MODULE 2

The Derivative and Differentiation

In this module we begin our study of differential calculus, which is concerned with how one
quantity changes in relation to another quantity. The central concept of differential calculus
is the derivative, which is an outgrowth of the velocities and slopes of tangents that we
considered in Pre-calculus and Physics. After learning how to calculate derivatives, we will
use them to solve problems involving rates of change and the approximation of functions.

Each module contains several units with its own topic learning outcomes and topic outline.
Each unit contains activities designed using the 5E constructivist model of learning,
developed by Rodger Bybee, specifically for students to understand and comprehend
science. The 5E model provides opportunities for you to engage, explore, explain, elaborate,
and evaluate topics covered in each unit.

By the end of this module, you should be able to:

TLO 2: Solve problems involving the Derivative and Differentiation

Differentiation is widely applied in engineering, chemistry, physics, biology and

many other disciplines in science and technology. It is basically a concept that deals
with rate of change. Among other things, it is used to define the slopes of curves, to
calculate the velocities and accelerations of moving objects, to find the firing angle
that gives a cannon its greatest range, and to predict the times when planets will be
closest to each other or farthest apart. In this unit we begin the study of differential
calculus. The central concept of differential calculus is the derivative.

After learning how to calculate derivatives, you will use them to solve problems
involving rates of change. This unit is devoted to (a) the definition of the derivative, or
differentiation from first principles; The next unit will be (b) the rules used to find
derivatives of algebraic and trigonometric functions; (c) problems involving tangent
and normal lines.

LEARNING OUTCOMES: By the end of this unit, you should be able to:
a. Demonstrate an understanding of the first principles of differentiation
b. Find the derivatives using the Limit function

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Which of the lines in the Figure are tangent
to the curve? In your own definition, what is
a tangent line? Secant line?

The problem of finding the tangent line to a curve and the problem of finding the
velocity of an object both involve finding the same type of limit. This special type of
limit is called a derivative and we will see that it can be interpreted as a rate of change
in any of the sciences or engineering.

The derivative of y with respect to x is the limit

∆D
of the ratio ∆+ when ∆+ approaches zero.

∆D
What is ?
∆+

Ø Given a continuous function = = !(' ) , consider a curve for that function

∆= – change in y, increment in y
∆' – change in x, increment in x
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• Let the secant line slide down, such
that P2 will coincide with P1, that is, the
secant line now approaches a limit or the
∆ô
ratio approaches a limit.
∆4

• As ∆' approaches zero, P2

approaches P1 or ∆= as well --- a limit

• The derivative of a function is

therefore,

∆D *(+ + ∆+) − *(+) öD

ijk = ijk = = D′
∆+→É ∆+ ∆+→É ∆+ ö+

• Steps in determining the derivative:

(1) Replace x by + + ∆+ and y by + + ∆+
Illustration:
= = !(') ----- Eq. 1
= + ∆= = !(' + ∆') ----- Eq. 2

(2) By subtraction, eliminate y between Eq. 1 and Eq. 2, thus obtaining the formula for ∆D
in terms of x and ∆+
Illustration:
∆= = !(' + ∆' ) − !(') ----- Eq. 3

(3) By some suitable transformation, transform the right member of Eq. 3 into a form which
contains ∆+ explicitly as a factor.

(4) Divide the entire equation by ∆+

Illustration:
∆ô [(40∆4)2 [(4)
= ----- Eq. 4
∆4 ∆4

(5) Determine the limit of Eq. 4 as ∆+ approaches ZERO.

!(' + ∆') − ! (') ñ=

lim = = =′
∆4→p ∆' ñ'

Illustrative Example: Determine the derivative of D = +/ + /+ + Ñ

Solution:
= + ∆= = (' + ∆')3 + 2(' + ∆') + 1
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∆= = (' + ∆')3 + 2(' + ∆') + 1 − = but = = ' 3 + 2' + 1
∆= = (' + ∆')3 + 2(' + ∆') + 1 − (' 3 + 2' + 1)
∆= = ' 3 + 2'∆' + ∆' 3 + 2' + 2∆' + 1 − ' 3 − 2' − 1
∆= = 2'∆' + ∆' 3 + 2∆'
∆=
= 2' + ∆' + 2
∆'
∆=
lim = lim 2' + ∆' + 2 = 2' + 0 + 2
∆4→p ∆' ∆4→p
ñ=
=õ = = 2' + 2
ñ'

A. THE DERIVATIVE AS A SLOPE

Recall: From Analytic Geometry, the equation of a line (slope intercept form) is D =
â+ + ó, where â is the slope of the line. Following the determination of derivatives,

= + ∆= = Ç(' + ∆') + ê
∆= = Ç(' + ∆') + ê − Ç' − ê
∆= = Ç∆'
∆D öD
â = = is the slope of the tangent line at a certain or
∆+ ö+
particular point on the curve

Illustrative Example: Find the slope of the curve = = 2 − ' 3 at the point (3, −7).
To determine the slope of the tangent
line to the curve, we get the derivative
Tangent line of the curve = = 2 − ' 3

= + ∆= = 2 − (' + ∆')3

/
∆= = 2 − (' + ∆')3 − =
D = /−+
∆= = 2 − (' + ∆')3 − 2 + ' 3

P(3,-7) ∆= = 2 − ' 3 − 2'∆' − ∆' 3 − 2 + ' 3

∆=
= −2' − ∆'
∆'
∆ô
lim = −2' This is the slope of the
∆4→p ∆4
tangent line to the curve
at any given point
ñ=
= −2 (3) = −6
ñ'
Therefore, the slope at P(3,-7) or at ' = 3 is
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B. THE DERIVATIVE AS A RATE OF CHANGE
Given a function = = ! (' ), let us assign to x an arbitrary increment ∆' , thus causing in
∆ô
y a (positive or negative) change ∆=. The ratio is called the average rate of change
∆4
over the interval ∆' . If we let ∆' approach zero, this ratio in general approaches a
limiting value, which is defines as the rate of change of y corresponding to the given
value of x, or the instantaneous rate:

úô ∆ô
ú4
= lim = rate of change of y with respect to x
∆4→p ∆4

Illustrative Example: Find how fast the circumference of a circle increases

when the radius increases.
(a) The formula of the circumference of a circle is ù = 2ûü
ú†
Thus, ú° is the rate of change in the circumference when the radius changes
ù + ∆ù = 2û (ü + ∆ü)
∆ù = 2û (ü + ∆ü) − ù
∆ù = 2ûü + 2û∆ü − 2ûü
∆ù = 2û∆ü
∆ù
= 2û
Ɵ
∆† ú†
lim ∆° = ú° = 2û This means that for every unit increase in the radius, there
∆°→p
is a change in the circumference which is 2û. For instance, if the
radius is increased by 2 units, the circumference is increased by
4û

Watch Video 4 for more examples and explanations

After watching Video 4, you will need to practice

doing these on your own. Here are some
problems.

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1. Determine the derivatives of the following functions
(a) = = (' 3 − 2)3

(b) = = √2 − 3'

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2. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve = = 3 + 4' 3 − 2' V at the point where ' = X

• Evaluate your answers using the key answers provided at the end of this module. If you
had difficulty answering the exercises, you may go back to the discussions or contact
your facilitator.
Do the Assignment 4 at the end of Module 2 (Summative
Evaluation #4) which will contain questions on topics covered in
this unit.

• For students who are on the online mode, detailed instructions are provided in your
GOOGLE CLASSROOM which will guide you in utilizing learning materials, performing
learning activities, accomplishing requirements, and formatting/ saving reports and
outputs for ONLINE submission.

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If it were always necessary to compute derivatives directly from the definition, as we did in
the preceding section, such computations would be tedious and the evaluation of some
limits would require ingenuity. Fortunately, several rules have been developed for finding
derivatives without having to use the definition directly. These formulas greatly simplify the
task of differentiation.

REVIEW: Try getting the derivative using the

steps introduced in Unit 1 to see how lengthy solutions are using these
steps for getting the derivative.
= = 5' ì + 2' í − 15' V − 3

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DERIVATIVES OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

Let’s start with the simplest of all functions, the CONSTANT function !(' ) = ¢. The
graph of this function is the horizontal line = = ¢, which has slope 0, so we must have
!′(' ) = 0 (See the figure below). In Leibniz notation, we write this rule as follows.

POWER FUNCTIONS

We next look at the functions ! (') = ' £ , where ï is a positive integer. If ï = 1, the
graph of ! (') = ' is the line = = ', which has slope 1 (see the figure). So

To make this formula more general, we have

Illustrative Example. Differentiate = = ' §

ñ=
= 7' ì
ñ'
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NEW DERIVATIVES FROM OLD
When new functions are formed from old functions by
addition, subtraction, or multiplication by a constant, their
derivatives can be calculated in terms of derivatives of
the old functions. In particular, the following formula says
that the derivative of a constant times a function is the
constant times the derivative of the function.

Illustrative Example.

The next rule tells us that the derivative of a sum of functions is the sum of the derivatives. This
rule can also be extended in difference of functions.

The Constant Multiple Rule, the Sum Rule, and the Difference Rule can be combined with
the Power Rule to differentiate any polynomial, as the following examples demonstrate

Illustrative Example:

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Illustrative Example: Find the points on the curve = = ' Y − 6' 3 + 4 where the tangent line is
horizontal

NOTE: Horizontal tangents occur where the derivative is ZERO.

Thus, we have

Thus ñ=⁄ñ' = 0 if ' = 0 or ' 3 − 3 = 0, that is, ' =

±√3. So the given curve has horizontal tangents
when ' = 0, √3 , Xïñ − √3. The corresponding points
are (É, Ü), K√-, −•L, and K−√-, −•L. See the figure on
the right.

Next we need a formula for the derivative of a product of two functions.

Illustrative Example. Find ©′(' ) if © (' ) = (6' V )(7' Y )

The Quotient Rule says that the derivative of a quotient is the denominator times the
derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the denominator, all
divided by the square of the denominator.

The theorems of this unit show that any polynomial is differentiable on ℝ and any rational
function is differentiable on its domain. Furthermore, the Quotient Rule and the other
differentiation formulas enable us to compute the derivative of any rational function.
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Illustrative Example.

NOTE: Don’t use the Quotient Rule every time you see a quotient. Sometimes it’s easier to
rewrite a quotient first to put it in a form that is simpler for the purpose of differentiation.
For instance,

although it is possible to differentiate the function using the Quotient Rule, it is much
easier to perform the division first and write the function as

before differentiating.

The Quotient Rule can be used to extend the Power Rule to the case where the exponent
is a negative integer.

Illustrative Examples:

The differentiation rules enable us to find tangent lines without having to resort to the
definition of a derivative. They also enable us to find normal lines. The normal line to a curve
C at point P is the line through that is perpendicular to the tangent line at P.

Illustrative Example: Find equations of the tangent line and normal line to the curve
at the point (1, ½).
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Solution: According to the Quotient Rule, we have

So the slope of the tangent line at (1, ½) is

We use the point-slope form to write an

equation of the tangent line at (1, ½):

The slope of the normal line at (1, ½) is the

negative reciprocal of the slope of the tangent
line -1/4, namely 4, so an equation is

The curve and its tangent and normal lines are graphed in the figure above.

THE GENERAL POWER FORMULA

If u is a function of x, the power rule may be modified such that

ö ¨ ö´
´ = ¨ ´¨2Ñ
ö+ ö+

Illustrative Example. Differentiate = = (3' + 4)3

úé
Solution: In this case, u = 3' + 4 ï=3 and ú4
=3
Therefore,
= õ = 2(3' + 4)325 (3) = 6(3' + 4) ™ü 18' + 24
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THE CHAIN RULE

The chain rule tells us how to find the derivative of a composite function. Brush up on your
knowledge of composite functions, and learn how to apply the chain rule correctly.

Illustrative Example. Differentiate ℎ(' ) = (5 − 6' )í . Notice that ℎ is a composite function

Because h is composite, we can differentiate it using the chain rule:

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HIGHER DERIVATIVES

The derivative of y with respect to x is itself a function of x, and may in turn be

differentiated.

Notation:
öD
Dõ = ---- first derivative of y
ö+
ö õ ö öD
Dõõ = (D ) = ≠ Æ
ö+ ö+ ö+ ----- second derivative of y (rate of change of
ö/ D the slope of the graph)
=
ö+/
ö- D
Dõõõ = ----- third derivative of y
öD-
Illustrative Example. Find the second derivative of = = (' 3 + ' + 1)3
Solution: = õ = 2(' 3 + ' + 1)(2' + 1)
=" = 2[(' 3 + ' + 1)(2) + (2' + 1)(2' + 1)] = 2[6' 3 + 6' + 3]
=" = 6[2' 3 + 2' + 1]

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

To this point we’ve done quite a few derivatives, but they have all been derivatives
of functions of the form y = f(x). Unfortunately, not all the functions that we’re going
to look at will fall into this form.

Let’s take a look at an example of a function like this.

There are actually two solution methods for this problem.

Solution 1 : This is the simple way of doing the problem. Just solve for y to get the
function in the form that we’re used to dealing with and then differentiate.

So, that’s easy enough to do. However, there are some functions for which this
can’t be done. That’s where the second solution technique comes into play.

Solution 2 : In this case we’re going to leave the function in the form that we were
given and work with it in that form. However, let’s recall from the first part of this
solution that if we could solve for y then we will get y as a function of x. In other words,
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if we could solve for y (as we could in this case but won’t always be able to do) we
get y=y(x). Let’s rewrite the equation to note this.

Be careful here and note that when we write y(x) we don’t mean y times x. What we
are noting here is that y is some (probably unknown) function of x. This is important to
recall when doing this solution technique. The next step in this solution is to
differentiate both sides with respect to x as follows,

The right side is easy. It’s just the derivative of a constant. The left side is also easy, but
we’ve got to recognize that we’ve actually got a product here, the x and the y(x).
So, to do the derivative of the left side we’ll need to do the product rule. Doing this
gives,

Now, recall that we have the following notational way of writing the derivative.

Using this we get the following,

Note that we dropped the (x) on the y as it was only there to remind us that the y was
a function of x and now that we’ve taken the derivative it’s no longer really needed.
We just wanted it in the equation to recognize the product rule when we took the
derivative.

So, let’s now recall just what were we after. We were after the derivative, y′, and
notice that there is now a y′ in the equation. So, to get the derivative all that we need
to do is solve the equation for y′.

There it is. Using the second solution technique this is our answer. This is not what we
got from the first solution however. Or at least it doesn’t look like the same derivative
that we got from the first solution. Recall however, that we really do know what y is
in terms of x and if we plug that in we will get,

which is what we got from the first solution. Regardless of the solution technique
used we should get the same derivative.
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The process that we used in the second solution to the previous example is
called implicit differentiation and that is the subject of this section. In the previous
example we were able to just solve for y and avoid implicit differentiation. However,
in the remainder of the examples in this section we either won’t be able to solve
for y or, as we’ll see in one of the examples below, the answer will not be in a form
that we can deal with.
Illustrative Example. Find y’ for

Prior to starting this problem, we stated that we had to do

implicit differentiation here because we couldn’t just
solve for y and yet that’s what we just did. So, why can’t
we use “normal” differentiation here? The problem is the
“±”. With this in the “solution” for y we see that y is in fact
two different functions. Which should we use? Should we
use both? We only want a single function for the
derivative and at best we have two functions here. So, in
this example we really are going to need to do implicit
differentiation so we can avoid this.

Watch Video 5 for more examples and explanations

After watching Video 5, you will need to practice

doing these on your own. Here are some problems.
1. Differentiate the
following functions:

(a) ! (') = 186.5

3
(b) ! (b) = 2 − V b

(c) ! (') = ' V − 4' + 6

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6
(d) = = ' 2 ∞

4 6 0Y40V
(e) = =
√4

1. Find the vertex of the parabola = = 4' 3 − 4' + 3 by means of the derivative

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• Evaluate your answers using the key answers provided at the end of this module. If you
had difficulty answering the exercises, you may go back to the discussions or contact
your facilitator.
Do the Assignment 5 at the end of Module 2 (Summative
Evaluation #5) which will contain questions on topics covered in
this unit.

• For students who are on the online mode, detailed instructions are provided in your
GOOGLE CLASSROOM which will guide you in utilizing learning materials, performing
learning activities, accomplishing requirements, and formatting/ saving reports and
outputs for ONLINE submission.

Here are the answers to the Elaborate Exercises in

each of the Units for this module

ANSWERS TO UNIT 1

1. (a) = = (' 3 − 2)3 = ' Y − 4' 3 + 4

= + ∆= = [' + ∆']Y − 4[' + ∆']3 + 4
= + ∆= = ' Y + 4' V ∆' + 6' 3 ∆' 3 + 4'∆' V + ∆' Y − 4' 3 − 8'∆' − 4∆' 3 + 4
∆= = ' Y + 4' V ∆' + 6' 3 ∆' 3 + 4'∆' V + ∆' Y − 4' 3 − 8'∆' − 4∆' 3 + 4 − ' Y + 4' 3 − 4
∆= = 4' V ∆' + 6' 3 ∆' 3 + 4'∆' V + ∆' Y − 8'∆' − 4∆' 3
∆=
= 4' V + 6' 3 ∆' + 4'∆' 3 + ∆' V − 8' − 4∆'
∆'
∆=
lim = lim 4' V + 6' 3 ∆' + 4'∆' 3 + ∆' V − 8' − 4∆'
∆4→p ∆' ∆4→p
ñ=
= 4' V − 8'
ñ'
(b) = = √2 − 3'
= + ∆= = ±2 − 3(' + ∆')
∆= = √2 − 3' − 3∆' − √2 − 3'
√2 − 3' − 3∆' + √2 − 3'
∆= = √2 − 3' − 3∆' − √2 − 3' ∗
√2 − 3' − 3∆' + √2 − 3'
2 − 3' − 3∆' − 2 + 3'
∆= =
√2 − 3' − 3∆' + √2 − 3'
3∆'
∆= =
√2 − 3' − 3∆' + √2 − 3'
∆= 3
=
∆' √2 − 3' − 3∆' + √2 − 3'
∆= 3
lim =
∆4→p ∆' 2√2 − 3'
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ñ= 3
=
ñ' 2√2 − 3'
2. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve = = 3 + 4' 3 − 2' V at the point where ' = X
= + ∆= = 3 + 4(' + ∆')3 − 2(' + ∆')V
= + ∆= = 3 + 4' 3 + 8'∆' + 4∆' 3 − 2' V − 6' 3 ∆' − 6'∆' 3 − ∆' V
∆= = 3 + 4' 3 + 8'∆' + 4∆' 3 − 2' V − 6' 3 ∆' − 6'∆' 3 − ∆' V − 3 − 4' 3 + 2' V
∆= = 8'∆' + 4∆' 3 − 6' 3 ∆' − 6'∆' 3 − ∆' V
∆=
= 8' + 4∆' − 6' 3 − 6'∆' − ∆' 3
∆'
∆=
lim = 8' − 6' 3 = = õ → FÅ™≥¥ ™! bℎ¥ bXï7¥ïb b™ bℎ¥ ¢uüv¥ Xb Xï= ≥™@ïb
∆4→p ∆'
Slope at = X ,
= õ = 8X − 6X3

ANSWERS TO UNIT 2
1. (a)
(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

2. = = 4' 3 − 4' + 3
= õ = 8' − 4 = 0
1
'=
2
5 3 5
So, = = 4 µ3∂ − 4 µ3∂ + 3 = 2
5
Therefore: Vertex (h,k) = µ3 , 2∂

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Score: /30 Unit 1 Assignment 4

NAME: _________________________________ ID NO. _____________ DATE: _______________

1. (10 pts each) Find the derivative of the following functions using the long method
(limits)
5
(a) ' = 3 b Y − 5b − 3

(b) y=sin x

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2. (10 points) Find the slope of the tangent to the curve at the point
where x=a. Draw the graph of the curve.

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Score: /35 Unit 2 Assignment 5

NAME: _________________________________ ID NO. _____________ DATE: _______________

1. (5 points each) Differentiate each of the following functions:

(a)

(b)

(c)

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(10 points) Find the equation of the tangent line to

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Score: /80 MODULE 2 QUIZ

NAME: _________________________________ ID NO. _____________ DATE: _______________

TOPIC: The Derivative and Differentiation

Objective: This activity is designed to assess the student’s ability to solve problems involving the Derivative and
Differentiation (TLO 2)

INSTRUCTIONS: Show COMPLETE solutions on the spaces. Write your FINAL answers on the rectangles
provided. NO ERASURES or SUPERIMPOSITIONS of any sort on the final answers.

I. (5 pts each) Find the derivatives of the given functions.

1.

2.

3.

4.

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5.

6.

7.

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II. (10 pts) The curve is called a witch of Maria Agnesi. Find an equation of the
tangent line to this curve at the point (-1, ½). Illustrate part (a) by graphing the curve and the
tangent line on the same graph.

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means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 83