Cartesian Coordinate System

Origin:

Coordinate pair:

x-coordinate:

y-coordinate:
Cartesian Coordinate System

➔ Distance from x-axis:

Cartesian Coordinate System

➔ Distance from y-axis:

Cartesian Coordinate System
Any point on x-axis:

Any point on y-axis:

Let A (h, k), B (1, 1) and C (2, 1) be the vertices of a right angled triangle with
AC as its hypotenuse. If the area of the triangle is 1 square unit, then the set
of values which 'k' can take is given by

A. {-1, 3} B. {-3, -2} C. {1, 3} D. {0, 3}

The vertices A and D of square ABCD lie on positive side of x and y-axis
respectively. If the vertex C is the point (12, 17), then the coordinate of
vertex B are

A. (14, 16) B. (15, 3) C. (17, 5) D. (17, 12)

Important Formulae - Distance Formula
The distance between the points A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2) is
The points equidistant from A (-1, 4) and B ( 3, 2) lying on y-axis are:

A. (0, 1) B. (0, -1)

C. (0, 2) D. (0, 3)
Important Formulae - Internal Division Formula
The line joining the points P (2, -3) & Q (-5, 6) is divided by y = x in the
ratio
A. 3 : 11 B. 5 : 3

C. 5 : 11 D. 6 : 5
Important Formulae - Mid-point Formula

The midpoint of the line joining A(x1 , y1) and B(x2 , y2) is;
Important Formulae - External Division Formula

‘P’ divided AB externally in the ratio of m : n

Simplified - External Division Formula

‘P’ divided AB externally in the ratio of m : n

If point P which divides A(6, 3) and B(-4, 5) externally in the ratio 3 : 2
and is also the midpoint of BD. Then find the coordinate of point D.

A. (-44, 13) B. (-24, 9) C. (-20, 9) D. (20, 13)

Important Result

If m/n is positive, the division is internal, but if m/n is negative, the division
is external.
Important Result
If P divides AB internally in the ratio m:n &
Q divides AB externally in the ratio m:n
then P & Q are said to be harmonic conjugate of each other w.r.t. AB.

Mathematically,

i.e. AP, AB & AQ are in H.P.

Find harmonic conjugate of (5, 13) w.r.t points (2, - 5) and (3, 1)
Terminologies of Triangle - Median
1. Median through A bisects the side BC.
Terminologies of Triangle - Centroid
1. Median through A bisects the side BC.

2. Centroid Divides the median in the ratio 2:1

Let A(1, 0), B(6, 2) and C(3/2, 6) be the vertices of a triangle ABC. If P is a
point inside the triangle ABC such that the triangles APC, APB and BPC have
equal areas, then the length of the line segment PQ, where Q is the point
(-7/6, -1/3), is___________
Terminologies of Triangle - Angle Bisector
Angle Bisector divides the opposite side in the ratio of the length of containing sides.
Terminologies of Triangle - Incentre

The incentre of a triangle is the point of intersection of internal angle bisectors.

Find the coordinates of incentre of the triangle whose vertices are
(0, 6), (8, 12) and (8, 0)

A. (5, 2) B. (5, 6) C. (7, 4) D. (6, 7)

The x-coordinate of the incentre of the triangle that has the coordinates
of mid points of its sides as (0, 1) (1, 1) and (1, 0) is:

A. 2 + √2 B. 2 - √2 C. 1 - √2 D. 1 + √2 2013 M
Terminologies of Triangle - External Angle Bisector
Terminologies of Triangle - Excentre
Terminologies of Triangle - Excentre
Incenter and Excenter are Harmonic Conjugates of each other with respect to the
angle bisector.
Terminologies of Triangle - Altitude
Terminologies of Triangle - Orthocentre
It is the point of intersection of Altitudes of a Triangle.
Terminologies of Triangle - Perpendicular Bisector
Terminologies of Triangle - Circumcentre
It is the point of intersection of perpendicular bisector of a Triangle.
Important Results
In Right angled triangle, orthocenter is at the vertex with 90o and circumcenter
is mid point of hypotenuse.
Euler’s Line

Orthocentre, Centroid & Circumcentre are always collinear &

centroid divides the line joining orthocentre & circumcentre in the ratio 2:1.
Important Results

In an equilateral triangle G, O, I & C coincide.

In an isosceles triangle G, O, I & C lie on the same line.

The incentre of the triangle with vertices (1, √3), (0,0) and (2, 0) is

A. B. C. D.
Let the orthocentre and centroid of a triangle be A(-3, 5) and B(3, 3)
respectively. If C is the circumcentre of this triangle, then the radius of
the circle having line segment AC as diameter, is :

A. B. C. D.
If in a triangle ABC, A (1, 10), Circumcentre (-1/3, 2/3) and Orthocentre
(11/3, 4/3) are given. Then find the coordinate of midpoint of side opposite
to A.

A. (1, 6) B. (1, 5) C. (1, -3) D. (1, -11/3)

O(0, 0) is one of the vertices of triangle whose circumcentre is S(3, 4) and
centroid G(6, 8). Then, the triangle

A. Is right angled

B. Must be equilateral

C. Must be right-angled isosceles

D. Is isosceles
Area of Triangle - Basic Formulae
Area of Triangle - Determinant Method
If A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2), C (x3, y3) are the vertices of triangle ABC,
Area of Triangle - Stair Method
Find the area of a triangle whose vertices are A(3, 2); B(11, 8) and C(8, 12)
If the area of triangle formed by the points (5, 2), (0, 3) and (a, 4) is 8
square square units. Then

A. Sum of all possible value(s) of ‘a’ to 5

B. Sum of all possible value(s) of ‘a’ to -10

C. Product of all possible value(s) of ‘a’ to 125

D. Product of all possible value(s) of ‘a’ to -210

Find the area of the triangle having midpoints of its sides at
(2, 1), (-1, -3) and (4, 5).

A. 2 B. 6

C. 8 D. None
Condition of Collinearity
Area of Polygon - Determinant Method

Let (x1, y1) , (x2, y2) , (x3, y3), …., (xn, yn) be the coordinates of the
vertices of a n-sided polygon. Then,

Area of polygon =
Area of Polygon - Stair Method

Let (x1, y1) , (x2, y2) , (x3, y3), …., (xn, yn) be the coordinates of the
vertices of a n-sided polygon. Then,
Locus
Locus is the path traced by a point when it moves under some
restriction or given geometrical condition.
Finding Locus

Step:1 Draw a rough sketch showing the conditions given and mark
the moving point as P (h,k).

Step:2 Apply the restrictions/conditions on point P, to get relation

between h and k.

Step:3 Replace (h,k) with (x,y) to get the final equation/Locus.

Find the locus of a point whose distance from origin is always equal to 2.
Find the locus of a point whose distance from the point (1, 2) is equal to
its distance from the axis of y.
A rod of length l slides with its ends on two perpendicular lines.
Find the locus of its mid point.
Let A(2, -3) and B(-2, 3) be vertices of a triangle ABC. If the centroid of
this triangle moves on the line 2x+ 3y = 1, then the locus of the vertex C
is the line
A. 3x - 2y = 3 B. 2x - 3y = 7 C. 3x + 2y = 5 D. 2x + 3y = 3
Let O(0, 0) and A(0, 1) be two fixed points. Then the locus of a point P
such that the perimeter of ΔAOP is 4, is :

A. 8x2 - 9y2 + 9y = 18 B. 9x2 - 8y2 + 8y = 16

C. 9x2 + 8y2 - 8y = 16 D. 8x2 + 9y2 - 9y = 18 JEE Main 2019

BREAK
Intercept of Line

Please note that length is always positive, but intercept can be positive or negative.
Straight Line
It is locus of a point such that slope is always constant.
Slope
Slope, Inclination, Gradient
Please note that angle is always measured from +ve x-axis in anticlockwise sense.

m=tan𝛉
L

θ
What is the slope of a line whose inclination is:

i. 00

ii. 450

iii. 900

iv. 1500
Positive & Negative Slope
Important Slopes

1. Slope of x-axis

1. Slope of y-axis

1. Slope of vertical line

1. Slope of horizontal lines

Important Slopes

5. Slope of Line cutting equal intercepts on x and y axis

6. Slope of Line cutting equal lengths on x and y axis

Important Slopes

7. Slope of Line making equal angles with x and y axis

Equation of Horizontal & Vertical Lines
Equation of Line: Point - Slope Form
The equation of a straight line whose slope is m and which
passes through the point (x1, y1).
Equation of Line: Two- Point Form
The equation of a straight line whose slope is m and which
passes through the point (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
Equation of Line: Slope-Intercept Form
The equation of a straight line whose slope is m and which
makes an intercept c on the y-axis.
Equation of Line: Determinant Form

Equation of line passing through (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is

Equation of Line: Intercept Form
The equation of a straight line which makes intercepts a & b on OX & OY
respectively.
Difference between Intercept & Length
Equation of Line: Normal Form
The length of the perpendicular from the origin O on the line is p
and this perpendicular makes an angle 𝛂 with positive x-axis.
Equation of Line: Standard Form

ax + by + c = 0 is the equation of a straight line in the general form.

Find slope, x-intercept and y-intercept of the line: 3x - 4y = 12
Equation of Line: Parametric Form
The equation of the straight line passing through the point (4, 3) and
making intercepts on the coordinate axes whose sum is -1 is

A. B.

C. D.
Find number of straight lines passing through (2,4) & forming a triangle
of 16 sq. cm with the coordinate axes.
Basic Equations

1. Equation of x-axis :

1. Equation of y-axis :
Condition of Collinearity

Points A (x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) are collinear if:

AC + BC or AB - BC
Condition of Collinearity

Points A (x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) are collinear if :

A divides the line segment BC in some ratio.

Condition of Collinearity
Points A (x1,y1), B(x2,y2), C(x3,y3) are collinear if :
Condition of Collinearity
Points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) are collinear if :
Find the value of x for which the point (x, 2) (1, 3) and (-2, 4) are collinear.
Angle between Lines
The acute angle between two lines is 𝜋/4 and slope of one of them is
1/2. Find the slope of the other line.
Parallel Lines

Parallel lines have same slope (m1 = m2)

Any line parallel to ax+ by + c = 0 is of the type

ax+ by+ k =0, where k is a parameter
Perpendicular Lines
For perpendicular lines m1 m2 = -1.

and any line perpendicular to

ax + by + c = 0 is of the form bx – ay + k = 0, where k is any
parameter.
Basic Equations

1. Equation of line parallel to x-axis (or perpendicular to y-axis):

2. Equation of line parallel to y-axis (or perpendicular to x-axis):

The vertex of a right-angled triangle lies on straight line 2x + y - 10 = 0
and other vertices are (2, -3) and (4, 1). Find the area of triangle.

A. √10 B. 3

C. 33/5 D. 11
The perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining
P(1, 4) and Q(k, 3) has y-intercept -4. Then a possible value of k is

A. 1 B. 2 C. -2 D. -4
Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose vertices are (1, 2),
(3, -4) and (5, -6)

A. (11, -2) B. (-11, -2) C. (11, 2) D. (-11, 2)

Two vertices of a triangle with orthocentre as (1, 2) are (0, 1) and (5, 0).
The third vertex of the triangle is:

(-36/7, -45/7) (4/3, 11/3) (6/7, -9/7) (-13/3,

A. B. C. D 7/3)
.
A straight line L through the point (3, -2) is inclined at an angle 60° to the
line √3x + y =1. If L also intersects the x-axis, then the equation of L is

A. y + √3x + 2 - 3√3 = 0 B. y - √3x + 2 + 3√3 = 0

C. √3y - x + 3 + 2√3 = 0 D. √3y + x - 3 + 2√3 = 0

JEE Adv. 2011

A straight lines 3x + 4y = 5 and 4x - 3y = 15 intersect at the point A. On
these lines points B and C are chosen so that AB = AC. Find the possible
equations of the line BC passing through (1, 2).
The distance of the point (2,3) from the line 2x - 3y + 9 = 0 measured
parallel to the line x - y - 1 = 0.

Method - 1
Method - 2
Method - 3
A line through the point P(2, 3) meets the lines
x - 2y + 7 = 0 and x + 3y - 3 = 0 at the points A and B respectively. If
P divides AB externally in the ratio 3 : 2 then find the equation of the
line AB.
Point & Line
If (a, a2) falls inside the angle made by the lines ,x>0
and y = 3x, x > 0 then a belong to

A. B. (3, ∞) C. D.

Method - 1
Method - 2
Method - 3
Perpendicular Distance of Point from Line
Foot of Perpendicular from Point to Line
Image of Point w.r.t. Line
Distance between Parallel Lines
The distance between two parallel lines
ax + by + c1 = 0 and
ax + by + c2 = 0 is given by
An equilateral triangle has base along the line 12x + 5y + 11 = 0 and
One of the vertex is (1, -2). Find the area of the triangle.
Find the equations of straight lines passing through (-2, -7) and having
an intercept of length 3 between the straight lines 4x + 3y = 12 and
4x + 3y = 3.
Find all points on x + y = 4 that lie at a unit distance from the line
4x + 3y - 10 = 0.
Find the equation of straight line which is equidistant from the lines
2x + 3y = 7 and 4x + 6y = 5
Formula for Area of Parallelogram
The area of a parallelogram whose sides are
y = m1x + c1, y = m1x + c2, y = m2x + d1 and y = m2x + d2

is given by
Angle Bisectors
Equation of Angle Bisector

For the lines

L1 ≡ a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
L2 ≡ a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
Eq of angle bisectors is given by
Two equal sides of an isosceles triangle are given by the equations
7x - y + 3 = 0 and x + y - 3 = 0 and its third side passes through the
point (1, -10). Determine the equation of the third side.
Acute & Obtuse Angle Bisectors

1. Make constants of both lines positive. (to get modified lines)

2. Using equations of modified lines find (a1a2 +b1b2)

Obtuse Bisector Acute Bisector

a1a2 + b1b2 > 0 + -

a1a2 + b1b2 < 0 - +

Angle Bisectors containing Origin
1. Make constants of both lines positive
2. Find the equation of bisector with positive sign to get required bisector.
Angle Bisectors containing given point

Substitute point in both lines.

1. L1(P) . L2(P) > 0 : Use (+) sign to get required bisector

2. L1(P) . L2(P) < 0 : Use (-) sign to get required bisector

Family of Lines

Any line passing through the point of intersection of the lines

L1: a1x+b1y+c1 = 0 and

L2: a2x+b2y+c2 = 0 can be defined as

(a1x+b1y+c1) + 𝝺 (a2x+b2y+c2) = 0,
where 𝝺 ∈ R.
Find the equation of the straight line which passes through the point
(2, - 3) and the point of intersection of the lines x + y + 4 = 0 and
3x - y - 8 = 0.
Find the equations of the lines passing through the intersection of lines 4x
- 3y - 1 = 0 and 2x - 5y + 3 = 0 and equally inclined to the axes.
The family of lines x(a - 2b) + y(a – 5b) = a + b passes through a fixed
point for all values of a and b. Find the coordinates of the fixed point.
Condition of Concurrency

Lines passing through a common point are called concurrent lines and the common
intersection point is called point of concurrency.

The three lines aix + biy + ci = 0, i = 1, 2, 3 are said to be concurrent if

a1 b1 c1

a2 b2 c2 = 0

a3 b3 c3
Find the value of m so that the lines 3x + y + 2 = 0, 2x - y + 3 = 0 and
x + my - 3 = 0 may be concurrent.
If the straight lines x + y - 2 = 0, 2x - y + 1 = 0 and ax + by - c = 0 are
concurrent, then at which point the family of lines 2ax - by + 3c = 0
(a, b, c are non-zero) is concurrent?
BREAK
Pair of Lines
A pair of lines is the locus of a point moving on two lines.
Let the two lines be
L1: a1x+ b1y+ c1= 0 and
L2: a2x+ b2y+ c2= 0.
The joint equation of the given equations is (a1x + b1y+ c1) (a2x + b2y+ c2) = 0

L1

L2
Homogeneous Equation: Pair of Lines through (0,0)
Homogeneous Equation: Pair of Lines through (0,0)
Homogeneous Equation: Pair of Lines through (0,0)
Homogeneous Equation: Pair of Lines through (0,0)

If y = m1x & y = m2x be the two equations

represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, then
If the sum of the slopes of the lines given by x2 - 2cxy - 7y2 = 0 is
four times their product. Then the value of c is:

A. B.
C. D.
If the slopes of the lines represented by 6x2 + 2hxy + y2 = 0 are in
the ratio 1 : 2 then h =

A. B. C. D.
How to find individual lines from Homogeneous
Equation ?

1. Factorize using splitting the middle term.

2. Consider the equation to be a quadratic in x and use quadratic formula.

If the pairs of lines 3x2 - 5xy + py2 = 0 and 6x2 - xy - 5y2 = 0 have
one line in common, then p =

A. B. C. D.
Angle between Lines

If y = m1x & y = m2x be the two equations

represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, then
Angle between Lines

If y = m1x & y = m2x be the two equations

represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, then

Condition of coincidental lines.

θ = 0 ⇒ h2 = ab

Condition of perpendicular lines.

θ = π/ 2 ⇒ a + b = 0

Condition of equally inclined to axes.

h=0
Pair of Perpendicular Lines

Pair of lines perpendicular to ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is given by bx2- 2hxy + ay2 = 0
Angle Bisectors for Pair of Lines
If the pair of the straight lines
x2 - 2pxy - y2 = 0 and x2 - 2qxy - y2 = 0 be such that each pair
bisects the angle between the other pair, then

A.A. pq = -1 B. p = q
B.

C.C. p = -q D. pq = 1
D.
General Equation of 2nd degree

The general equation of 2nd degree is

ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
It represents a pair of straight lines if:
How to find individual lines from General Equation ?

Consider the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 to be

a quadratic in x and use quadratic formula.
Find the value of k for which 2x2 + xy - y2 + kx + 6y - 9 = 0,
represents pair of straight lines. Also find the component lines.

A. B. C. D.
Angle between Pair of Lines
The angle between the lines represented by
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is

Condition of parallelism*. In this case θ = 0

⇒ h2 = ab

Condition of perpendicularity* In this case θ = π/ 2

⇒a+b=0
Values of ‘k’ so that equation 16x2 + 24xy + ly2 + kx - 12y - 21 = 0
represents a pair of parallel lines is

A. B. C. D.
Point of Intersection

ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

If 𝛉 is the angle between the lines 6x2 + 5xy - 4y2 + 7x + 13y - 3 = 0, then
find the equation of line passing through the point of intersection of
these lines and having angle of inclination equal to 𝛉
Angle Bisectors

ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

where (𝛂, β) is the point of intersection of the pair of straight lines

Homogenization

Curve ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and

Straight Line lx + my + n = 0 intersect at points P and Q.
Find the equation of OP and OQ.

Q
O
Homogenization
Find the value of m2 for which the lines joining origin to the point of
intersection of y = mx -1 with x2 + 4xy + 3y2 - 1 = 0 are perpendicular to
each other.
All chords of the curve 2x2 + 3y2 - 5x = 0 which subtend a right angle at the
origin are concurrent at:

A. B. C. D.
Are You JEE Ready?
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Answer Key
1. 2 11. 8 21. D
2. 122 12. C 22. B
3. 3 13. D 23. 3
4. 31 14. C 24. C
5. 2 15. 16 25. D
6. 3 16. 31 26. B
7. 10 17. B 27. B
8. 1 18. C 28. B
9. 4 19. C 29. B
10. 4 20. C
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