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Study Guide in CC 101- Introduction to Computing Module No. 4

STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE NO. 4

KEY COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

MODULE OVERVIEW

This module aims to understand the key components of computer system are consist of Hardware, Software and
Peopleware. Hardware pertains to the components of a computer that you could see and touch, consisting of the case and
the entirety interior of it. The maximum significant element of hardware is a tiny rectangular chip inside your computer
recognized as the central processing unit (CPU) or microprocessor. Likewise, software relates to the instructions, or
programs, that inform hardware what to do. Peopleware can pertain to something that has to do with the function of
humans in the improvement or use of computer software and hardware systems.

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this, students are expected to:

1. Dissect and explain the basic elements of a computer system.

2. Explain the function and interaction of various subsystems of a digital computer.

LEARNING CONTENTS (HARDWARE)

HARDWARE

The word Hardware refers to the physical part of the machine or elements of an electronic data processing system. It may
also pertain to as the equipment that performs the mechanics of operations. Each element is designed to carry out one
or more of the following functions: data preparation, input, processing, storage and output.

Computer Hardware is the physical part of a computer, as distinguished from the computer software program that
executes or runs at the hardware. The hardware of a computer is once in a while changed, while software
program and data are changed frequently. The term software refers to readily created, changed or erased. These
are not like the physical components inside the computer which might be hardware.

Types of Hardware
• Input devices − keyboard, mouse, etc.
• Output devices − printer, monitor, etc.
• Secondary storage devices − Hard disk, CD, DVD, etc.

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• Internal
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in CC 101- − CPU,
Introduction motherboard,
to Computing RAM, etc. Module No. 4

INPUT DEVICES
Input is any information or commands which can be utilized by a computer. They can come directly from you or
from different sources. You deliver input every time you use system or application programs.

Input devices are hardware used to translate words, sounds, images, and movements that humans recognize right into
a form that the system unit can process. Input devices are hardware devices which take data from the user of
the computer device, convert it into electric indicators and transmit it to the processor. The main function of input devices is
to permit people to engage with the computer system. For example a mouse permits the user to govern the motion of the
pointer (a common element in user interface design).

KEYBOARD
Keyboard is the well-known input device which helps to input data to the computer. The format of the keyboard is like the
conventional typewriter, despite the fact that there are a few extra keys furnished for appearing extra functions.

Keyboards are of sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, however now keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys also are to be
had for Windows and Internet.

The keys on the keyboard are as follows:

⚫ Typing Keys - those are keys encompass the letter
keys (A-Z) and digit keys (09) which typically
provide the identical format as that of typewriters.

⚫ Numeric Keypad - it is used to input the numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it includes a fixed of 17
keys which are laid out at the identical configuration utilized by most adding machines and calculators.
⚫ Function Keys - twelve keys that are located in the topmost part of the keyboard which are organized in a row.
Each function key has a different meaning and used for several unique purpose.
⚫ Control keys – are the keys which provide cursor and display screen control. It consists of four directional arrow
keys. Control keys additionally encompass Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl),
Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).
⚫ Special Purpose Keys - those are that keys that includes a special unique keys.and these are the: Enter, Shift, Caps
Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.

MOUSE

Mouse is the well-known pointing tool. It is a totally well-known cursor-manipulator tool having a small palm length
container with a spherical ball at its Base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends corresponding signs to the
CPU at the same time as the mouse buttons are.

Generally, it has buttons referred to as the left and the right button and a wheel is existed among the buttons. A
mouse may be used to manipulate the location of the cursor at the screen, however it cannot be used to input text into the
computer.

Advantages

• Easy to use

• Not very expensive

• Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of the keyboard.

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JOYSTICK

Joystick is likewise a pointing device,that is used to control the cursor point on a monitor. It is a stick having a round ball at
its each lower and upper ends. The lower round ball moves in a socket. The joystick may be moved in all four directions.

The purpose of the joystick is much like similar to the function of a mouse. It is primarily used in Computer Aided Designing
(CAD) and playing digital games.

LIGHT PEN

Light pen is a pointing tool that look just like a pen. It is used to choose a displayed menu object or draw photos at
the screen. It contains a photocell and an optical system located in a small tube.

When the tip of a light pen is moved over the display monitor and the pen
button is pressed, its photocell sensing detail detects the monitor’s region
and sends the corresponding signal to the CPU.

SCANNER

Scanner is an input device, which does more like a photocopy machine. It is used when

several information or data is in the paper and wants to be transferred to the hard disk

of the computer for more manipulation.

Scanner captures images from the source which can then converted right into a digital form that may be stored at the disk.
These images can be edited before printing.

DIGITIZER

Digitizer is an input device which transforms analog data into digital form. Digitizer can transform a signal from
the television or camera into a chain of numbers that might be stored in a computer. They may be utilized
by the computer to produce an image of any kind the camera were pointed at.

Digitizer is likewise referred to as Tablet or Graphics Tablet because it

converts graphics and pictorial data into binary inputs. A graphic tablet as
digitizer is used for high-quality works of drawing and image manipulation
applications.

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MICROPHONE

Microphone is an input device used to input sound that will be stored in a digital form. The microphone is used for many
applications including adding a sound to a multimedia presentation or for blending music.

MAGNETIC INK CARD READER (MICR)

Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR) input device is typically utilized in banks as there are large quantity of cheques to be
processed each day. The bank's code number and cheque amount are imprinted on the cheques with a unique sort of ink
that incorporates debris of magnetic material which can be machine-readable.

This interpretation process is known as Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR).

The main advantage of MICR is that fast and prone too much fewer errors.

OPTICAL CHARACTER READER (OCR)

Optical Character Reader (OCR) is an input device utilized to analyze a printed text.

OCR scans the textual content optically, character by character, transform them into
a machine-readable code, and stores the textual content at the system memory.

BAR CODE READERS

Bar Code Reader is a tool used for analyzing bar coded data (data in the
structure of light and dark lines). Bar coded data is typically utilized in
labeling goods, numbering the books, etc. It can be a hand-held scanner or
can be embedded in a stationary scanner.

Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image, converts it into an alphanumeric value that is then fed to the computer that the
bar code reader is linked to.

OPTICAL MARK READER (OMR)

Optical Mark Reader (OMR) is a unique form of optical scanner used to understand the form of mark made the use of pen
or pencil. It is used in which one out of some options is to be selected and marked.

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It is particularly used for evaluating the answer sheets
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of examinations having multiple choice questions.

TRACK BALL

Track ball is an input device where is basically utilized in notebook or computer, as an alternative to a mouse. This is a
ball that is half of inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, its pointer may be moved.

Since the entire tool isn't moved, a track ball requires much less area than a mouse.
A track ball is available in various shapes like a ball, a button, or a square.

OUTPUT DEVICES
Output is processed data or information. Output is generally takes the form of the text, graphics, photos, audio, and/or
video.

Output device is any piece of computer hardware system used to connect the outcomes of data processing carried
through
an information processing system (such as computer) which converts the electronically generated data into human-
readable form. Output device take information from the computer system and transform it to a form that may
be understood by humans.

Following are the several important output devices used in computers.

• Monitors

• Printer

• Speaker and Headset

MONITORS

Monitors, normally referred to as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a computer. It makes
images from tiny dots, referred to as pixels which has been organized in a rectangular form. The sharpness of
the image relies upon the quantity of pixels.

There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors

• Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)

• Flat-Panel Display

CATHODE-RAY TUBE (CRT) MONITOR

The Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) display monitor is made of small image factors known as pixels. The smaller the pixels,
the higher the photo readability or resolution. It takes a couple of illuminated pixel to shape an
entire character, consisting of the letter ‘e’ within the word ‘help’.

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FLAT-PANEL DISPLAY MONITOR

The flat-panel display monitor refers to a category of video device which

have reduced volume, weight and power requirement in contrast to the CRT. You
can hang them on walls or put on them on your wrists. Current makes use of
flat-panel display monitor on calculators, video games, laptop, monitors, computer,
and graphic display.

The flat-panel display is divided into two categories:

⚫ Emissive Displays − Emissive displays are devices that transform electric power into light. For example, plasma
panel and LED (Light-Emitting Diodes).
⚫ Non-Emissive Displays − Non-emissive displays use optical effects to transform sunlight or light from a few
different supply into graphic patterns.

PRINTERS

Printer is an output device that is used to print data on paper.

Two Types of Printers

a. Impact Printers

b. Non-Impact Printers

A. IMPACT PRINTERS

Impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon,that is then pressed at the paper.

Characteristics of Impact Printers are the following:

• Very low consumable costs

• Very noisy

• Useful for bulk printing due to low cost

• There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image

Types of Impact Printers

• Character printers

• Line printers

CHARACTER PRINTERS
Character printers are printers which print one character at a time.

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Types of Character Printers
• Dot Matrix Printer(DMP)

• Daisy Wheel

DOT MATRIX PRINTER

In the market, one of the very famous printers is Dot Matrix Printer. These printers are famous due to their ease of
printing and low-budget price. Each character printed is within the form of pattern of dots and head includes a Matrix of
Pins of size (5*7, 7*9, 9*7 or 9*9) which pop out to form a character that's why it is called Dot Matrix Printer.

DAISY WHEEL
Head is lying on a wheel and pins matching to characters is just like a petals of Daisy
(flower) that is why it is called as Daisy Wheel Printer. These printers are usually used
for word-processing in offices that require some letters to be sent here and there with
very nice quality.

LINE PRINTERS

Line printer is a kind of a printer which prints one line at a time.

Types of Line Printers

• Drum Printer

• Chain Printer

DRUM PRINTER
This printer is sort of a drum in form so this is the reason why they called it drum printer. The surface of the drum is split
into number of tracks. Total tracks are identical to the scale of the paper, i.e. Paper width of 132 characters, drum might
also have 132 tracks. A character set is embossed on the track. Different character sets existing within market are 48
character set, 64 and 96 characters set. The one rotation of drum prints means one line. Drum printers are fast in speed
and may print 300 – 2000 lines per minute.

CHAIN PRINTER
In this printer, a sequence of character set is used, subsequently it is known as Chain Printer. A standard
character set may have 48, 64, or 96 characters.

B. NON-IMPACT PRINTERS

Non-impact printers print the characters without the use of the ribbon. These printers print an entire page at a
time, accordingly they are commonly known as a Page Printers.

Types of Non-impact Printers

• Laser Printers

• Inkjet Printers

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Characteristics of Non-impact Printers
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• Faster than impact printers

• They are not noisy

• High quality

• Supports many fonts and different character size

LASER PRINTERS
These are non-impact page printers. They use laser lights in producing the dots that
had to form the characters to be printed on a page.

INKJET PRINTERS
Inkjet printers are non-impact character printers primarily based on a somewhat new technology. They print characters
with the spraying small drops of ink into the paper. Inkjet printers produce high quality product with presentable features.
They make much less noise due to the fact no hammering is done and these have many forms of printing modes available.
The Color printing is also possible. Some prototypes of Inkjet printers can produce more than one copies of printing also.

SPEAKERS AND HEADSETS

Audio-output devices translate audio records from the computer into sounds that humans can understand.
The maximum broadly used audio-output devices are audio system (like speakers) and headsets.
These devices are linked to an audio jack at the system unit. The sound card is used to seize in as well to play back
recorded sounds. Audio-output devices are used to play music, vocalize translations from one language to another, and
communicate records from the computer system to the users.

STORAGE DEVICE
A data storage device is a device for recording (storing) information (data). Recording can be done using virtually any
form of energy, spanning from manual muscle power in handwriting, to acoustic vibrations in phonographic recording, to
electromagnetic energy modulating magnetic tape and optical discs.

A storage device might also hold information, process information, or both. The recording medium is the only device that
holds information. Devices that process information (data storage equipment) may either access a separate portable
(removable) recording medium or a permanent component to store and retrieve data.

Three Types of Memory

• Cache Memory

• Primary Memory/Main Memory

• Secondary Memory

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CACHE MEMORY

Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory that can accelerate the CPU. It acts as a buffer among the
CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program that are most often utilized by the CPU.
The parts of data and program are transferred from the disk to cache memory through the operating system,
from wherein the CPU can access them.

Advantages

The advantages of cache memory are as follows –

• Cache memory is faster than main memory.

• It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.

It consumes much less access time compared to main memory.

• It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.

It stores the that may be carried out within a short of time.

• It stores data for temporary use.

Disadvantages

The disadvantages of cache memory are as follows –

• Cache memory has limited capacity.

• It is very expensive.

PRIMARY MEMORY (MAIN MEMORY)

Primary memory holds only those data and commands on which the computer is presently working. It has a limited
capacity and data is lost when the power is switched off. It is mostly made up of semiconductor device. These memories
are not fast as registers. The data and information required to be processed is resides in the main memory. It is divided
into two subcategories RAM and ROM.

Characteristics of Main Memory

• These are semiconductor memories.

• It is known as the main memory.

• Usually volatile memory.

• Data is lost in case power is switched off.

• It is the working memory of the computer.

• Faster than secondary memories.

• A computer cannot run without the primary memory.

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SECONDARY MEMORY

This kind of memory is likewise referred to as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than the primary memory (main
memory). These are used for storing data/information permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories,
alternatively they may be accessed through input-output routines. The contents of secondary memory are first transferred
to the primary memory, after which the CPU can get admission to it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

Characteristics of Secondary Memory

• It is magnetic and optical memory.

• It is called the backup memory.

• It is a non-volatile memory.

• Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.

• It is used for storage of data in a computer.

• Computer may run without the secondary memory.

• Slower than main memory.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

includes the following features:
• CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.

• CPU performs all types of data processing operations.

• It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program).

• It controls the operation of all components of the computer.

Three Components of CPU

• Memory or Storage Unit

• Control Unit

• ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)

SYSTEM BOARD (MAIN BOARD OR MOTHERBOARD)

The system board is likewise called the mainboard or motherboard. The system board controls communications for
the whole computer system. Every component inside the system unit connects to the system board. All external
devices along with the keyboard, mouse, and monitor connect with the system board. It acts as a data path and traffic
monitor, permitting the various component to communicate effectively with one another.

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Features of Motherboard

• Motherboard varies significantly in helping various types of components.

• Motherboard helps a single type of CPU and few types of memories.
• Video cards, hard disks, sound cards have to be compatible with the motherboard to function properly.
• Motherboards, cases, and power supplies must be compatible to work properly together.

LEARNING CONTENTS (SOFTWARE)

SOFTWARE

Software is another name for programs. Programs are the commands that inform the computer a way to process a
data into the form you want. In most cases, for words software and programs are interchangeable.

There are two types of software

• System Software

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• Application
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in CC 101- Introduction Module No. 4

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

The user often interacts with application software. System software allows the application software to have interaction
with the computer hardware. System software is “background” software program that facilitates the computer manage its
own internal resources.

System software is not a single program. Rather it is collection of programs including the following:

OPERATING SYSTEM are programs that coordinate computer resources, offer an interface among the users and the
computer, and run applications. Microsoft’s Windows 8 and Apple’s Mac OS X are two of the best-identified operating
Systems.

Every computer has an operating system and each operating system executes a variety of functions. These functions may
be labeled into three groups: managing computer resources, providing a user interface, and running applications.

⚫ Resources. These programs coordinate all the computer’s assets which includes memory, processing, storage, and
devices like printers and monitors. They also monitor system performance, schedule jobs, provide security, and start
up the computer.

⚫ User Interface. Users engage with application programs and computer hardware through a user interface. Several
older operating system use a character based interface wherein users communicated with the operating system
through written commands like “Copy A: assign.doc to C:”. Almost all more modern operating system use a graphical
user interface (GUI).

⚫ Application. These programs load and run applications like word processors and spreadsheets. Several operating
system help multitasking, or the capacity to interchange among applications stored in memory. With multitasking, you
can have Word and Excel running at the same time and easily switch between the two. The software which
you are presently working on is defined as running in the foreground.
The different software or programs are running in the background.

DEVICE DRIVERS are specialized programs designed to allow particular input or output devices to communicate with the
rest of the computer system.

Examples of Device Drivers

⚫ Printers

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⚫ Video Adapters
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⚫ Network Cards

⚫ Sound Cards

⚫ Local buses of various sorts—in particular, for bus mastering on modern systems

⚫ Low-bandwidth I/O buses of various sorts (for pointing devices such as mouse, keyboards, USB, etc.)

⚫ Computer Storage devices such as hard disk, CD-ROM, and floppy disk buses (ATA, SATA, SCSI)

⚫ Implementing support for different file system

⚫ Image scanners

⚫ Digital Cameras

UTILITIES also called service programs carry out specific tasks associated with managing computer resources. There are
loads of various software applications. The maximum vital are:

⚫ Troubleshooting or diagnostic programs that understand and accurate problems, preferably before
they become serious.

⚫ Antivirus programs that guard your computer system against viruses or different damaging programs that
could invade your computer system.

⚫ Uninstall programs that permit you effectively and absolutely cast off unneeded applications and associated
documents out of your hard disk.

⚫ Backup programs that make copies of documents for use in case the originals are misplaced or damaged.

⚫ File compression programs that lessen the scale of documents in order that they use much
less storage space and may be sent more efficiently over the Internet.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Application software is probably defined as end user software. Three kinds of application software are general-purpose,
specialized and mobile apps.

⚫ General-Purpose Applications are broadly utilized in almost all profession areas. They are sorts of programs you
need to recognize to be considered computer competent. One of those general-purpose application is a browser to
navigate, explore, and locate information at the Internet. The three most widely used browsers are Mozilla Firefox,
Microsoft Internet Explorer and Google Chrome.

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⚫ Specialized Applications encompass thousands of different programs which
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can be more narrowly focused
Module No. 4
on precise disciplines and occupations. Two of the best known are graphics and web authoring programs.

⚫ Mobile Apps or Cellular Applications are small programs designed for cellular gadgets such smartphones, tablet
computers, and different cellular gadgets. There are over half of million apps. The very famous cellular apps are
for text messaging, internet browsing, and connecting to social networks.

LEARNING CONTENTS (PEOPLEWARE)

PEOPLEWARE

The term “peopleware” represents the personnel concerned in system analysis, programming, computer operations, system
maintenance and the like. Systems analysis and design are the roles of the systems’ analyst. Program development is
the specialty of the programmer. Systems development is the job of computer operators, input data preparation staff,
and output preparation clerks. Output preparation includes collating, busting, and binding the reports before they are
delivered to the user. Commonly, analysts do certain programming in addition to analysis. Correspondingly,
programmers do certain systems work in addition to programming. Such an arrangement distributes the overall work
load among the existing staff. It also helps programmers prepare for greater involvement in systems analysis in the future.

Peopleware can discuss with something that has to do with the role of people in the improvement or use
of computer software and hardware systems, such as such problems as developer productivity,
teamwork, group dynamics, the psychology of programming, project management, organizational factors, human interface
design, and human-machine-interaction.

LEARNING ACTIVITY

Self-check Questions

Name:_____________________________________ Course/Year:_________ Date:________ Score:_______

IDENTIFICATION: Answer the following statements. Write your answers on the blank space provided before each
number.

_______________ 1. It controls communications for the whole computer system.

_______________ 2. A programs that coordinate computer resources, offer an interface among the users and the
computer, and run applications.
_______________ 3. Refers to the physical part of the machine or elements of an electronic data processing system.
_______________ 4. A very high speed semiconductor memory that can accelerate the CPU.
_______________ 5. Are hardware used to translate words, sounds, images, and movements that humans recognize right
into a form that the system unit can process.
_______________ 6. These printers print an entire page at a time, accordingly they are commonly known as a Page
Printers.
_______________ 7. A non-impact character printers primarily based on a somewhat new technology. They print
characters with the spraying small drops of ink into the paper that produce high quality product with presentable features.
_______________ 8. It makes copies of documents for use in case the originals are misplaced or damaged.

_______________ 9. Two subcategories of Primary Memory.

_______________ 10. The personnel concerned in system analysis, programming, computer operations, system
maintenance and the like.

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_______________ 11. An any piece of computer hardware system used to connect the outcomes
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of data processing
Module No. 4
carried through an information processing system (such as computer) which converts the electronically generated data into
human-readable form.
_______________ 12. Specialized programs designed to allow particular input or output devices to communicate with the
rest of the computer system.

_______________ 13. A “background” software program that facilitates the computer manage its own internal resources.

_______________ 14. The brain of the computer.

_______________ 15. An input device which transforms analog data into digital form.
_______________ 16. This kind of memory is likewise referred to as external memory or non-volatile.
_______________ 17. Audio-output devices translate audio records from the computer into sounds that humans can
understand.
_______________ 18. Also called service programs carry out specific tasks associated with managing computer
resources. There are loads of various software applications.
_______________ 19. A well-known input device which helps to input data to the computer.
_______________ 20. Normally referred to as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a computer.

ACRONYM:
1. OMR -____________________________________
2. ROM -____________________________________
3. OCR -____________________________________
4. DMP -____________________________________
5. CPU -____________________________________
6. MICR -____________________________________
7. CAD -____________________________________
8. CD -____________________________________
9. RAM -____________________________________
10. ALU -____________________________________

ESSAY: Give your idea about the given statements.

1. What is the difference between RAM and ROM?

2. Identify and describe the parts of the Motherboard.

3. What are the desktop operating systems? Differentiate Windows, macOS and Unix-Linux.

4. Identify the different types of Secondary Storage and discuss the most important characteristics of secondary storage.

SUMMARY

⚫ Components of Computer Systems are Hardware, Software and Peopleware.

⚫ Hardware is the tangible part of computer systems that consists of Input devices Output devices, Secondary Storage
devices, and Internal components

⚫ Software is also known as programs that consists of system software and application software.

⚫ System Software is not a single program that consists of operating system,device drivers and utilities.

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⚫ Application Software is the end user software and the three kinds are general-purpose,Module
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specialized
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and mobile
apps.
⚫ Peopleware has to do with the role of people in the improvement or use of computer software
and hardware systems.

REFERENCES

Book and E-book

(2014) Computing Essentials, McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.

T. O’leary, L. O’leary (2014) Computing Essentials, McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.

Wiley (2014) Computing Fundamentals DIGITAL LITERACY EDITION, Faithe Wempen (ebook)

Volante, Tam (2014), Fundamentals of Information Technology, Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.

Juny Pilapil La Putt (2012), Introduction to Computer Concepts, National Bookstore

Web-links
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_components.htm

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Computer_Information_Systems

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