ne The Fundamentals of Community Organization “and” People EmpowermentPhilippine Copyright 1993 ay Asrinelda Nelmida-Miclat All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, photocopied, mim¢ Jrom the author, ‘eographed or printed without prior authority , ISBN 971.8752-03-x Cover design — Al ManriqueACKNOWLEDGEMENT ‘This book was written in response to the clamor of sotial work edu- Gators, students and community organization (CO) practitioners for a book ‘on the fundamentals of CO to entich their knowledge and practice, With the devolvement of social workers under the Department of Social i Welfare and Development to the local govemment units as mandated by the Local Government Code, it had been foreseen that the social worker's rely. Vance would be as aCO worker to astist the government’ thrust in country fide developinent and people empowerment, The NGO's and religious sector have also given priority to community work. These groups hai therefore ‘nspired the writing of this book and hope that their concerns are met sad thelr positive experiences are shared. My unending gratitude also goes to the following for their invaluable ontrbutions, assistance and encouragement that helped make this book & ity: To Kris Al David, Lukas Immanuel, Karlo, Krenil, fee Mithilaya, Gabriel and Ann Therese Bagong Bartio Bithen Ng Lourdes Parish Zone One Tondo Organization (ZoTo) Elma Sano Hetd of Bagong Barzio Parish Program Committee Rosario Sespefte 20TO Alliance Worker Mila Suarez Former ZOTO Health Worker ‘Augusto N.Miclat, Ir. — for editorial work Al Mantique — for cover design and graphic illustration Auatha N. MiclatGatbontoni— for providing resource persons & materials, Agrinelda NelmidaMiclatIntroduction Chapter 1 ‘THEORETICAL BASE OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION (CO) Purposes of Commosiy Orga Chapter It GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION Differentiation of tasks goals, process goals and relationship goals Objectives of communi ‘to achleve each, Chapter IIE ‘THE THREE MODELS OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION Definition of the three models of community ‘and how each diffe THE ROLES, FUNCTIONS, TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES OF A COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION WORKER. Roles and functions of the CO worker... . Knowledge and skills required of 8 CO workDefinition of technique and strategy pftuniton of eee CO ec nasty <. ce Chapter V : WORKING WITH COMMITTEES AND OTHER GROUPS. Definition of group process Foféés operating in a group Principles of group process , ‘group working relationship . . technique in handling group. discussions and how used as 2 technique . .. ‘Chapter VI ‘THE PROCESSES FOR PEOPLE EMPOWERMENT Definition of people empowerme PART TWO Case Two : Beranganic Balan... (Case Three: Bagong Barrio: A Basic Community ....... (Case Four : The ZOTO Experience . . INTRODUCTION Community organization 2s a method of social work is the least known, and inadequately taught in the schools of social work in the Philippines, But ‘with the changing times that had ushered in multi-faceted problems in larger fcale and the government's development thrust in the countryside as well ss ties in the country, Moreover, there is a need to review and redefine the CO basic theories, concepts and principles as well es the roles and functions of the CO worker besed on our own experiences and present re While there are varied CO concepts and theories fc different leading authors on community organization in the United States, it would be more realistic for us to adopt the more relevant ones and indi, Benize them for local application, theories based on our culture, 'e can also innovate and create our own "8 and experiencés working with our own need to be modified in the process of levant and responsive to the needs fy the concerns of sof 4 of operation. The two kinds of problems identified by the social work profession ‘which the CO worker need to address itself are the following: 1, Residual problems ‘These problems are brought about by the operational break- down of either the producing system or the consuming public, This breakdown results to gaps in services ‘When our population increases for example, Producing systems as well as on the labor’ market increases. If We fall to product adequate food, clothing, shelter, new jobs ‘and establish basic social facilities for our increasing population, these gaps in meeting consumers’ needs manifest itelf in social + Problems, crimes and delinquency, I also breeds social unrest. ‘ Institutional problems aTo forestall the grave outcome ot these residual and institutional pros: lems, the CO worker need to 0 the threatened community to orga- nize and mobilize the relevant for strategies that would stave off the dire consequencés which sxid problems would engender. She has also to ‘enlarge her arena of operations as suggested in this book, "There are a lot of community work being done by various organiza- tions in purmit of varied goals, objectives and concerns Using different approaches, Social work practitioners in CO can learn from their valuable social work's body of knowledge. Case studies ‘ganization work by other groups are included the community organization method of social work. Its basic theories, pri- ciples and practice are discussed and illustrated in detail in the succeeding chapters to delineate the CO professional practice of social workers from Which other groups ean alo learn from, Community organization as a method of social work have these dis- ‘inctive features: 1, Itspractioe is based om a body of knowledge and principles, 2. Ibis practiced by professionally-trained social workers, 3. Its helping process proceeds from the analysis of baseline data on ' ‘the community problems and needs with the pasticipation of the people who are involved from the stages of problem/need identi- fication, planning their solutions, implementation of the plans, monitoring and evaluation, 4, Itx goal and objectives are to empower the people so they can attain a selfseliant and self-managed community, 5. Tt adheres to the concept of integrated and coordinated efforts with other sectors of the community and in employing inter- about necessary or practices of ereanizing them for problem solving and decision maki : “cess of citizen ticipation vn onan sey Ped ea Reo cn ener involvement in community affairs and ‘the system’s dysfunction ean bi tively. and problem-solving does not constitute rough the traditional way of giving pala. ‘ntific and determined since di ty organization method to asions and agenda have effo Soal through their unified xe ker's atta of expertise and whose 7 Problems and needs become more the passage of years that had not been adequately tained, Consequently, «CHAPTER 1 THEORETICAL BASE OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION, Before 4 social worker can practice community organization (CO) as 4 method of the social work profession he/she should be well on its basic theories and functions. He/shesbould also havea clear understanding of het arena of operation and the kind of problems comm i ion has to address itself. This chapter will therefore provide the professional basis for the practice of CO. | What isa community? (Arlene Johnson) defined community as “a group of people gathered ‘together in a geographic area, large or small, who have common interests, + actual or potentially recognized in the social welfare field.” What are the two concepts of community? ‘Roland Werrei) developed the concept of community as 2 multitude of systems many of which were infuenced by thelr vertical relationship ‘thin! by dheir‘horicontal relationships. As a social system, the community ‘may be either geographic or fanctional in nature. A. geographic community refers to the people in a specific geographic arca as the village) barangay, sitio, district, municipality, city, province, region, nation or the-world, Thus ‘we refer for example to our world as “a community of nations”, ‘A functional community on the other hand is composed of the people ‘who hold common values, share some common functions or express some ‘common interest such as education, health, livelihood, labor, welfare or recreation, Example of this concept is the community chest, the professional Community, the fisherfolk community, the banking community, ete. How is organization defined? ‘Organization has been definnd as the orderly arrangement of group effort to provide unity of action in the pursuit of commompurpose. What is community organization? fF. problem-solving process and community integration. im Arthur Dunhan) however defines CO as the process of matching needs with Yesouroes and as conscious process of social interaction concerned with thuee gypes of objectives which are task goals, process goalr and relar vith th st Periman)and Gusinlon the other hand defines CO as a proceés of finding son sb ts ct esc nk that uses the conscious proce: ‘of meeting any or all of the following objectives: 1. the mecting of broad needs and bringing about and maintaining ~ Adjustment berween needs and resources in a community. y 2. helping people to deal more effectively with their problems, needs and aspirations them develop, stengthen snd maintain ‘qualities of participation, self-direction, cooperation’ and integra- ton of efforts. 3. bringing about changes in comeunity and group relationship, {in policies and in the distribution of decision-making power, A deals With problem-solving in response to problems and needs. Mi seeks social change for the greater good, Ut inoles the process of seal interaction, : VAC énvobes people's portcipaton in planning and aplementation of plas.” ‘What is the philosophy of community organization? The following isthe philosophy of community organization:‘What are the values of community organization? ‘The values of community organization as a method of social work are: : to democratic processes and goals. ‘4 client community to self determination, the capacity of people to change, ‘on the innate dignity of the individual in the community. ‘5. The commitment to seek social justi What are the assumptions of community organizations? ‘The assumptions of community organization are: 1, “Changes in which individuals, groups and communities determine their own destiny in a democractic proctss have a better chance of enduring than changes that are imposed," “Readiness to chango is a variable which affects the potential and the rate of community change obtainable at a given time,’ ‘This would entail people's social preparation for change. J" can be brought about through consciousness raising, education, informa- tion dissemination, demonstrations, etc, participating in democratic process can be taught snd learned by individuals and groups.” yolvement in problem-solving and decision-making in their own community pro 1d needs would enable them 10 learn how to participate in democratic processes even in a national wale, 4, "Society can provide ways to achieve maximum compctibiity of individual and community inter ‘The greater good for the greatest number is the primary goal uf families, This is being done as this unju social Lorestan would therefore be inimical to the welfare of society ssawhole, ‘Social welfare provisions, services and programs can enhance human welfare and prevent and reduce social ills” ‘The Inelihood programs as providing capital for income genera Bijects, fund Me eduatny pinay halos ween of day eae center for preschooless, cooperatives and recreation facilities ae examples of these social and human welfare programs ‘designed t0 prevent and reduce social ils in Gur society, “Planning, coordination and ‘integration of social welf; Ss awe by individuals; social ills are inter-related, and. soci! wells nna Society can derive maximum benefit when social welfare Suc tn abs berth rhea pops agencies working in the communities since social ills are 4 ter eaeaiae! social welfare provisions are An ‘examy inter-relatedness of ial i wi St i a lS ta go Poverty ———» Causes — due to unemployment/underemployment due t0 poor health, sickness due to lack of education, lack of required skills lack of opportunites for employment; pala: ae sployt Pe — exploitation of employees on wage benefits, fringe bene®= due to lack of political will to implement existing, social welfare provisions such as the Land Reform ‘and the National Reconcilition and Deve- Jopment Program due to people's ignorance in electing the more quali- fied and prorpoor candidates for proper governance in their respective localities and nation ‘The causes of poverty as graphically shown is inter-related with other social ils as unemployment, sickness, ignorance, social injustice, ete, Thus in order to reduce verty the different social welfare institutions need to coor- dinate with one another in planning for poverty redressal. These stitutions ae the Departments of Social Welfare and Development, Health, Educ Labor, Agriculture, Interior and Local Government, Agrarian Reform, ‘Housing, Justice and the NGOs, What are the focus of community organization? ‘The Focus of community organization are the following: “Removal of blocks to growth.” Identified blocks to growth are ignorance, negative values as bahala na, ningas cogon and mariana habit, exploitation of the weak and ignorant and some oppressive social structures, . “The release of potentialities in the individual, group and commu- sity as a whole,” ‘This can be achieved through people's participation in com- unity activities, projects and especially in the problem-solving and decision-making process. The people have also to be recipients ‘of training programs like leadership training, seminars on coopera: tives, nutrition, primary health care, livelihood programs, skills ‘raining, disaster preparedness, etc, |. “The development of the capacity of indigenous leaders to lead, to and function in their assigned social roles in the commu: 4. "Developing the silty of diferent sectors i the community ed whole.” “ sid plans and activities are done through the cooperative and colla- Dorative efforts of the diferent sectors involved in planaing with the people. Thus the plans of the goveenment sector, the private 5. “Strengthening people's capacity for prob ion. re oe eons sapacity for problemaohing, desson ‘The people should not be mere reciplents of development ‘fforts. They should be involved in planning ates thar feet their lives from problem/nced Hentification, analyzing thei iden {ified problems/needs, planning for theis solutions, implementing ‘aid plans and in monitoring and evaluating their implementation ‘rapes puripato then community acts woul develop ‘enhance their capacity to solve theis i seeds in a cooperative manner. elo ‘of inne: indigenous resources before tapping external and set managed community isthe pis ty orgatzation. Thus the people should Rene munity’s development. frat are the purposes of community organization? The purposes of community omganization are the folowing: 1. To solve certain problems and meet needs, | 2, To achieve selected social goals, 3. To strengthen the people's capaci capacity in dealing with the needs and aspirations aeCHAPTER IL n_| GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION * Without specific goals and obj community worker would be ‘council, af hoc | Hike a traveler in uncharted seas. One cauot achieve anything worthwhile ‘simply go to waste through mere speculations and the trial and error method. Professional CO workers have to have specific goals and objectives to guide them in thes community work. What are the goals of community organization? Arthur Dunham had identified the following a the goals of community organization: 1, tasks goals 2. proces goals 3._relationship goals a How do you differentiate tasks goals, process goals and relation. ship goals? Tasks goals are concemed with concrete tasks to be undertaken to meet specific needs and people's aspirations or 10 solve particular problems, Process goale are concerned with the process of helping people in a community or group strengthen their quality of parti pation, self direction and cooperation. Its concer is to help people grow and develop to prepare them for their specific roles in community building and develop- ment, . Tasks goals, process goals and relationship goals may be achioved simultancotsly in one task or one community activity 23 illustrated in Figure 1. (See page 12).Figure ‘Schematic Dlustration on how Task Goals, Process Goals and Relationship Goals are Achieved Simultaneously i. 2t z , #ae 4) t4,08% ag ful 4 Peet Hil qe | 3 qgeteiag Sei32a 852 a eigeesee | Gees b het 2easlig | aigsbise? « a i she gE wag want alba =| 228 g8i3 BgH SEs a8 qa 28 gaa oea22 Thus the triplet goals of community organization ate achieved through S|Bstabeie. [a S45 2 = 2.8 B fuk aimed to sive the community’ problems/needs and aspizations with Ba geese fi e8aee People § own formulated plans and cooperative efforts; and in the process rebants ae aig demi manag thc community effin by interading lefts om B Be sectors in the wunit pen more self-reliant eeaseeees Hig elepropeingeteens nnn become mere a a it are the objectives of community organizations? = oases Ee © The objectives of community organiza Peer a sibs © |e 2a, 22 1. To remove boda to rowhh? y baddieied.| i igitage es 235 eeeee a B2gee2 2, To release potentialities and bring about people's empower ajetigustael| ess on geoeeee es Sebeyg aes 3, To develop the capacity of indigenous lealers 10 manage alee Eeesage | e220 7b o | munity and be self cant = dpgidegaty| eSeeeue 44. To develop the ability to Function as an integrated unit, a a 5, To encourage the full use of inner or indigenous resources for community development before tapping outside resources, To.-charge/modify existing policies and programs that: are ‘oppressive and irrelevant and to propose needed ones,‘ow are uiese Uvjceuves ave: ‘These objectives can be achieved in the following manner: 1, Removol of blocks to growth ‘What ate these blocks to growth? As identified by many community leaders’ and,CO-workers in the Philipines based on ‘experience, the following are the existing blocks to growth: 4), ‘emorance £BY negative social values/patterns/ attimades os the ningas 179 cogom attitude, maniana fahala na, palakasan, tang na loob, fatalistic 4s attributing poverty @ ‘f poor health to God's will, ete, 3) regionalisn/factionalism as electing only candidates {ot |' leadership roles belonging to one’s region or religion ‘without considering their competence and qualifications for the postion 4) oppressive power structises that take advantage of the Poor and the weak The Philippines takes pride ‘one of the countries that have |” a high literacy rate, It is true majority of our people have gone to| school but are considered ignor ficant issues and how those cated through continuing non-formal education, consciousness raising, seminars, informal education a use of indigenous media, film showing| and participation in group discussions, community assembly, etc. tof shame. He also gets to be it volved in community activities out of hiya, epitomized by Juan Tamad can be made ‘ot for gaining favors fr self interest o joining boycott movermens just to please some burkada, To Develop the Capacity to Manage Community ‘4 mengor cogon and maniana nab can de done away with by setting up time frames for ajob or activity to be completed a8 using the Ghantt chart, The activities and plans for implementation should also bbe monitored closely using success/impact indicators as guide. Regionalism and factionalism can be discouraged by organizing ‘soups whose memberthip come from diverse places of origin, Even {10ups for sorts fest should be carefully organized 40 48 not to ellow {ribal groups to compete against each other as it would only engender factionalism. In electing also local leaders as council or committee chaicman, it would be wise to provide the group or assembly the crite. sia desired for one to serve in such position and that the group will be evaluated based on their group effort to preclude any designs in sabo- ‘aging the group chairman a member may happen not to like. To get rid of oppressive power structures, the community's prob- easolving and decision-making should be diffused to a wider base, The CO worker can also create new centers of power where the poor and the weak are well represented to safeguard their own interests, + To Release Potentialities and Bring About People's Empowerment Every individual, group or a community no matter how dep- ‘ested have potentials that can be tapped for their own development, All that need to be done is to provide the opportunities for the tapping Of said potentials. This can be done by involving people to, participate in community activities, group discussions, problem-solving and deci. Hionsmaking sessions. They can also be given challenging roles in com ‘munity building and development starting from simple roles to the more difficult ones, For people empowerment, the people should be given opportu nities to acquire new knowledge and skills through informal education, Seminars, sills training field exposures and on-thejob trainings, They should be given the opportunity to think through 3 problem and for mmulate plansind decisions, They should be provided with a good supply of reading materials where they can leam additional knowledge and be ‘eept abreast with current events, significant isues in their country and the outside world, The people should also be exposed to other creative ideas, projects and a better way of life through exposure. programs outside thelr communities. AN these would b their way of thinking and their way of doing thin‘community's indigenous leaders, They are the formal and informal ident ney he ease a hos abt ‘lected as officals of the local government, the heads of the different goverment and private agencies, and the heads of the different cite and religious organizationt asthe Knights of Columbus, Womens Catho- lic League, the PTA, the Neighbothood Association, ete, ¢ informal leaders sre those persons to whom the people have a igh gan and po fos nn by virtue of his past positions and high standing inthe community, those who havea strong influence withthe People by virtue of his wistom and integrity so that his opinion is ‘widely sought and valued and those persons the people consider depen able for any undertaking. soon as the indigenous leaders are identified, they should ees to form a core group that would be entrusted to plan for ‘the development of the community, solve its problems and meet its expressed needs and aspirations. Said group should also be made res- ponsible in the implementation of their own plans, monitor them and ‘regularly evaluate the results of its implementation, The people’s parti- cipation in all phases of the planning process from identification of problems/needs, their analysis and planning their solutions is @ must in dereloping their capsbilty to roanage their community affairs, For these leaders to effectively carry out thelr tasks and respon- sibiities, they should benefit from appropriate trainings for their job as seminars on leadership, management, development planning, aman and relations, cooperatives, primary health care, etc. sible, competent and confident leaders, |. Te Develop the Ability to Function as on Integrated Unit ity affairs they would assuredly become respon- ‘grate their programs and efforts so that their intended beneficiaries ‘may receive fair treatment and prevent thei dis ‘among the groups be avoided as more served since duplication of services can be prevented when separate froups work at an integrated unit because their services can be hares nized nd rationalized when they work in collaboration with one smother, + To Encowrage the Full Use of Inner or Indigenous Resources for ‘Community Development Before Tapping Outeide Resources Every community need to realize that no matter how depressed {hey atts they have their own internal resources that can be tapped for theit development. Instead of habitually depending on outede Fesourees (0 tap they should first make use of theif own resources 20 4s not to delay development efforts for their community. This it the reamn why for CO workers to first make a survey Of their target ind prepare a community profile which inch al resoutces of the community in terms of manpowe 5 indigenous terials, such as rattan for springs for ater supply and other social facilities as credit unions oF the pic iifan s¥stem, factories for employment, health facilities, recreational {aclities, civic and religious organizations, NGOs, ec, ity should also be made to realize that their most important resource is the poople themuelves who if properly tained, an be a potent force for their own develop. + To ChengelModlify Exiting Policies nd Programs that are Opprestve, Defective or frelenant and to Propose Needed Ones ‘8 Of proposed laws, ordinances or policy ‘ple may find oppressive hanged or modified ‘pation andjor to, change/modity= lack of raw materials for productive pursuits ©) Soci” — "problems on crime & delinquency, drug abuse, squatters, street children, ete. — lack of basie services for education, health, recreation, day care ties governance, land &) Prycnological — sense of community — sense of achlevement — sense of security cea proton and — sense of wellbeing — sense of dignity om stlonaborganizational process moves from an aware- eee “pation os cefinion of problems followed by study" ‘This is done through corisciouness raising on the community problems, data gathering through aewsal survey of the community and from interviews of the. people so that the problems cen be clearly defined and analyzed for appropriate action, 4). "Community development activites are thought of in long- range terms." ‘A comprehensive and balanced development program works ‘on the community's satied problems through short-range and longange plans since there are problems/oceds that can be solved immediately while problems like poverty and attitudinal ‘change have to be worked over a longer period of time, i fp ipa th decision- 3), "Widpread participation and involvement is sought with decision PP ating thing plch 11 Be lower lvl, consent wth he nares of the problem.” Plans for commnity development used to be made fonv the top and handed down from the national, regional, provincial, 20 ‘municipal and barangay level or the head office of the NGOs to the community level, Often such plant are-not in consonance oF responsive to the privity problems and needs ofthe target commu- nities. It is now therefore recognized that for community dovelop- ment to succeed, the people themselves who will be affected bby any development effort or programs have to be involved in the process of problem-solving and decision making. 9). "The resources ofboth goverment and non governmental orge- f Niations are utilized.’ ‘The greater involvement of the private sector in social welfare and community development is being encouraged since sooiety's welfare is not the sole concern of the government but also of the Private sector, Their partnership in commnilUnity development would jean more effective approaches and wider soope of benéficiaries since their pooled resources and manpower would xystematize all ‘community endeavors, The involvement of the NGOs in planning bodies of the local government units and other affairs of the government is n0 longer ‘voluntary in nature but has been ited by the newly approved “‘A.ocal Government Code, With their expertise end fresh outlook, ‘the participation of NGOs in goverment affairs is expected 10 revitalize local govemance and development, €- develepmient prograns,® t ‘The professional CO worker cahnot function alone in assisting 3 community to develop and neither can lay people be able to do the job without professional help. Each of them have importent roles to ply in community development trough ther joint efforts. 8). “The identification, encouragement and training of local leaders 1 ina central feature of community development programs.” in the community, 21With these basic elements of community development as guide and frame of reference, itis obvious that the CO worker has now to expand her targets from specific problems in the commonity to ths community at 2 whole sine'one cannot poxsbly late in the community, Community competence becomes the larger goal of a CO worker in order for community problems and needs to be effectively solved and met. £2. Social Planaing AS a process, Alfred J, Kahn suggests that social planning should contain the following elements: = Tevearch fact-finding, projection and inventory taking) = value antlysis and facilitation of expression of various posi- tions, sometimes through political machinations = policy formulation = Progamming measurement and feedback Kahn also posited that in social planning what may be sought as ‘outcome is one or more of the following: = new policies (standing pl program and policy coordination = service integration = innovations in programs — choice in priort'ss in any of the foregoing or for the allocation of services — administrative decisions ‘The thee levels of action in social planning as suggested by John Dick- ‘han are the following: 1) societal goats: selecting social goals and setting targets for theix achievement, 2) testing consequences: the application of social values and 3) social programming: planning the more traditional welfare Activities of public and private agencies and the opordination by many groups, me, To assure successful implementation of the process in social planing, ‘Kahn suggest that the following steps should be taken: — clarify goals, priorities, interests — ascertain the facts, the social realities, the trends — inventory the knowledge, the skill, the resources available and. ‘obtainable — analyze the alternatives and the predictable outcomes of choices ‘among them| — formalize the expression of preference and the process of choice ~ translate policies into implications for program or different levels of objectives =. measure the outcome of the program ssociated with activigm, protest rallies faction, However, a5 a CO model, social action refers to individual or group activity designedto influence a change in social policy or to bobby for the formulation ‘of needed policies or social legislations for the benefit and welfare of the people, ‘Asa CO model, social action has the following strategies: 1) social brokerage 2) inteprative mechanisns to strengthen organizations 3) social protests to support social movements ‘These strategies have different objectives and approaches which will be later illustrated in this chapter. ‘How can each model of community organization be illustrated? ‘The following are brief lustrations of each model: Community Development ‘The homeless had to seek shelter at the Catholic church One hot summer, the municipality of Natividad was hhad to build makeshift shelters in the churchyard, The town's water supply system also bioke down as their big water tank where water is ‘pumped into for redistribution to the homes also, collapsed, This com- pounded the problem of the people, how the group as assembled can immediately solve and needs of the disaster victims and rebuild the town's water system as wel as the schoo ouse that suffered severe damages. ¢ Municipal Engineer that the Mayor ‘alamity funds to enable them to ' system their plan insted objun wath Ip 48, Tye dyer zoe tom ‘suggestion designated the social*worker, the DILG worker and the the task force that will plan and strategize on can effectively be met asistd by te Preuont bus and the business groupe repost. signaled to give the emergency bed titans while the cepresentatWes from the religious groups were. designated “to solicit reef supplies to augment the ‘supplies of the Red Cross and assist said agency in its systematic distribution, The Task Force immediately went to the church where most of the tornado victims were staying and met with the heads of the to discuss their plight and to plan ways and means on how to meet theit immediate needs and rebuild their destroyed homes. They first dis- ‘cussed how to systematize their food rationing, They agreed that the family victims be ong ‘who will be responsible in churchyard and cook also leader was also designated 4 list of his member families, their dependents, their ages,’ occupation, income and lowes. They were also asked to state the available resources they still possess, Each leader ‘was given two hours to submit his ist-to the Tesk Foree. In the interim Of two hours, the task force made 2 spot assessivent of the damaged ‘water supply system and the schoolhouse. The engineer together ssmen's representative who is an architect made esti- for labor agreed to provide the labor in rebuilding of repairing their homes ‘through the Bayanihan method. ay (Meznwhlle the social worker organized other tums to 226 to it that d While waiting for the calamity Gunds to arrive, the affected fami- lies started to salvage the house mate was ready and already ly to enable them to reconstruct their commu: and efficient manner. This was due to the organized -miment and the affected populace who were involvedin solving the community problem from the planning to the implemen- fn in hag th com aes in morgane |° ‘MCE t0 the prstution houses and became vetine of sex-related and cooperative manner, the community's competence to handle a cris situation was developed It wil be noted that che victims ofthe calamity were not mere recipients of aid but were actively involved in ‘the planning and implementation of the plans for emergency assist- ‘ance, restoration and rehabilitation of their community that suffered great havoc from a freak disaster, They also contributed their own also during periods when the community is in crisis situation, . Soci Plonning tren tom di igh cases of sexelated dlaeases as recorded : ‘San Ildefonso is a booming town in the southern part of the ‘nics, She therefore propoted that the Spee! country dve to the discovery of gold in ts adjacent mountains tnd] ailbe immediately convened for the purpose of torretr ence fern This dicovery cawped a mass inf of people to tis own] hentve and integrated municipal plan to sore he wious el oe ‘The people prospered and some residents established beer houses an¢) lem i ee recreation joints as disco houses, gambling dens and prostitu mayor on the urgency of dealing : houses t9 cater to the miners" entertainment as they were making alo, Pr immediately with the prevailing problems othenvise the problems may become mo of money from the sales of their gold, Soon the townspeople we Aiffcut to solve ata leer time. Thus the mayor ageed we ei starmed as they saw theie town's growing decadence. The Aiate convening ofthe Municipal Development Counel ADC), and civic goups were shocked to leam of the reporied inckieace Teckel olen Stinson Sto} pung ae aay. We, pron cn - briefed om the statistical data on the prevailing social problems in they The @itholic Womens League in an emergency meeting a municipality informed the is ‘The fist to give his suggestion was the health offices s b ¢ who suggest: id ‘pal ordinance be pased requiring all workers nie Prostitution houses to report to the municipal regular meidical check up’ under pain of cinsure of these workers fail to do Yo. The President of the continued to frequent the bars and gambling dens 2nd the young who go to the disco joints became drug. addicts as their drinks wef health clin laced with drugs without their knowledge. Eventually they were ¢ 26 2find their way to the river and therefore retard the flow of the water causing, ‘the river to overflow its banks. will also be mentioned. The people led by their officials agreed to the suggestion and imme diately took steps to document their problem and the pinpointed root causes, They organized two special committees, one to take the pictures and the other one to document the actual losses in tetms of crops and work ani- 30 ‘mals. The barangay captain volunteered 10 obtain a water analysis of the water in their river and fields from the Municipal Health Center. The people were asked 10 submit their individual losses to this committee. They set their target of two weeks to complete the assigned task. After two weeks the documentary evidences were obtained hence 8 petition 0 the banana plantation management was drafted and signed by the Said | barangay officials and the heads of the families of tue barangay. When the plastic materials are caught by the trunks and branches of old trees that also petition was signed, the barangay officials together with some indigenous leaders were accompanied by the CO worker to the office of the banana plantation to present it, ‘The delegation was cordially received by.the manager of the banana plantation and were served snacks. They were also told that their petition wil be studied and acted upon as soon as possible. The delegation therefore Fert home with hope in their hears, After a month had lapsed nothing was done and heard from the mana- get Of the banana pla Unlawful acts or sohutions to their problems and have faith in the legat system, Thus she helped them approach 2 group of progressive lawyers for ‘egal assistance, They also brought theic plight to. the mass media and requested their assistance to drum up public support to their cause, After the lawyers gorere they filed 2 complaint ith ised of Barangay Salvacion's problem AntiPolhition Commission against the and a court case against the plantation 1ge amount of damages to the people of Barangay Salvacion. The mass media also made 2 pooled editorial of thesufferings of the helpless people of said barangay who were waging an uphill battle with the powerful plantation owners whom they urged to seerch their ‘conscience for justice, Alarmed of the bad publicity the banana plantation was getting which ‘was hurting their business and prestige and a. i losses and io pay the lawyers’ fee. The owners Jesson from their indifference, They could have resolved the problem with the people of Barangay Salvacion earller when it was brought to ther atter- tion for the first time. It will be noted from the foregoing case illustration how the CO worker |" Used the three strategies of social action, to wit: ‘Social Brokerage and use of Integrative Mechanisms — ‘These were done when CO worker linked the barangay people with tho, plantation management, the health center for water analysis, the lawyers group for legal assistance, the mats media for-public support who all joined hhands in helping the poor people of Barangay Salvacion in their case against a powerful corporation. This integrated action of various sectors for a common ‘cause is the integrative mechanism that helped the barangay people win their ‘case which was seemingly hopeless at the stat, Social Protests— ‘The people themselves through the guidance of a CO worker used social protests by going to the office of the manager of the banana plantation through a big delegation to present their petition for the needed action on their community problema brought about by the polluted waters caused by the plantation, They also enlisted the assistance of the mass media to drum ¥p public sympathy and support to their cause. fore learned a costly |. CHAPTER IV ROLES, FUNCTIONS, TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES OF A CO WORKER It is important for a sooial worker to know her roles and functions When she practices 28 a CO worker. She also need to be familiar with the CO techniques and strategios end the situations they are called for, ‘What are the roles of a CO worker? ‘The roles of a CO worker are the following: 1. enabler enabling the community to engage in ‘stablishing poals, objectives md. set- ; ting priorities 2. helper helping community ‘groups identif ‘their problems/needs and gewtcn, sedon on thelr planned’ goals and ‘Objectives 10 solve their problems and ‘meet their needs and spiations 3. guide guiding the commanity groups in the Process through difficulties encountered ‘eitahing ction through education, "monstration and other techniques and strategies 1. initiator - acting a broker between groups, the client community and outside resources Providing expert knowledge and infor- mation to achieved planned goals and objectives intervening for and.on behalf of the people for their participation and invoherent in the formulation ofsoclal welfare programs, services & 6. support & Participation — to develop adequate public support of and public participation in social ‘welfare activities Projects intended to benefit or affect them or when their interest and welfare are in jeopardy 9. planner = sta as planner for the social welfare/ social services sector in planning bodies as the barangay, municipal, provincial, regional and national development councils ‘councils ‘also be relevant at a fixture in the legislative bodies and other branches of government where she can lend her 10, researcher makes research on current problems, | knowledge and expertise in policy making and social welfare concerns, needs and fasuor as basis for action - | planning ‘What are the required knowledge a CO worker should possess? What are the Functions of CO worker? Based on the CO worker’ roles and functions, she should possess the , ‘The following are the functions of the CO worker according to Arthur following inowedge: osha: <1. the goals and objectives of society i 2. social legislations 1. factfinding to secure and maintain an adequate 3. research factual basis for sound planning 4. group processes/human and group behavior 5. power structire in a community 2 oe if $ mangement of power levelop new programs ., uae of intergroup relationship - youl - atria ~ prety modify or terminate social ‘8. _ problem-solving and decision making ams and services that had 9, situation analysis ~ Pema/iantn, vant 10. 1 3. maintain and improve 12. standards, and to increase 13, program development nomy of operation of social welfare | What skills are required of a CO worker? agencies : - ‘The CO worker should possess the following skills: 4. copednption — 0 improve & facilitate intecseaticn~ = cite Peeks. Shing “and to promote coordination 1, working with peoplefone on one and small groups between organzation§; groups and indi- 2, organizing | viduals concerned with social welfare 3. vetbal and written communication sand services 4, committee work ! Lit 3. leadership | 5. education —_ to develop better public unde 6 administration cof social welfare need 7. interviewing resources, objectives, services, methods 8. research I and standards 3. planning & policy formulation 4 38). strategy design & implementation lobbying cording social education & action intergroup relationship coordination ‘Writ 5 techiqud? echnique is a technica facooraplishing a desied end accord. 2 a et acess as “the manner by which certain activities are executed based on the mecha- nical or formal aspects.” ‘What are the techniques of a CO worker and how can they be illustrated? ‘The following are the techniques of 2 CO worker with brief illustration fon how they are used: y structuring technique employs the use of suitable cee problem solving as councils, committees, ed hoc committee, study groups, etc. aa penal ana enamine cn we fe aml oumies Copy Yee lems/needs besetting their community, Said Council is ‘composed, of representatives from various government and private agencies. each problem, get a for {plan to she sald problemjnecd with the participation and involvement of the people, Each member of the counci) will formulating their committee plan, As soon as the ad hoe commit: {ee's task had been accomplished ft can be dissolved, ‘The different committee plans are presented 8 a body where each plan is discussed, modifi ied and approved or disapproved. The approved plans become the coun. cil’s integrated plan which becomes their joint responsibility to implement, than had it been done by the CO worker and the political leaders themselves, The fact that the cross-section of the community where relevant groups were involved in s systematic problem- solving and decision-making process augurs for the successful attainment of their goals and objectives. This technique “involves the breaking situation, or collection of data, various aspects, sues and to gain insight and understanding better for iopical conchustons/solutions”. ‘The following is an istration of situation analysis: ‘The Coordinating Welfare Council of Metro Manila called a tecting of the various government and private welfare agencies Who are separately engaged in programs and services for street children the still growing number of street children approach the problem that wil-get effective During the meeting, the proliferation of street children was analy2ed using the six investigative questions of whet, when, oft at how. These questions were asked. and follows:‘Where can these childrea be found? ‘These children can be found at the Luneta park, under the Light Rail Transit (LRT), under waiting sheds, under covered sidewalls, in market placés where they serounge for food and scraps for sale as empty bottles, discarded plastic containers, and on the empty stalls a night, Where did they come from? ‘Moat of them are stowaways from the provinces and run- aways from the different slums of Metro Manila. Most specific addresses given are however fictitious hence it was difficult to contact their families. ‘Why did they stowaway and can away from their homes? “These were thelr varied reasons: 1) due to difficulties of their life situation, lack of food and other family needs 2) cannot stand the crelty of ownfathers/step fathers and either mothers or stepmothers thers often drunk, unemployed and quarrels often ith mother 4) incestous advances of fathers, step fathers, uncle 5) broken homes 6) were lured by barkadas for adventure 7) committed petty crimes and wanted escape ‘When did this phenomenon of stret children start? It started many years ago unnoticed but proliferated in the mid-80°s. How many street children are there in Metro Manila? ‘There is an estimated 75000 street children in Metro Manila. 38 Who are invalved in programs end services for street children? ‘They are the following: 1) Department of Social Welfare and Development 2 Gly Covesnment of Mana Soci Were Depar- 3) The Roman Catholic Church through their insit. tions Morning Glory, Caritas, etc, tee ini 4) Tehanan Ovtseach Progams and Services, Ine. 5) Senden Hoites jt, vo» 6) Other NGOs - ‘What are their programs and services for the street children? Each involved agency engages in two or more of the fo {ng programs and services, icleaticaet 1) temporary shelter and food 2) rescue operations of street children 3) groupwork services in the Parks as reme: - tion, value inculcation, sports and irate save 4) skills training, job placement & i erat projects income generating 5) counseling and guidance 6) casework services with families and reuniti en with them ees snd reuniting chile value formation/inculeation & bible studies 8) medical, dental and psychological services ferral services to other agencies 10) sports and recreation 39How effective are these programs and services? ‘Most programs were effective and bore positive results, ‘sus + Unemployment + effects ‘Why are there still increasing number of street children? lack of edt ‘ qualigeajone | ~ _Sregular income from oda jobs ‘The reasonsare the following: is low-paying jobs 1)” There is lack oF political will in solving the prob- Ick of skis lem more systematically, consistently in coordinated — Sickness due to malautrition and integrated efforts of the government and private ‘poor health, ow agencies/organizations. ‘hildron stops schooling 2) There is no preventive programs and services for Personality defect drunkeness, crime & delin- potential street children in the community level. The quency reasons given for their becoming street children are Jack of job oppor. : Dot beng adresed, tunis veo peace “te family matonsip & onder prob - 3) There is ack of competent socal workers who ean diamited due to.” P7OKER Homes work with the street children's fa s to modify, strikes: soar their negative environment. and Poverty their famnilies for-reuniting with their street children, palakasan system 4) Lack of funding to be able to admit more cases for shelter and rehabilitative services, ‘With these information, data and Insights gathered from the analysis of a problem situation, the Council can understand the sitation better to enable them to modify services a5 they look at the root causes of the ting other strategies in order to reach out to more ‘that had been left unatrendea to. 3. Problem Analysis ‘This technique fs the process of I the problem and their effects on those affect for example the problem of employment, the may proceed this way: In formulating therefore the Problem of unemployment they miay be dealth with this way solutions of the causes 10 the 40lack of educational ‘qualifications lack of skills poor health peronaity defect lack of tools lack of job oppor- tunities due to peace & order problem: closing of business {firms due to heavy losses because of unresolved strikes Solutions ~ sefer to health centers for medical check up and appropriate management of ‘health problem; set up pri- CARITAS, DSWD, ete. — include personality develop- ‘ment in remedial education- classes — x1 up provisions for loans to buy tols with minimal interest = set up community secarity tunits and have information drives on how the people can help, In maintaining peace & order; petition mo: nicipal council to have in- dustries setup with in- ccentives given by the law “"Kalakalan 20° Restraining Force lac of political wil involve the leaders in the con the part of politcal problem-solving process Jeaders to solve the problem = send copies of minutes of meetings to local leaders 4. Role Paying and Soctodeama which would t sods ab as ate et eek canteen ranean eels ‘the problem as from apathy to concern, Sociodrarn is a dramatic performance, with psychologial Pegmomes that is also deslgned to change the values, attnudea, habits and thinking of the target audience to a desired mannee, Role playing can be applied this way: 2 community assembly, the CO. worker prepares 1 speclal mumber wherein ‘is intended to make the parents in the the root causes ofoe, is also asked to act out a role whose character is opposite his \6 Demonstration own. This technique helps in the individual's behavioral change eee project in Hennigue ses the organization of demonstration ‘The socio-drama is designed also for the same intent. It ‘which ey ailing with certain socal problems however covers a wider range of subtle messages with deeper ‘unaity 2 oped for sens was by the com: i hich could touch on deepacated values, example Communities and organizations. This is an emotional children from the streets where they 3S. Education and Promotion engage ia risky and deh creugiae Bor a serounging from the ‘This technique employs a range of educational and pro- cared plastics and empt thet can be sold as dis- motional ways/approaches to enhance people's. understanding Puthert in order to survive, a CO wos and support of programs, projects and plans for community ren who were organized into @ - Improvement and development. Examples of such educational ‘generating project that is more decors aot eee if 88 iacorne- ‘and promotional techniques are the use of film showing, training 4 more of less homogenous nt and profitable She chose seminass, posters, folk media, field visits to model projects and 16 years of age, They were fet eye ee engin’ from 14 to ‘communities, community assemblies where resource persons are hhyglene and proper grooming apd aoe (one ay seminar on z ays seminar on invited to speak on vital topics of issues and other concerns; ‘ACO worker does not only deat with existing problems but ost importantly must help the community prévent the occu- rence of graver problems as high mortality rate due to epidemics, high incidence of malnutrition, drug addiction, exime and delin- ‘The next step w quency, els. In order to prevent for example the Incidence of Yocated n'a strategie place sree” sted canteen which is high mortality rates by preventing outbreaks of diseases, the CO with light blue linings on the shelves Tha tees af siteed white ‘worker arranges for seminars on primary. health-care and film were also painted lig e small tables and chairs showings on good health practices in the community,. Resource uniforms with speakers asa doctor, a urse and sanitary engineer are also invited Al the utensils “used were made of du 35 resource speakers during community assemblies who Would Prevent any breakage, All teach the people the measures to take on how to prevent epi ‘consignment basis, The ca demics and other communicable diseases, Separate seminars on of uniforms, utensils drug sbuse ase also given to prevent the youths from becoming ment basis from 15% drug addicts, The parents are also made eware of their crucial the canteen. The Lio roles in preventing, drug dependence/addiction and juvenile Consignment basis, They also initially provided th felnqueneythowgh amy Life Eavation seminar, Regt duc nthe managenen of ti cancer and ® outs at 2 among the youth and an 00ks, 80 saw to i Ww to kee along pulongs among the ¥ aut be regularly pea dey also saw to it that the youths were can and well held 0 that any perceived problems can be immedi ut. Follow-up reminders placed in posters and pos places in the community is ano of ke message sink into the conscioumess of the peop comes part oftheir consciousness and habit as manifes way of life After a month's time,able to pay back their capital and continued to enjoy the trust of, the Lioness in getting their products for sale on consignment basis, From their earings, the youths were able to help their families and themselves as they set aside part of their eamings for their own needs and savings for their education in the night schools. ‘This successful project for the rehabilitation of street child- ren became a demonstration project for other street children to ‘inspire them in knowing that there is hope in their seemingly hopeless lives, 1 alto served as a csmonstration project for other organizations to emulate. The demonstration project had shown that the street children can be salvaged from theic life of szemaing hopelessness to become decent and productive citizens if given a chance by society in a more caring manner. ‘Other demonstration projects can also be set up as consu- mers cooperative, a credit cooperative, use of indigenous mate- is that these demonstration projects have poten The PRRM demonstration communities for example are show- cases of successful projects. where ‘endeavor to visit and leam from these communities. One of the PRRM leading lights was an eminent social worker, the Tate Josefa Jara Martinez who was 30 guided ‘by her CO knowledge and social work trainings. She spent the best yeart of her life lending hher expertise to the PRRM demonstration communities and training community workers. 7. Use of Group Dymanics and Experiential Learning in Training CO workers in Region XI who implemented the Baranganic “Approach have discovered that the ust of experiential learning and group dynamics are effective techniques in training indi genous leaders who have an aversion to lecturetype seminars, Experiential learning employs jure of trainees to a pln- ed situation or game where i Group dynamics on the other hi “the interacting forces within 2 small human goup.” For pur- learning and indigenous application, it refers to plan- to communicate new knowledge ‘Experientia learning can be lustrated this way: Jn community whe and there is lack of cooedinae with the team. The fa lence into focus wi \ey have to achieve their set goals and e ‘Anything learned through eapese and objectives. Anything Kened through expefence cannot for sue be easlyfoup are arranged into a circle. After they are settled, the CO worker as fatator whispers to the person next to her, the following message, “Tell the person next to you to bring his daughter to the meeting next Tuesday in case it does not rain.” «She further instructs her to relay the message to her next neigh: bor who would also be asked to give the same she was seen with Teddy bringing her attache case.” There was laughter since the message that had been passed by word of mouth became so distorted, The harmless message first sent ended up as a juley conjecture for chismis about a daughter meeting a certain Teddy with her attache case. ‘The CO worker would then ask the group about their lear- ang experience from the just concluded activity. As experienced in putt group dynamics like this, the group participants would tunerringly lear that communicating by word of mouth in relay- ng mestages is risky as it can be distorted and be a source of serious problems or trouble. And that many people get hurt bbeeause of some chismis and rumor mongering. 8. Use of an Expert/Consultant No person has 8 monopoly of knowledge, hence one of the CO’ worker’ technique is the use of an expert from other fields the is not knowledgeable about or another CO worker who has moté experience 28 consultant, By vtlzing the knowledge and expertise of others, she enriches her own and wastes no time doing things through the trial and error method. She accom- plishes therefore her goal and objectives as a CO worker as she assists her target client community with increased cSnfidence and competence that assures positive result, ‘This is an ilustration of the technique: the previous logger who did not develop the land, 48 ‘Since the land problem is a legal problem, the CO worker * consulted with the Citizens Legal Assistance Unit (CLAU)ot the Department of Justice located in the nearby city. She inquired fegarding the rights of the settlers who occupied and developed an abandoned logged area for 15 years and asked their asistance i the land issued to the logger despite {thelr o¢cupancy of the land which she considers unjust. The CO worker also cons Department of Agrarian Reform on how the people can own their occupied land under the Land Reform Program, Through these consultations with other aisciplines, CO worker was guided in’ taking the appropriate action that would. solve the problems of the aggrieved settlers. 9. Formal Study ‘The CO worker employs this technique to influence public ‘pinion and motivate people to act on certain community or national issues. She caries out study by gathering and analyzing data in connection with cucent issues or problem, the repults of which she interprets and disseminates to the public that they would spproptlately act on sad issues or problem, AA certain municipality for example known for its tourist spots had been getting bad publicity not only nationally bit also intemationally due to the frequent presence of pedophiles in their midst who have other reasons in frequenting sald munich pality. They were reported to be preying on the young boys with the alleged consent of their parents who are given large sums of money or built beautiful homes. The young boys in retum are action, The municipal officials were reportedly reluctant to take adverse action against the pedophiles as it might prejudice the municipality's tourism industry. al study of the prob- rent Parents-Teachers to pinpoint the famni- we pedophiles. After Association and the othe lies. whose children are 49ory 1. * Management of Power The CO worker uses this strategy by helping create new centers (of power in communities where leadership is indifferent and ineffective, Where there is however a concentration or monopoly of power, hele’ ffuse this power to a wider base by involving new leadership, the uninvolved and those who are targets for asistance or change that they may be able to represent their ow interest in any decisions that ‘would affect them, setting this information, she learned that there were some 120 boys who live with pedophiles and whose families manifested a drastic change in their economic life, She next made # case study of each identified families whom she visited and inter- viewed, Most of them however refused to be interviewed. The ‘CO worker therefore gathered data about them from collateral sources as their neighbors, relatives and the school. AAs soon as the CO worker completed her stody, she made an indepth analysis of her findings and highlighted the adverse effects of the children’s alliance with the pedophiles not only ‘on their health but also on their moral vahes inchi i families who tolerated their exploitation as sex objects. The Com- smunity’s aptthy snd inaction to the problem which was giving them bad publicity was also questioned, Copies of the formal study was sent to the municipal officials, civic goups and rel sious groups of the municipality. The national government and ‘mass media were also provided copies of the study. This moved the mass media to make editorials of the issue and to investigate further, The national govemment coordinated with foreign ‘embassies to prevent the entry of pedophiles to the country, The municipal government in coordinitioa with the private ongeniza- ‘ons also dealth with their problem with determined efforts in attaining more lasting solutions to their problem, 6) ‘Use of Questions in Handling Group Discussions This technique will be discussed separately and in detail in ‘the next chapter on group'processes and committee meetings. barangay captain, The council will elect their own chairman and sec retary while the rest of the membership will be organized into different committees with specific task assigned to them in finding the solutions to the comumanity’s problems and needs as identified by the peo} On the other hand a municipality may have @ - clals who decide on vital issues and problems without involving the people especially those who will be affected by thelr decsions which is undemocratic. The decisions made ate therefore arbitrary and imposed ‘on the people. This results to misunderstandings, conflicts and instabi- lity that may fan social unrest. In this situation, the CO worker may hier services to the municipal council and motivate them tO Municipal Development Council (MDC) whose member. ship includes the membership of non-government organizations (NCOs) mandated by the Local Government Code. She may also propose her excfficio membership to the council. As member, she could ‘Suggest the creation of committees ariong the council members What isa strategy? Strategy had been defined ss "a tactic of careful plan or a method devised to achieve a desired goal.” The Philippine Social Work Encyclopedia alludes to strategy as “a procedure adopted by social workers to achieve a goal.” What are the different strategies of the CO worker and how can they be ‘lustrated ? menunity. decision makis re of the peo in people empowerment. The different strategies being employed by a CO worker with their Training of for thei corresponding ilustration are the following: ing of Leaders for their Rote Functions The training of indigenous teaders for their ‘elfective' strategy inenabling the community to be fonctions is an fant and self. SIthe community’ varied probleras and nectes succeed as leaders, They should therefore be trained on the following | +. Committee on He: Jeadership requirements: 1, management and administration Teadership ‘Committee on Liv-tihood development planning, problem-solving & decision-making Committee on Youth Affairs * |. interpersonal and group relationship” Committee on Infrastructure Committee on Peace and Order primary health care Committe on Social Services & Disasters 1. imowledge on the national sooial and economic development ‘thrusts PE Se ew 2 3. 4 5S, disaster preparedness and its management 6 1, Committee on Special Projects 8, knowledge of internal and external resources 9. how to prepare project proposals/feasibility studies 10, how to prepare policies & ordinances 11, barangay justice system 12, Local Government Code & other pertinent laws Q. Oremizing People for Specific Tasks, Roles & Functions tasks is a strategy that facilitates the attainment of goals and objectives since the job is done in a more organized manner which uses at the same time the pooled thinking, expertise and resources uf those involval in ‘the different organized operational units. community as the study'on the idea 52‘This group is alo dissolved after they had completed and submitted their report on the study they mate, ‘There are also organized groups whose job and tenure may only last for a day forthe simple tak as acting 2s a delegation to present the ‘community's petition or resolution to concerned authorities or agencies, A.welcome committee for visiting officials of 2 funding agency or high officials is also an example of this type of committee with Very hort ‘tenure, ‘Use of Conflict ‘ction on their part to do something about their community problems, ‘The use of conflict however requires its handling by a competent and: experienced CO worker, ‘There are no documented cases of how this strategy had been ssuccrasfuly used in the Philippines, According to Burke, conflict stra- ‘egy works best for organizations committed to a cause rather than specific issues, Collaborative Strategy Roland Warren had developed a typology of strategies for achieving purposive change. These are collaborative strategy, campaign strategy and contest strategy, Collaborative strategy it based om the assumption of consenais of common base of values and interests among the partis in disagreement, ‘And that agreements can be obtained by overcoming poor commini- ‘ation, misinformation and inaction, To illustrate how this strategy may be used can be gleaned from this cae illustration: : ‘The people of the municipality where a smeliering plant will be built were divided on the issue of its construction in theit municipality. However the opposing partisled by the CO worker, the religiou rouge and other causecriented groups, while recognizing thé alleged the opposing party, through hee i showing which spoke the ets buen see Campaign Strategyfon matters affecting their community. It appeared that the barangry captain did not even know his responsibilities and duties, Thos some concerned citizens agitated for the ouster of the barangay captain, ‘They contulted the CO worker about their plan and asked for her advice, The CO worker informed the group that the people can ack the ‘Commission on Elections for the barangay captain's recall provided they can get at least 25% of the barangay's registered voters to sign the ‘petition, They were also told that they can file an administrative case againat the barangay captain with the Department of Interior and Local Government but based on experience regarding administrative cases it ‘takes years before the case can be resolved. The concerned group after assessing the two options opted for the system of recall. In onder to -sucoted in their objective, CO worker advised the group to use the ‘campaign strategy in getting the 25% of the registered voters to sign the petition of recall and during the campaign for the elections that will ‘be subsequently called since there are still many unenlightened voters in their barangay, The campaign strategy the group evolved was to impress on the people the shortcomings of their barangay captain backed up by specific evidence and how all these had been adversely affecting thelr welfare and progress of their barangay. They would appeal to the opposing group's sense of patriotism and concern for ‘thelr community over their «tang na loob sense of value for past fevors they may owe the barangay captain as the welfare of the whole commu nity should override their own individual welfare, Another campaign strategy the group used was to get frst the signatures of respected ‘members of the community in the petition as their initial endorsement ‘would influence many adherents to their cause. This strategy worked as the group wes able to got more then 25% of the registered voters to sign the petition, After the petition for the recall of the barangay ceptain was sub- mitted to the Commission on Elections, the authenticity of the regis. ‘ered voters’ signature was verified and then published for 20 days ‘before a new election was called, This gave the concerned group ample time to vigorously camptign for their good candidate using the cam- ppaign strategy they had evolved, This time they were joined by many civic and religious groups and other influential persons. After the elections, a new barangay captain was elected who kept faith with the people's trust, 56 That their farms can no longer be suitable for farming; 3. And that the government ‘ng the lahar flow d ‘hat defies any engineering remedial ineasuree had given up in stopping or divert- ue to its huge and destructive volume 57p) Social Brokerage tbe used for their housing needs wherein they buy their matcrials in} bee Tene tp cat cont an tha Uy help one another bull thes house nal! purchase het roomie nae ened aad squatters who can purchase their homelots under the Urban Land Reform Law. Unfor- tunately the squatters cannot produce any documents as they claim ey Were not given any but were told by those who came to survey their area in NHA uniform eee rrative since all of them have more or less the same problem and occu pation, Thowe families who may not want to jpin the Bovp may be ‘entitled to theis share of the donated funds but not the land where the eer ‘Armed with only this information and the bes mination to std & let contention ine oats ee heed worker went to the NHA and sought audience with their op officials, She told them of the plight of the squatter families, about their ° esperate stand and thelr cherished aspirations to own their homelots since they had been given hope by the NHA Survey team that they ‘After the presentation of the three proposas; there were to questions and discussics after which their barangay captain called ‘2 vote on the proposals. The third proposal won and was adopt by the barangay for implementation, ‘This is 2 strategy. “of social action, one of the communi ‘organization models which hed been illustrated in Chapt TH It is employed when a problem threatens to be explosive or ruptive and is diffused through the CO worker's tervention as a bec ker with the involvement of relevant groups and individuals who, help diffuse a crisis situation. ‘A-case in point is this case of squatter familiss whose houses about to be demolished by the National Housing Authority ‘through its deputized agents, the City Engineer's Office and the ‘tional Police to provide back up security. ‘The CO worker assigned to the squatter area was alarmed the squatters were preparing for a showdown and were determined defend their homes with their own lies inchding their child ‘They claim that the notice given them to vacate the area in sich a ‘time is unreasonable and that they had na place to go. Mor they believed that they are entitled to buy their homelots since they ‘qualified 10 avail of it under the Urban Land Reform Law due to Tength of occupancy of a public land. They further claimed that ‘were also ifeiuded in the lst of qualified squatters when 2 survey imide by some NHA personne! three years ag0, ‘emporuyt ‘Shey tsunted re whore ey ean te ack es ee completion of the Bliss-type homes. The NHA officials were : ralent about CO worker's idea as they are not sure of the squat- fer's financial capabity to purchase their housing units. The CO eo however countered that the squatter families have incomes from their jobs as drivers, construction workers, security guards, etc. 0 The i Gale told the CO worker that they wil sty te opotl Wat ake hdl ako earir dicuned with the squatter fais, The oficial {aid they will have to refer to thelr roconds of qualified sqiaties in area, CO worker promised to comply with the NHA officials? reauet andl stked them to stay the scheduled demotion unt ey could arrive at a sat MHA officals agreed to CO workers equesta ny me THe Whiem the CO worker gave her feedback as to what transpired agreed upon during her mesting with the NHA official, the sat tr families were relieved of their anxiety, They agreed to CO. worker's Suggestion that they move out temporarily to give way to the const don of the Bliss homes provided that they are sued inne te they will be the future berieficiaries of the units which they were ‘The CO worker therefore asked the savatter families if they authorize her to broker for them with the National Housing Autho to obviate any violent confrontation which they did. She also a _tham'for any dociments to show to support their elds that they 38 3willing to buy under socialized cost and in installment basis. This 1es- ponse of the squatter families was asked by the CO worker to do in ‘writing $0. it could be relayed back 40 the NHA officials, The NHA. officials after deliberating briefly on the squatter families’ proposal gave their approval. They set a target date for the squatter families to completely move out s0 that the construction of the Bliss homes can immediately start. ‘The CO worker also involved the City Engineer's office in helping ‘Through the participation of other agencies and volunteers who were brought in by CO worker, the immediate and foreseen probless of the squatter families were taken cared of. The CO worker employed the strategy of social brokerage aot only to diffuse crisis situations eal with their anticipated problems and needs, . Use of Integrative Mechanisms to Streagthen Organization ‘This isthe second strategy of the Social Action model of commu- perronnel, speakers bureau of just a public announcement of support, ‘This isa hypothetical illustration of how this strategy can be employed: ‘A scientific organization is espousing the non-operation of the ruclear plant as their research studies have shown the grave risks and danger it poses to the lvesof the people not only within its immediate vicinity but throughout the archipelago. It alo cited the costly expen- 6 A CO worker of a national welfare organizat this seeming indifference ofthe people to such a crveal nave and was thetefore moved to act, She convinced her organization to make 4 public statement of support to the scientific expmircton's stand and their opposition to the operation of the nuclear plant because ‘fence material for thos: 0 zy repeesanratned '¢ who would attend specially the mass media ‘After the briefing session, thos who i new Enowledge about mucear plants and were engued woe Se Of great danger should the nuclear plant be operated, They immediately it massive information drive, the Office of the President and the legislative bodies were deluged ‘with petitions from 6the people to stop any plans for the opefation of the nuclear plant, Demonstrations and rallies were also held prompting the goverment fare of some sectors of society 28 the poor, the ‘ped and others of their kind, Public funds had been removed from office and to boycott a certain product owned by economic sabotcur. Labbying This may be included as the fourth strategy of social action wherein interest groups attend committee meetings of the legislative ‘that sad legislators can be guided accordingly before they vote the bill 62 ‘This strategy does not only apply in both chambers of the legis- lative body but also ia the barangay, municipal and provincial councils ‘where local ordinances/laws are being enacted. Use of Field Trips sry AAs the Jeaders on training learn first hand how a once depressed ‘community had metamorphosed into a model community that is self- reliant and self-managed, the knowledge and insights they gained would bbe enough motivation for them to strive for the upliftment and deve- Jopment of their awn depressed barangay. |. Use of Volunteers 0 achieve our social goals, We have to Jeam to use simple solutions and be creative for complex problems. The use of volunteers had been’ found as an effective strategy for lack of manpower and resources, Prestigious volunteers offen than 63‘not bring in other assets as regular donors and other specialized services CHAPTER V rams and services lending their prestige and influence te crane WORKING WITH COMMITTEES AND OTHER GROUPS success of their fund campaign, These type of volunteers are recruited 28 board members of welfare agencies and foundations, Most of the communi Toe boast members formulate the poles ofthe agency and |S It is Cerefore Imperato fora CO worker wes 7 Act as chairman of the different organized committees whose members E525 ts principles, dynamics and techniques in working with feign ‘me also volunteers. The committees formulate plans and develop and in handling them, programs and services with the assistance of the professional staf to a attain the musson, goals and objecties of the agency. The committees | What a group process? Citebets Ce often created are the committees on lvelthood, community outreach, elebaty City value formation, housing projects, family ediication, youth affalss etc, Group process had been defined as “the network of Mt gees Soros Under the program for community outreach, a social worker ou and is alected by the kind of interaction among the mentors tx is hired at CO worker to work in depressed communities to aniat them %8, itis used to also mean group dyaurne This is presently referred to as people empowerment, Fot lack of funds, ‘What are the forces operating in 2 group? ty otpanization work takes place in working with ETQuPe as councils, commitizes, ad hoe committees, tsk force, inl aves, in every group; it is everything that her community work. Such volunteers are ‘given appropriate training According 10 a leading authority in group dynamics the forces ra and are provided allowance for expensts that willbe incomred in cone | n8 ina group ae the folloning: aoe ‘nection with their assigned tasks, o He 1, Social interaction — is the dynamic interplay of forces Volunteers bring into their job their own expertise, knowledge in which contact between persons re. nd resources that are tapped from their own network. It is however sults in modification of attitudes and the responsbibity of the agency to mett the psy chie needs and inserts behavior of participants, ‘of the volunteers to keep them happy in their job. Their enthusiasms ‘i should also be continually nourished to inspire them to work to their 2. Communication ~ is the means through which informa- level best for the benéfit of the agency's target clientele, This can be ‘on, symbols and messages are given or done through appropriate and challenging job assignments and recog. transmitted and teceived, It may be nition of jobs well done. ‘The agency should also be aware of the moti- verbal o1 ‘non-verbal, It is the element vations, needs and interests of their volunteers so tha it they can be met ‘that facilitates interaction, and creatively used in furtherance of agency goals and objectives. What are the principles of group process? ‘The following are the known principles of group procese: 6sFor effective committee work, the following are the principles deve- toped by Audrey R, Trocker and Haileigh B. Trecker which is eucidated for our indigenous application: 1 |. Principte of Participatory Leadership . Principle of Group Attraction . Principle of Felt Needs : bbe accom plished by creating a shared pecotption of the need for chang, within the . The Principle of Purpose Every member of the group should be allowed to share ‘their ideas and opinion in any deliberation of the group end be involved in the peoblem-soWving”and decision making: process it undertakes. ‘The more attractive the group is to its members, the greater is the influence the eroup ean exert an them. ‘Strong pressures for change in the group can {thus making the source of pressure for change Le group itself, Frinciple of Feedback: Information relating to the need for change, plans for dlange and its consequent results must be shared with the group ‘The Principle of Democratic Values , deeply in one’s freedom of eepression, of other committee members to differ with his views and opinion. From this democratic values emanate a creative power which sakes committees get their job done mors effectively. ‘An effective committee should have a clear statement and understanding of its purpose and job assignment, This prin- 6 ip is important as it provides the commit teed and how it wil be ued to et the done, fe cate ‘ment of purpose also 10 eet lone, The state- et of tro bo Sees inne for eatng.te ‘The Principle of Constructive and Creative Leadership Principle of Preparation A good preparation for commit + good ‘ess The ainda for the next meting should be wel ase 68?the venue and time should be arranged ahead of schedule; the materials and tools needed os visual aids, blackboards, chalks, ‘tasers, reference materials and minutes of previous ‘meeting should be ready before the scheduled meeting. The committee ‘members should also be informed or reminded at last thice days before the scheduled meeting. Each committee member should have an individual folder where the agends, minutes of previous meetings and reference materials pertinent fo the agenda will be placed. A well prepared meeting produces not only good results ‘but also bespeaks of the professionalism of the staff and vohin- teers. 7.7 The Principle of Setting and Atmosphere ~ A conducive atmosphere is needed for qualitative and indepth thinking and discussions in-order to be able 10 arrive at sound decisions. The physical comfort of the setting is important 4 discomforts can detract the deliberation process. The meeting oom should be cool and should be provided with comfortable ‘chairs, An atmosphere that exudes freedom of expression, nality and informality diminishes tensions and anxie ‘encourages greater interaction and the confidence to participate {An the group activity, Moreover, it promotes the right climate for ‘more creative ideas to germinate and lover relationships to be forged. 8, ‘The Principle of Facts First The best way for a committee to start its work is to look at the facts first instead of depending on mere conjectures, opi- nlons and assumptions which are unreliable. Factual data should secve as reference material in any prob- Jerm-solving process and decision making. They serve as a good ‘guide in making the right analysis of the problems, issues or crisis. ‘tuations that need to be acted upon by the committee. It tells the’ committse the extent of their task, the possible solutions and measuiBs needed and the resources required to deal with the problems, needs and ctiss situations and where and how they canbe tapped. 9, The Principle of Participation The committee member must feel that he has the right to patticipais in committee deliberations by contibuting his 68 The Principle of Time and Timing ‘ideas and opinion without fear of being rebuffed by other mem- bers. With this right, he should also BS-TnaIE to understand that rights have their corresponding responsibility, While each gwoup meniber may have different degrees of participation as limited: by vidual knowledge and experience, what it important is that each member is willing to involve himself in ‘the development of a group idea and a group output, The Principle of Teamwork ~ __ While there ms,” be clashes of ideas in committee wotk, the ultimate test of an effective committee is how they can harmo. ‘ize their disagreements and be able to come out with an output ‘every member would be willing to support, ‘The Principle of Progressive Process / Productive committees are those which have ours of action based on 2 foundation th 3 on its factual footings, Upon this other orderly sequence of action ._The acpomplishment of a committee task must have a realistic time frame to keep the momentum going and the initial nthodasm continually on fire until the job had been accom Eech committee member should have a otherwise they Would lapse into the meni a sense of is »mptly when their enthu si: carly cage was capitalized on for productive efforts. — 6913, The Principle of Reporting -0f? ‘Giving reports on the committee's accomplishments to the organization or council t0 which it belongs is a requirement to update them pe terme assigned tasks. Such reports hhave to be based oni a8 the minutes of their meetings from implementors of theic formulated .2 timely esolve potential problems that may tof thele- goals and objectives. 14.” The Principle of Evaluation Commnitses that engage in period pperiodic evaluation of one's planned tasks prevents the committee into making major mistakes which would be more costly than when the mistake had eatlier’been detected and resolved. Regular evahtation also gives one an idea of the week areas that can be’ immediately strengthened and potential problems that can be avoided. 15, The Principle of Member Satisfaction Member satisfaction is derived when committee membets are given the opportunity to express themselves, contribute their ideas and when their expertise are utilized with productive results, Members of committees take pride when they sce that ‘their ideas and labor have contributed to the committee's goal and objectives, This increases their self-worth and esteem spe- cially when such contributions are openly recognized and ack- nowledged by the group, And when committee members are satisfied with theit job, they need not be urged or pressuzed to remain as members of the group but will readily continue to work ‘more enthusiastically and productively. ‘What are the factors for effective working relationship?” The identified factors for effective working relationship in a group are the following: 10 AA. Group Solidarity ~ There is group solidarity when members of the ‘group fel ance of eommon interest. 2. Sense of Common Purpose — This means the group members’ ‘awareness of common goal and objectives and when they derive a sense of achieve ‘ment not only for himstif but also for the welfare of others, Group Stability — This pertains 10 the group members’ sense of _Sesurity in relation t other groups, System of External Reward — The desis to be appreciated and ‘ecognlzed for efforts, contributions, ‘eas and achievement is met, 5. Sense of Belonging — The caring and bigayan atuitude of members one a feeling of belon ree ing or “we ‘What are the techniques of handling group discussions such as committee meetings? ie The following are the techniques an effective CO worker employs in handling sions: PV hat oun at ease by exblihing «coral and democratic stmos- ‘Phere, Call participants by their names and nicknames, 2, Start your tings with ashore prayer invoking the Almighty’s Sonny eens rane: — 3. Always ¢ of the mscting at-the very stat of the dis- ons ap al And what we he bjs tat need | This would avoid imslevant. and rasteful iscussions, 4 Define procedures 19 be followed as guideposu for dhcussions to avoid waste of time, + Inspire complete freedom of speech by avoiding negative remarks on any ideas, sugges Negati icourage part Subtlety guide the trend of diseussio track by request nWhat are As ing other participants’ opinion and postponing meanwhile irrele- vant questions for later discussions until the member asking the ‘question see the need not to discuss the question any farther. . Face issues as they arise unless-they aze irrelevant, in which case postpone its disaussion too, . Keep calm no matter what happens and keep your sense of humor, This will see you through difficu the group discussions. ions that may arise during Don't argue with participants, Get another member of the group to do it by asking other opinions from the group. . Don't take sides. Keep your opinion to yourself and if pressed to make a reply, make a non-committal answer. Don't evaluate or judge contributions from group members, Get the group to do the evaluating. - Don’t talk down to the group. Place yourself always at level with ‘them, . Use questions as they ae effective tools in guiding, stimulating and clarifying discussions, 3. Have minutes of the meeting recorded where it can be referred to from time to time at the course of the discussion, ‘Open and close the mecting on time, To avoid tardiness, sche- duls your committee meetings after siesta time and give allowance for travel time during traffic hours. the uses of questions asa technique in group discussions? Practiced and leamed from leading CO practitioners, the use of questions have the following uses: to open discussions to stimulate interest to provoke thinking ~ toaccummulate data n ~ to get individual participation ~ toddevelop a subject matter ~ to change the trend of discussion ~ tolimit or terminate discussion How can each type of uses be tustrated? These are how the various uses of questions can be used: To open discussions — start the ball rolling: ‘Are the purpots and objectives for ehing thie meni ‘everybody? If someone says, “No”, he asks the ‘ctowine sect? Can anyone among you state for ote and objectives of this meeting? —~~"——---~—— If everybody says it is clear, coon eT Se Omg os Who of you Hd like to stat the ball rolling by suggesting ways and mes ‘our commit i imoetngy ew our committee can mect the objectives ef tee To stimulate interest — When the discussion of the m etng sem tobe in, the pet! fis office may ak the folowing question to stimvicie meron ~ The idea given by ‘is quite o ave other unique or Titeeiing Haas to heeep st Who else = Can anyone 7 five hisfhet comments on the unique idea suggested ~ _ Who can share some experiences encount tered wt can help us out in the problem we eee B‘To provoke thinking — - At ines the coramtee members tend to crate contending be ten oe Sir ke fbi eR oup ito mors idepls Gang : How should we proceed in tackling thé issue/problem at hand more effectively? : ‘Are there more 7 other innovative ways of solving the problem hand? ‘What do you think about the issue as far at its pros and.cons concerned? cuit aeons il ere are sample questions in accummulating data for decision making. How many of you are intrested to join the fed tp? What ate the needs and problems of our community you bel should gt our prior attention? : What resources can we possibly tap in resolving these problem? Who ate the iely persons we can involve in our committee Wort ivi pation — ‘To get individual participa You can get the individual participation of committee members asking them directly as herein ustrated: : ise fonds = Mrs, Reyes, what do you propose on how we ca raise project? Mr, Domingo how can we involve the-Kabataan Beranzay olunteer work? it ‘Can you give us another alemative to Mr. Domingo's ss © Miss Vitoria? To develop a subject matter — {At one point of a commit | the need to de tee discussion, the presiding officer may velop a subject matter henoe may pose the following sequence of questions: ~ Mrs Luna, can you further ehicidate on the idea you just contri- buted? ~ Ais there precedents we can refer to oF Kear from others expe- riences? ~ How can we imy 'prove on their experience and use mote innovative and effective approaches to suit our particular case situation? To change the trend of discussion — [At times the group discussion gets fixated on one subjeci matter or ometimes the discussion gets to be emotional. To change the trend of dix ‘ussion, the presiding officer may pose the following questions: — Don’t you think that we have already covered the iswe/problem/ ubject matter adequately and that itis time for us to decide on it and move on to the next agenda? — Gan we leave this subject matter for later discussion to provide us + enough time to think about it? ~ Aft there other mors positive ways at looking at the problem? ~ . Ate we not overseacting to the issue at hand? To limit or terminate discussion — Sometioes the group member are carted away by their discussions of {matter and that more time than necessary is being given to it wo the Tos ths time alloted for other matters that need to be taken Op ines Presiding officer need to remind the group members tactful ith the following questions: ~ Powe have enough time to discuss the rest of our agends? Gan we move on to the next agenda a: we are now pressed for four discussion on this sibjéct matier for ten minutes 50 we can accommodate for discussion other matters in our agenda? 5CHAPTER VI ‘THE PROCESSES FOR PEOPLE EMPOWERMENT ‘These are the types of questions usually asked as a technique and fo the following purpose: ACO worker who is knowled 1, ovethesl This type of question is directed tm group as a whole, It is effective for lau discussion and in promoting grou Example of this type of questio 7 do you say about a suggestion that our: ‘on how people can be empowered for their benefit, their corm, i their country. sent and discuss the urgent problem of di abuse among our youth? 1s people empowerment? From my viewpoint a8 a professional social worker, people empower the process of releasing the potentials of people trough services and strategies; removing blocs tat deter Gh woot BATS that they would be freed from the fetter: of poverty, jgnorsioe, on, soil injustice and fear to stand up for thes ghts snd purse ‘suggestion of Miss Cinco? appiness #8 a member of a free and just society, 3. Kickoff ~ This type of question is used to land re the sources of power? discussion of a new subject matter and sho ‘The following are the sources of power: 4 1. freedom street children and how can our group : deal with this problem more effecti 2, Imowledge and wisdom 4, followup This type of question is used to Keep @ 7 Tent and moral efficacy i discussion going towards atuining the obje] 4. porary 5, een proposed, can someone suggest an ‘approach that ‘would be realistic, innova and attainable? possession of authority and control over others = physical might a5 controlling a group of armed persons 1How can these be expltined to be sources of power? team be explained in the following manner: Freedom + Kaowiedge and Wisdom pee Persons with vast knowledge and wisdom can wield power since people look up to them in awe and faith. Ther every pronouncements ‘ate taken seriously as people respect them and believe in their wistom and would therefore follow their exhsrtation, advices and corsmand. Individuals endowed-with mental and mora! efficacy wield power through the sheer brilliance of their mind and ioral integrity, They can influence the thinking of other people and ther behavior to the desired Positive end since they hve the mental and moral efficacy to do it. Capability for Leadership Roles Individuals who have what it takes to let people do what need to be done is in a position of power, Such individuals have the charisma and'leadership capabilities that enable them to make people act md follow them, This personal capability is a source of power that can be ved for positive or negative designs, Ability to Act and Produce an Effect Individuals known to be achievers who can sct and deliver the goods are greatly admired for their capability specially those who are weak and incompetent who comprise their throng of followers. As rule models, they have the power to influence mndity vehavioral patterns for productive pursuits. wolkhde Prestige end Wealth return they share power through patronage and decision making with those they have helped elected in powerful positions, Possession of Authority and Control Over Others ‘acter, their values and upbringing. Also on the kind of advisers they hhave whether formal or informal, Physical Might as Individuals Controlling sn Anned Group Individuals who subjugate people through fear are tyrants, They. know the psychology of fear as a tyrant’s chaisi and a muzzle for free expression. Sabot pastqae How can the people be empowered for their own benefit and their country? People given opportunities to acquire the other positive ources of powe reedom, knowledge and wisdom, mental and moral‘and dreams, They should also be assisted to realize their highest potentials 5 active and contributing members of society, How cam these be done? ‘The process of people empowerment is long and tedious specially for people living in third world countries who have long been enured ina life of 1m and resignation. These make them vulnerable to injustice and ‘exploitation. But once empowered they would be a potent force for the ‘country's development and progress as they achieve for themselves a better life and higher socioeconomic goals, ‘These are the suggested proceses for people epowerment: 1, Identify the blocks that hinder people's growth and development AAs earlicr Mentified in Chapter If, the blocks to people's gowth and development are ignorance, negative values and belief, ‘regionalism and factionalism and oppressive existing social struc- ‘tures that give rise to social injustice, the padrino and palakasan system and the curtailment of freedom or some of its aspects, 2, Removal of the blocks to growth and development ‘This had been discussed in-Chapter If and will be further ‘igcussed in this chapter, 3. Releasing the potentials of people ‘This had also been discussed in furthgs discussed in this chapter, Accessing the people for the enhancement of their potentials fo its highest and productive level Chapter sand will be If the people's potentials have to be enhanced to its highest ‘and productive level, they should be given che opportunites to be more learned and productive, Such opportunitiés are the following. 1) awide latitude to make decisions on matters that would affect their interests and welfare 2) access wo attain capability budding 80 ‘Access to greater economic resources 2 bi toans that would not feque scingent reueente ek Seite a capital investments through the fooperatne concept inthe sane Dante obtained his oan forbs poup maT accet 0 technological knowledge and mote ments fo boost production. a access to higher institutions of learning wi jit education ar vate incolestion, crite splritual enhancement seminars i own personal aggrandizement People empowerment would therefore require a holistic approwshc : Atmosphere of Freedom aly in a etiosphere of freedom can any program for people empowerment prosper, Peoy 7 Jeges, the laws Fat a eee ROW thee Fights and ve from those who wield power who may feel threatened ¥ wh th when people learn to iron, rahts and prieges, For feedom is essential for people empoven Social Justice i | sociat justice should be a living feality and experienced and not F y and not meel i shrined in our legal statutes. For social justice engendre faith in meee |