabattas = +2 x -5% = -10%
New daily demand for ciabattas = 100 x 0.90 = 90 ciabattas
Currently weekly revenue = (£0.24 x 400) + (£1.35 x 100) x 6 = £1,386
New weekly revenue = (£0.24 x 392) + (£1.35 x 90) x 6 = £1,293.48

Difference in weekly revenue = (£1,386 - £1,293.48) = £92.52

AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

Calculation of Operations Data

Labour Productivity

1.

Labour productivity = 240,000 / 150 = 1,600 units per staff member

2.

Number of employees = 125,400 / 550 = 228 employees

3.

Labour productivity last year = 45,000 / 100 = 450 units per person
Labour productivity this year = 60,000 / (100 x 1.20) = 500 units per person
Percentage difference in labour productivity = (500 – 450) / 450 x 100 = 11.11%

4.

Employees last year = 159 / 1.06 = 150 employees

Units produced last year = 19,800 / 1.10 = 18,000
Labour productivity last year = 18,000 / 150 = 120 units per employee

5.

Factory A employees = (15,000 / 100) x 20 = 3,000

Factory C employees = (15,000 / 100) x 30 = 4,500

Factory A labour productivity = 450,000 / 3,000 = 150 units per employee

Factory C labour productivity = 562,500 / 4,500 = 125 units per employee

Unit Costs

1.

Total costs of producing 60,000 units = (60,000 x £1.50) + £15,000 = £105,000

Cost per unit = £105,000 / 60,000 = £1.75 per unit
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

2.

Business A = (100,000 x £0.40) + £40,000 = £80,000

Cost per unit = £80,000 / 100,000 = £0.80 per unit

Business B = (50,000 x £1.50) + £25,000 = £100,000

Cost per unit = £100,000 / 50,000 = £2 per unit

Business C = (80,000 x £0.80) + £60,000 = £124,000

Cost per unit = £124,000 / 80,000 = £1.55 per unit

Business A has the lowest cost per unit

3.

Unit costs before cost increase = (40,000 x £0.50) + £10,000 = £30,000

Cost per unit before increase = £30,000 / 40,000 = £0.75 per unit

Unit costs after cost increase = (40,000 x £0.80) + £10,000 = £42,000

Cost per unit after increase = £42,000 / 40,000 = £1.05 per unit

Percentage difference = (£1.05 – £0.75) / £0.75 x 100 = 40%

4.

FC = £8,000 per month (£96,000 / 12)

Total cost in July = (500 x £20) + £8,000 = £18,000

Unit cost in July = £18,000 / 500 = £36 per unit

Total cost in October = (800 x £20) + £8,000 = £24,000

Unit cost in October = £24,000 / 800 = £30 per unit

5.

Total cost in the UK = (400,000 x £2) + £120,000 = £920,000

Unit cost in the UK = £920,000 / 400,000 = £2.30

Total cost in Poland = (400,000 x £1.60) + £108,000 = £748,000

Unit cost in Poland = £748,000 / 400,000 = £1.87

Difference in unit costs = £2.30 - £1.87 = £0.43

(Note: Poland variable cost calculated by £2 x 0.80 and fixed cost calculated by £120,000 x 0.90)
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

Capacity and Capacity Utilisation

1.

Units per week = 50,000 x 1.08 = 54,000 units per week

2.

Capacity last year = 441,000 / 1.05 = 420,000 units per year

3.

Capacity utilisation = (17,000 / 25,000) x 100 = 68%

4.

Theatre capacity = (476 / 85) x 100 = 560 people

5.

Current output = (24,000 x 5) x 50 = 6,000,000

Capacity utilisation = (6,000,000/ 10,000,000) x 100 = 60%

6.

Total capacity between January and June = 600,000

Actual output between January and June = 35,000 + 50,000 + 45,000 + 40,000 + 55,000 + 50,000 =
275,000 units
Average capacity utilisation = (275,000 / 600,000) x 100 = 45.83%

7.

Current capacity = (42,750 / 95) x 100 = 45,000

New capacity after extension = 45,000 x 1.20 = 54,000
Increase in capacity = 54,000 – 45,000 = 9,000

8.

Current capacity = (450 / 60) x 100 = 750

Capacity per screen = 750 / 3 = 250
New capacity = 750 – 250 = 500
New capacity utilisation = (450 / 500) x 100 = 90%

9.

Based on the scenario, if the business increased capacity by 10%, then for every 110 units that the
business could produce, the business is only producing 75 units
New capacity utilisation = (75 / 110) x 100 = 68.18%
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

10.

Current capacity = (237,500 / 95) x 100 = 250,000

New capacity after move = 250,000 x 1.875 = 468,750
New output = 237,500 + 100,000 = 337,500
New capacity utilisation = (337,500 / 468,750) x 100 = 72%

Inventory Control

1.

Total amount of this component used by the business during months 1-5 inclusive:

Month 1: 800 units

Month 2: 800 units
Month 3: 800 units
Month 4: 800 units
Month 5: 1,000 units

Total = 4,200 units

Number of days during the 5-month period = 30 x 5 = 150 days

Average daily usage across months 1-5 = 4,200 units/150 days = 28 units per day

2.

200 units

3.

Inventory holding in month 1 = 1,000 units

Order triggered after 40% of the inventory has been used = 1,000 x 0.4 = 400 units
Re-order level = 1,000 units – 400 units = 600 units

4.

Number of components used by the business each day in month 1 = 800 units/30 days = 26.67 units
Lead time = 400 units/26.67 units = 15 days

5.

Usual delivery = 800 units x 0.75 = 600 units extra components

Total re-order quantity in month 6 = 800 units + 600 units extra + 200 units for buffer inventory =
1,600 units
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

Return on Investment

1.

Annual percentage return = (£120,000 / £300,000) x 100 = 40%

2.

Cost of investment = (£60,000 / 25) x 100 = £240,000

3.

Store 1

Investment = £205,000 x 0.45 = £92,250

Return on investment= (£65,000 / £92,250) x 100 = 70.46%

Store 2

Investment = £205,000 x 0.30 = £61,500

Return on investment = (£50,000 / £61,500) x 100 = 81.30%

Store 3

Investment = £205,000 x 0.25 = £51,250

Return on investment = (£27,000 / £51,250) x 100 = 52.68%

Store 2 had the highest return on investment

4.

Total additional revenue = (£15,000 + £18,000 + £20,000) = £53,000

Total additional costs = (£5,000 + £7,000 + £10,000) = £22,000

Total return = £53,000 - £22,000 = £31,000

Total return investment after 3 years = (£31,000 / £140,000) x 100 = 22.14%

5.

Additional revenue = (£150,000 x 1.35) - £150,000 = £52,500

Additional labour costs = (£50,000 x 1.20) - £50,000 = £10,000
Other additional costs = £20,000

Annual return = £52,500 – (£10,000 + £20,000) = £22,500

Annual percentage return on investment = (£22,500 / £100,000) x 100 = 22.5%
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

Analysing budgets

1.

Profit Budget = £450,000 x 1.05 = £472,500

2.

Expenditure Budget = £250,000 x 0.98 = £245,000

3.

1/5 of £25,000 = £25,000 / 5 = £5,000

Expenditure budget = £25,000 - £5,000 = £20,000

4.

Revenue budget = £25,000 x 1.15 = £28,750

2/5th of £20,000 = (£20,000 / 5) x 2 = £8,000
Expenditure budget = £20,000 + £8,000 = £28,000
Profit budget = £28,750 - £28,000 = £750

5.

Budgeted food revenue in September = £5,800 x 1.06 = £6,148

Budgeted drink revenue in September = £1,900 x 1.06 = £2,014

Stock expenditure = £1,250 x 0.98 = £1,225

Profit/ Loss budget = (£6,148 + £2,014) – (£1,225 + £1,000 + £120) = £5,817

6.

Profit variance = £730,000 - £850,000 = £120,000 adverse

7.
Profit budget = £325,000 - £210,000 = £115,000
Actual revenue = £325,000 - £50,000 = £275,000
Actual expenditure = £210,000 x 1.08 = £226,800
Actual profit = £275,000 - £226,800 = £48,200
Profit variance = £48,200 - £115,000 = £66,800 adverse

8.

Actual total profit = £24,000 + £16,000 = £40,000

Budgeted total profit = £20,000 + £18,000 = £38,000
Total profit variance = £40,000 - £38,000 = £2,000 favourable
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

9.

Actual store revenue = £22,000 x 1.05 = £23,100

Actual online revenue = (£6,000 / 5) x 4 = £4,800
Actual total revenue = £23,100 + £4,800 = £27,900

Actual wages expenditure = £8,000 + £500 = £8,500

Actual stock expenditure = £6,000 x 0.98 = £5,880
Actual other costs = £2,100
Actual total expenditure = £8,500 + £5,880 + £2,100 = £16,480

Budgeted total revenue = £22,000 + £6,000 = £28,000

Budgeted total expenditure = £8,000 + £6,000 + £2,000 = £16,000

Actual profit = £27,900 - £16,480 = £11,420

Budgeted profit = £28,000 - £16,000 = £12,000

October profit variance = £11,420 - £12,000 = £580 adverse

10.
Total actual revenue = £184,000 + £190,000 + £208,000 = £582,000
Total actual expenditure = £170,000 + £178,000 + £181,000 = £529,000
Total actual profit = £582,000 - £529,000 = £53,000

Total budgeted revenue = £175,000 + £182,000 + £205,000 = £562,000

Total budgeted expenditure = £162,000 + £171,000 + £182,000 = £515,000
Total budgeted profit = £562,000 - £515,000 = £47,000

Total profit variance = £53,000 - £47,000 = £6,000 favourable

AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

Cash Flow Forecasts

1.

October net cash flow = £10,000 - £4,000 = £6,000

October opening balance = £8,000
October closing balance = £8,000 + £6,000 = £14,000

2.

January February March

Cash Inflows £10,000 £12,000 £13,000
Cash Outflows £4,000 £5,000 £5,500
Net Cash Flow £6,000 £7,000 £7,500
Opening Balance £3,000 £9,000 £16,000
Closing Balance £9,000 £16,000 £23,500

3.

New net cash flow = £15,000 - £7,000 = £8,000

New closing balance = £16,000 + £8,000 = £24,000

4.

January February March

Cash Inflows £3,750 £4,500 £6,750
Cash Outflows £1,050 £1,750 £4,200
Net Cash Flow £2,700 £2,750 £2,550
Opening Balance £2,500 £5,200 £7,950
Closing Balance £5,200 £7,950 £10,500

5.

Quarter 1 Quarter 2
Cash Inflows £31,250 £42,900
Cash Outflows £66,000 £24,150
Net Cash Flow (£34,750) £18,750
Opening Balance £24,000 (£10,750)
Closing Balance (£10,750) £8,000
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

6.

Quarter 2

Cash Inflows = £7,000 x 1.60 = £11,200

Cash Outflows = £3,200 x 1.75 = £5,600
Net Cash Flow = £11,200 - £5,600 = £5,600
Closing balance = £5,600 + £5,800 = £11,400

7.

January February March

Inflows
Revenue £20,000 £25,000 £31,250
Total Inflows £20,000 £25,000 £31,250
Outflows
Marketing £4,000
Wages £6,250 £6,250 £6,250
Loan Repayments £1,050 £1,050
Additional Costs £3,000 £3,750 £4,687.50
Total Outflows £13,250 £11,050 £11,987.50
Net Cash Flow £6,750 £13,950 £19,262.50
Opening Balance £15,000 £21,750 £35,700
Closing Balance £21,750 £35,700 £54,962.50

8.

Net Cash Flow = (£250,000 / 5) x 2 = £100,000

Total Outflow = (£100,000 / 4) = £25,000
Inflows – Outflows = Net Cash Flow, so Total Cash Inflows = Net Cash Flow + Total Cash Outflows
Total Cash Inflow = £100,000 + £25,000 = £125,000

9.

Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4

Total Cash £10,000 £9,000 £12,000 £17,000
Inflow
Total Cash £3,000 £4,000 £7,000 £3,000
Outflow
Net Cash Flow £7,000 £5,000 £5,000 £14,000
Opening £0 £7,000 £12,000 £17,000
Balance
Closing Balance £7,000 £12,000 £17,000 £31,000

10.

Total cash inflows = £40,000 x 0.5 = £20,000

AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

Total cash outflows = £40,000 x 0.4 = £16,000

Outflows payable immediately = £16,000 x 0.6 = £9,600
Net cash flow = £20,000 - £9,600 = £10,400

Break-Even Analysis (including margin of safety, contribution per unit and total
contribution)

1.

Variable cost per unit = £2.50 / 5 = £0.50

Contribution per unit = £2.50 - £0.50 = £2.00
Total contribution = £2.00 x 20,000 units = £40,000

2.

Current total monthly contribution = (£3.00 - £1.20) x 24,000 = £43,200

New total monthly contribution = (£3.20 - £1.20) x (24,000 x 0.98) = £47,040
Difference in total monthly contribution = £47,040 - £43,200 = £3,840

3.

£50 / (£2.50 - £1.25) = 40 cupcakes

4.

Yearly fixed costs = £5,000 x 52 = £260,000

Yearly break-even = £260,000 / (£150 - £20) = 2,000 units
Yearly margin of safety = 6,000 – 2,000 = 4,000 units

5.

Current break-even = £6,000 / (£4-£0.80) = 1,875 units

Current margin of safety = 5,000 – 1,875 = 3,125 units

New fixed costs based on proposed move = £6,000 x 1.04 = £6,240

New break-even based on proposed move = £6,240 / (£4 - £0.80) = 1,950 units
New margin of safety based on proposed move = 5,000 – 1,950 = 3,050 units

Difference in margin of safety = 3,125 – 3,050 = 75 units

AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

6.1

Total Variable Fixed Total

Output Revenue Costs Costs Costs
0 £0 £0 £600 £600
200 £800 £400 £600 £1,000
400 £1,600 £800 £600 £1,400
600 £2,400 £1,200 £600 £1,800
800 £3,200 £1,600 £600 £2,200
1000 £4,000 £2,000 £600 £2,600
1200 £4,800 £2,400 £600 £3,000

A break-even chart for a new business start-up

5,000
4,500
4,000
£s costs and revenue

3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200
Units

Total Revenue Fixed Costs Total Costs

6.2

Break-even point is 300 units

6.3

Weekly margin of safety = 1,200 units – 300 units = 900 units

AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

7.1

Total variable costs at 2,500 units = £50,000 - £30,000 = £20,000

Total contribution at 2,500 units = £80,000 - £20,000 = £60,000

7.2

Total variable costs at 2,500 units = £20,000/2,500 = £8

7.3

Total profit at 3,000 units = £96,000 - £54,000 = £42,000

AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

8.1

Monthly break-even situation for a Business

900,000

800,000

Total Revenue
700,000
TR2

600,000 TC2
£s costs and revenues

Total Costs
500,000

400,000

300,000

200,000

100,000

0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Units

Total variable costs at 10,000 units (easiest point to read from the graph) = £300,000 - £200,000 =
£100,000

Original variable cost per unit £100,000 / 10,000 = £10

New variable cost per unit = £10 x 1.50 = £15
Total costs at 25,000 units = (25,000 x £15) + £200,000 = £575,000

TC2 correct intersection with “Y” axis at £200,000

TC2 correct total cost value above 25,000 units = £575,000

Original selling price per unit £300,000 / 10,000 = £30 (easiest point to read from the graph)
Original contribution per unit = £30 - £10 = £20
New selling price to maintain contribution per unit = £35
Total revenue at 25,000 units at new selling price = 25,000 x £35 = £875,000

TR2 correct intersection with “Y” axis at £0

TR2 correct total revenue value above 25,000 units = £875,000
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

8.2

New break-even point = 10,000 units

Original break-even point = 10,000 units
Difference = 0 units

9.

Contribution per unit = £150,000 / 50,000 = £3

Variable cost per unit = £5 - £3 = £2

10.

Current break-even = £18,000 / (£1.20 – £0.80) = 45,000 units

Variable cost after change in supplier = £0.80 - £0.05 = £0.75
New break-even = £18,000 / (£1.20 - £0.75) = 40,000 units
Difference in break-even = 45,000 – 40,000 = 5,000 unit

Analysing Profitability

1.

Gross profit = £3.25m x 0.54 = £1.755m

Profit from operations = £3.25m x 0.12 = £390,000
Profit for the year = £3.25m x 0.045 = £146,250

2.

Gross profit margin = (£85,000 / £450,000) x 100 = 18.89%

Profit from operations margin = (£28,000 / £450,000) x 100 = 6.22%
Profit for year margin = (£15,400 / £450,000) x 100 = 3.42%

3.

Gross profit = £1,255,000 - £480,000 = £775,000

Gross profit margin = (£775,000 / £1,255,000) x 100 = 61.75%

Profit from operations = £775,000 - £350,000 = £425,000

Profit from operations margin = (£425,000 / £1,255,000) x 100 = 33.86%

Profit for the year = £425,000 - £85,500 = £339,500

Profit for the year margin = (£339,500 / £1,255,000) x 100 = 27.05%
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

4.

Revenue = £1,255,000 x 1.15 = £1,443,250

Cost of sales = £480,000 x 1.22 = £585,600
Operating costs = £350,000 x 1.05 = £367,500
Net finance costs and tax = £85,500 x 1.08 = £92,340

Gross profit = £1,443,250 - £585,600 = £857,650

Gross profit margin = (£857,650 / £1,443,250) x 100 = 59.42%

Profit from operations = £857,650 - £367,500 = £490,150

Profit from operations margin = (£490,150 / £1,443,250) x 100 = 33.96%

Profit for the year = £490,150 - £92,340 = £397,810

Profit for the year margin = (£397,810 / £1,443,250) x 100 = 27.56%

5.

Product A Gross Profit = £140,000 x 0.45 = £63,000

Product B Gross Profit = £360,000 x 0.38 = £136,800
Product C Gross Profit = £780,500 x 0.52 = £405,860

Total Revenue = (£140,000 + £360,000 + £780,500) = £1,280,500

Total Gross Profit = (£63,000 + £136,800 + £405,860) = £605,660

Profit from operations = £605,660 - £500,000 = £105,660

Profit from operations margin = (£105,660 / £1,280,500) x 100 = 8.25%

Profit for the year = £105,660 - £72,000 = £33,660

Profit for the year margin = (£33,660 / £1,280,500) x 100 = 2.63%

6.

Gross profit = £10,600,000 x 0.45 = £4,770,000

Profit from operations = £10,600,000 x 0.25 = £2,650,000
Profit for the year = £10,600,000 x 0.05 = £530,000

7.

Sales revenue = £10,600,000 x 1.11 = £11,766,000

Gross profit = £4,770,000 x 1.05 = £5,008,500
Profit from operations = £2,650,000 x 1.04 = £2,756,000
Profit for the year = £530,000 x 0.98 = £519,400

Gross profit margin = (£5,008,500/ £11,766,000) x 100 = 42.57%

Profit from operations margin = (£2,756,000/ £11,766,000) x 100 = 23.42%
Profit for the year margin = (£519,400/ £11,766,000) x 100 = 4.41%
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

8.

Product 1 sales revenue = £2,800,000 x 0.15 = £420,000

Product 1 gross profit = £420,000 x 0.45 = £189,000

Product 2 sales revenue = £2,800,000 x 0.20 = £560,000

Product 2 gross profit = £560,000 x 0.40 = £224,000

Product 3 sales revenue = £2,800,000 x 0.32 = £896,000

Product 3 gross profit = £896,000 x 0.38 = £340,480

Product 4 sales revenue = £2,800,000 x 0.33 = £924,000

Product 4 gross profit = £924,000 x 0.24 = £221,760

Total gross profit = £975,240

Gross profit margin = (£975,240 / £2,800,000) x 100 = 34.83%

Profit from operations = £975,240 - £450,000 = £525,240

Profit from operations margin = (£525,240 / £2,800,000) x 100 = 18.76%

9.

Last Year

Revenue = £450,000
Profit from operations = £450,000 x 0.12 = £54,000
Net finance costs and tax = £54,000 x 0.375 = £20,250
Profit for the year = (£54,000 - £20,250) / £450,000 x 100 = 7.5%

Two Years Ago

Revenue = £600,000
Profit from operations = £600,000 x 0.08 = £48,000
Net finance costs and tax = £48,000 x 0.375 = £18,000
Profit for the year margin = (£48,000 - £18,000) / £600,000 x 100 = 5%

10.

Sales revenue = £600,000 x 1.15 = £690,000

Profit from operations margin = (£52,400 / £690,000) x 100 = 7.59%
Net finance costs and tax = £52,400 x 0.375 = £19,650
Profit for the year margin = (£52,400 - £19,650) / £690,000 x 100 = 4.75%
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

Calculation of Human Resource Data

Labour Turnover and Retention Rates

1.

Labour turnover = (81/1,350) x 100 = 6%

Retention rate = (1,350 – 81) / 1,350 x 100 = 94%

2.

80 x 0.15 = 12 employees
(12 / 2) x £1,250 = £7,500

3.

5,600/16 = 350 workers

(350 – 45)/350 x 100 = 87.14%

4.

Store A = 500 x 0.12 = 60 employees. 60 x 0.10 = 6 employees

Store B = 500 x 0.16 = 80 employees. 80 x 0.025 = 2 employees
Store C = 500 x 0.18 = 90 employees. 90 x 0.10 = 9 employees
Store D = 500 x 0.12 = 60 employees. 60 x 0.05 = 3 employees
Store E = 500 x 0.24 = 120 employees. 120 x 0.075 = 9 employees
Store F had 0% labour turnover
Total number of employees who left the business last year = 29 employees

5.

Total number of employees last year = 320 x 1.15 = 368

368 x 0.25 = 92 employees

Labour productivity

1.
364,000 / 52 = 7,000 units per week
7,000/ 4,000 = 1.75

2.
Total manufacturing staff = (84/7) x 5 = 60 staff
60/2 = 30 staff per shift
30 x 15 = 450 units of output per shift

3.
Total manufacturing staff = 60 + 6 = 66 staff
Staff per shift = 66/2 = 33 staff
Total output = 450 x 1.10 = 495
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

495/33 = 15 units

4.
Current output per worker, per week = 32,000/40 = 800 units
After training = 800 x 1.2 = 960 units

5.
Total number of workers = £748,000/£22,000 = 34 workers
Daily output = 228,480/240 = 952 units
Daily labour productivity = 952/34 = 28 units

Employee costs as a percentage of turnover

1.
(£127,500/£850,000) x 100 = 15%

2.
Turnover = 245,000 x £2.50 = £612,500
£612,500 x 0.20 = £122,500

3.
Turnover = (£648,000/ 80) x 100 = £810,000
Employee costs as a percentage of turnover = (£202,500/ £810,000) x 100 = 25%

4.
Worker pay this year = £18,000 x 1.04 = £18,720
Total labour costs = £18,720 x 10 = £187,200
Turnover this year = £600,000 x 1.10 = £660,000
Employee costs as a percentage of turnover = (£187,200/£660,000) x 100 = 28.36%

5.
Labour costs last year = £250,000 x 0.20 = £50,000
Turnover based on new capacity = £250,000 x 1.15 = £287,500
Labour costs based on new capacity = £50,000 x 1.05 = £52,500
Employee costs as a percentage of turnover = (£52,500/£287,500) x 100 = 18.26%
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

Labour costs per unit

`
1.
£34,500/6,000 = £5.75

2.
Total number of tables per year = 335 x 25 = 8,375
£50,250/8,375 = £6

3.
8,375 x 1.20 = 10,050
£50,250/10,050 = £5

4.
Total manufacturing cost per car = £14,000/1.40 = £10,000
Labour cost per car = £10,000 x 0.15 = £1,500

5.
Total labour costs = £400,000 x 0.30 = £120,000
Total output = 50 x 1,000 = 50,000 units
Labour cost per unit = £120,000/50,000 = £2.40

Financial Ratio Analysis

Return on Capital Employed
1.

ROCE = (£4m / £20m) x 100 = 20%

2.

Operating Profit = £12m x 0.15 = £1.8 million

3.

Capital employed = £14m + £7m = £21m

Return on capital employed = (£2m / £21m) x 100 =9.52%

4.
Operating profit = £2.5m x 0.08 = £200,000
Capital employed = £1m + £250,000 = £1.25m
Return on capital employed = (£200,000/ £1.25m) x 100 = 16%
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

5.

Operating profit = £5m – (£2m + £1.9m) = £1.1m

Capital employed = £0.5m + £1.8m = £2.3m
Return on capital employed = (£1.1m / £2.3m) x 100 = 47.83%

Liquidity
1.

Current Ratio = £200,000/ £160,000 = 1.25:1

2.

Current assets = £600,000

Current liabilities = £400,000
Current ratio = £600,000 / £400,000 = 1.5:1

3.

Current assets = £2m x 1.8 = £3.6m

4.

Current assets = £800,000

Current liabilities = £800,000 x 0.8 = £640,000
Current ratio = £800,000 / £640,000 = 1.25:1

5.
Current ratio before
Current assets = £350,000
Current liabilities = £200,000
Current ratio = £350,000 / £200,000 = 1.75:1

Current ratio after

Inventory = £220,000
Receivables = £50,000
Cash = £30,000
Current assets = £300,000
Current liabilities = £150,000

Current ratio = £300,000 / £150,000 = 2:1

AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

Gearing
1.

£300,000 / (£500,000 + £300,000) x 100 = 37.5%

2.

Gearing = (£9m / £15m) x 100 = 60%

3.

Non-current liabilities = £5m x 0.20 = £1m

4.

Current gearing
Gearing =£6.75m / (£6.75m + £8.25m) x 100 = 45%

New gearing
Non-current liabilities = £6.75m + £2m = £8.75m
Gearing = £8.75m / (£8.75m + £8.25m) x 100 = 51.47%

5.

Current gearing
Non-current liabilities = £4m x 1.9 = £7.6m
Gearing = (£7.6m / £19m) x 100 = 40%

New gearing
Additional borrowing = £8m
Gearing = (£7.6m + £8m) / (£19m + £8m) x 100 = 57.78%
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

Efficiency Ratios

1.
Payables days = (£10,000 / £250,000) x 365 = 14.6 days
Receivables days = (£24,000 / £800,000) x 365 = 10.95 days

2.
Inventory turnover = £140m / £50m = 2.8 times or 130.36 days (365 / 2.8)

3.
Cost of sales = £150m - £80m = £70m.
Average inventory held = £70m / 20 = £3.5m

4.
Payables days = (£4m / £22m) x 365 = 66.36 days
Receivables days = (£11m / £55m) x 365 = 73 days
Inventory turnover = £22m / £10m = 2.2 times or 165.91 days (365 / 2.2)

5.
Cost of sales = £900,000 - £400,000 = £500,000
Payables = £50,000 x 0.2 = £10,000
Receivables = £90,000 x 0.4 = £36,000

Payables days = (£10,000 / £500,000) x 365 = 7.3 days

Receivables days = (£36,000 / £900,000) x 365 = 14.6 days

Investment Appraisal
Payback
1.

After 3 years £170,000 has been returned (£50,000 + £60,000 + £60,000) leaving £30,000 to be
repaid
Year 4 net cash flow = £80,000
(£30,000 / £80,000) x 12 = 4.5 months
Payback = 3 years and 4.5 months

2.

Total net cash flows after 3 years = £220,000

That leaves £80,000 to be repaid (£300,000 - £220,000)
(£80,000 / 8) x 12 = £120,000
Net cash flows in Year 4 = £120,000
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

3.

Net Cash Flows:

Year 1 = £100,000 Year 2 = £120,000 Year 3 = £120,000 Year 4 = £140,000
After 2 years £220,000 has been repaid (£100,000 + £120,000) leaving £105,000 to be repaid
Year 3 net cash flow = £120,000
(£105,000 / £120,000) x 12 = 10.5 months
Payback = 2 years and 10.5 months

4.

Year 3 inflows = £200,000 x 1.10 = £220,000

Year 3 outflows = £80,000 x 1.10 = £88,000
Year 3 net cash flow = £220,000 - £88,000 = £132,000
(£105,000 / £132,000) x 12 = 9.54
Payback = 2 years and 9.55 months

5.

Net Cash Flows:

Year 1 = £350,000 Year 2 = £350,000 Year 3 = £500,000 Year 4 = £700,000 Year 5 = £750,000
After 3 years £1,200,000 has been returned leaving £500,000 to be repaid
(£500,000 / £700,000) x 12 = 8.57
Payback = 3 years and 8.57 months

Accounting Rate of Return (ARR)

1.

Total Return = £37,000 x 4 - £120,000 = £28,000

Average Annual Return = £28,000/4 = £7,000
ARR = (£7,000/£120,000) x 100 = 5.83%

2.

Total return = (£600,000 - £400,000) - £140,000 = £60,000

Average Annual Return = £60,000/5 = £12,000
ARR = (£12,000/£140,000) x 100 = 8.57%
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

3.

Site A
Total Cost = £1,400,000 + (£100,000 x 5) = £1,900,000
Total Return = (£425,000 x 5) - £1,900,000 = £225,000
Average Annual Return = £225,000/5 = £45,000
ARR = (£45,000/£1,400,000) x 100 = 3.21%

Site B
Total Cost = £2,000,000 + (£40,000 x 5) = £2,200,000
Total Return = (£425,000 x 1.25) x 5 - £2,200,000 = £456,250
Average Annual Return = £456,250/5 = £91,250
ARR = (£91,250/£2,000,000) x 100 = 4.56%

4.

Total Cash Inflows = £120,000+£150,000+£180,000+£240,000+£260,000 = £950,000

Total Cash Outflows = £100,000 + (£220,000+£170,000+£130,000+£130,000+£120,000) = £870,000
Total Return = £950,000 - £870,000 = £80,000
Average Annual Return = £80,000/5 = £16,000
ARR = (£16,000/£100,000) x 100 = 16%

5.

Option 1
Total Return
June = £1,500
July = (£1,500 x 1.2) = £1,800
August = (£1,800 x 1.2) = £2,160
September = (£2,160 x 1.2) = £2,592
(£1,500 + £1,800 + £2,160 + £2592) - £4,000 = £4,052
Average Monthly Return = £4,052/4 = £1,013
ARR = (£1,013/£4,000) x 100 = 25.33%

Option 2
Total Return = £2,500 x 4 + (£2,500 x 0.8) - £6,000 = £6,000
Average Monthly Return = £6,000/5 = £1,200
ARR = (£1,200/£6,000) x 100 = 20%
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

Net present value

1.
Year Net Cash Flows 7% Discount Factor Present Value
0 (£150,000) 1 (£150,000)
1 £175,000 0.935 £163,625
2 £220,000 0.873 £192,060
3 £280,000 0.816 £228,480
NPV = £434,165 Total £434,165

2.
Year Net Cash Flow 5 % Discount Present Value
Factor
0 (£120,000) 1 (£120,000)
1 £30,000 0.952 £28,560
2 £40,000 0.907 £36,280
3 £40,000 0.864 £34,560
4 £55,000 0.823 £45,265
5 £80,000 0.784 £62,720
NPV = £87,385 Total £87,385

3.
Machine 1
Year Net Cash Flow 5% Discount Present Value
Factor
0 (£200,000) 1 (£200,000)
1 £40,000 0.952 £38,080
2 £55,000 0.907 £49,885
3 £70,000 0.864 £60,480
4 £83,000 0.823 £68,309
5 £91,000 0.784 £71,344
NPV = £88,098 Total £88,098

Machine 2

Year Net Cash Flow 5% Discount Present Value

Factor
0 (£300,000) 1 (£300,000)
1 £90,000 0.952 £85,680
2 £94,000 0.907 £85,258
3 £106,000 0.864 £91,584
4 £120,000 0.823 £98,760
5 £125,000 0.784 £98,000
NPV = £159,282 Total £159,282

Machine B should be chosen

AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

4.

Year Cash Inflows Cash Outflows Net Cash 10% Discount Present Value
Flow Factor
0 (£450,000) (£450,000) 1 (£450,000)
1 £130,000 £6,500 £123,500 0.909 £112,261.50
2 £195,000 £9,750 £185,250 0.826 £153,016.50
3 £260,000 £13,000 £247,000 0.751 £185,497
4 £325,000 £16,250 £308,750 0.683 £210,876.25
5 £390,000 £19,500 £370,500 0.621 £230,080.50
NPV = £441,731.75 Total £441,731.75

5.

Year Cash Inflows Cash Net Cash Flow 10% Discount Present Value
Outflows Factor
0 (£100,000) (£150,000) 1 (£100,000)
1 £60,000 £12,000 £48,000 0.909 £43,632
2 £66,000 £13,200 £52,800 0.826 £43,612.80
3 £72,600 £14,520 £58,080 0.751 £43,618.08
NPV = £30,862.88 Total £30,862.88
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

Network Analysis

1.

2.
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

3.

4.

Total float for activity D = 9 – 2 – 2 = 5

Total float for activity I = 12 – 4 – 4 = 4

Critical path = C, G, J
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

5.

Earliest start time for node 8 = 13

New completion time = 18

6.

Total float for activity G = 11 – 4 – 6 = 1

Critical path = B, E, J
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

7.

Critical path = C, G, M, O

8.
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

Critical path = A, E, J, L, O

9.

Critical path = B, E, H, I

10.

Critical path = C, G, J, K
AQA A Level Business Calculation Practice Book - Answers

Interpreting Index Numbers

1.

Sales in April = 3,240 x 0.95 = 3,078 laptops

Sales in May = 3,240 x 1.20 = 3,888 laptops

2.

House prices in 2013 = £195,000 x 1.10 = £214,500

House prices in 2016 = £195,000 x 1.15 = £224,250
Difference in house prices = £224,250 - £214,500 = £9,750

3.

Visitors in March = 2,000 x 1.05 = 2,100

Visitors in April = 2,000 x 0.95 = 1,900
Visitors in May = 2,000 x 1.20 = 2,400
Visitors in June = 2,000 x 1.10 = 2,200
Visitors in July = 2,000 x 1.25 = 2,500

Total number of visitors over last 5 months = 11,100

Average number of visitors = 11,100 / 5 = 2,220

4.

Business A unit sales in 2015 = 125,000 x 1.20 = 150,000

Business A units sales in 2016 = 125,000 x 1.24 = 155,000
Percentage difference in unit sales = (155,000 - 150,000) / 150,000 x 100 = 3.33%

5.

Business A appears to have the more motivated workforce as labour productivity has increased and
labour turnover has fallen