STEEL CONNECTIONS (BOLTED)

Bolted Welded
Basic Types: 1. Bolted Connections (earlier riveted or pinned)
2. Welded Connections

Bolts: 1. Ordinary bolts: Unfinished (black bolts/rough) or finished (or common bolts)
2. High Strength bolts (HSFG)

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Table: Tensile properties of Bolts in steel construction

Grade 4.6 a.b

a =fub/100, b= fy/fub
Table: Bolt Geometry
Details M12 M16 M20 M22 M24 M30 M36
Pitch (mm) 1.75 2.0 2.5 2.5 3 3.5 4.0
Nominal 84.3 157 245 303 353 561 817
Area(mm2)
= 0.78 Ag
Effective 10.863 14.701 18.376 20.376 22.051 2.727 33.402
Dia, d (mm)
Typical Bolt and nut: washer/cotter
pin etc.

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TYPES OF BOLTED JOINTS
1. Lap Joint
2. Butt Joint

Zig zag/ staggered

Butt Joints

Lap Joints
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Bolts in Shear

Double shear (Butt joint)

Single shear (Single Lap joint)

Bolts in Pure moment

Bolts in Tension

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Bolts subjected to shear and
Tension/compression Bolts subjected to shear and
moment in its plane

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Types of bolts based on load transfer mechanisms
1. Bearing type: Load transferred from one connected part to other by
bearing &/or shear (ex. Ordinary bolts)

2. Slip critical or Slip- resistance type (pre-tensioned): Load

transferred from one connected part to other by friction (ex. HSFG bolts)

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HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS
• May be tightened 2 or more times that of ordinary bolts (Hand tightened or torque
control method using wrench etc.)

• Connected parts are clamped tightly together between the bolts and nut
heads which permits loads to be transferred primarily by friction and not by
shear

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FAILURE OF BOLTED JOINTS
(Bearing type)

Rupture or tearing of plates

Crushing or Bearing of plates/bolts

Bursting or Shearing of plates

Block shear failure Joint with staggered pitch 8

Some guidelines for connections as per IS 800 (Section: 10)
10.2 2 Minimum spacing:
The distance between centre of fasteners shall not be less than 2.5 times the nominal
diameter of the fastener.

10.2 3 Maximum spacing:

10.2.3.1 The distance between the centres of any two of back to back tension members. where
the members adjacent fasteners shall not exceed 32t or 300 mm, where t is the thickness of the
thinner connected plate.

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10.2.3.2 The distance between the centres of two adjacent fasteners (pitch) in a line lying
in the direction of stress, shall not exceed 16t or 200 mm, whichever
is less, in tension members and 12t or 200 mm, whichever is less, in compression
members; where t is the thickness of the thinner plate. In the case of compression members
wherein forces are transferred through butting faces, this distance shall not exceed
4.5 times the diameter of the fasteners for a distance equal to 1.5 times the width of the
member from the butting faces.
10.2.3.3 The distance between the centres of any two consecutive fasteners in a line
adjacent and parallel to an edge of an outside plate shall not exceed 100 mm plus 4t or 200
mm, whichever is less, in compression and tension members; where t is the thickness of
the thinner outside plate.

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Summary

Minimum edge distance: 1.5 to 1.7 do depending on edge conditions

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Table: Minimum edge distance of bolts

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BOLT STRENGTHS
I. Bearing type bolt connections (Sc. 10.3)

= No of shear planes with threads intercepting the shear plane

= No of shear planes without threads intercepting the shear plane
= A reduction factor to allow for the overloading of end bolts that occur in long
connection
= A reduction factor to allow for the effect of large grip length
= A reduction factor to account for packing plates in excess of 6 mm
= Net shear area of the bolt at threads may be taken
= Nominal plain shank area of the bolt
d = Nominal diameter of fasteners

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= Partial safety factor for the material of bolt = 1.25 (Table: 5)

= Length of the joint (i.e., distance between 1st & last row of bolted joint)
d = Nominal diameter of fasteners

= total thickness of the connected plates

When thickness of packing plate exceeds 6 mm

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B. Bearing strength of Bolt

Nominal bearing capacity of bolt,

e, p = End and pitch distances of the fasteners along bearing direction

d0= Diameter of the hole
fub, fu = Ultimate tensile stresses of the bolt and plate respectively
d = Nominal diameter of the bolt
t = Summation of the thicknesses of the connected plates
experiencing bearing stress in the same direction

Design bearing strength of bolt,

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C. Tensile strength of Bolt
Nominal tensile capacity of bolt in tension is given by,

= Ultimate tensile stress of bolt

= Yield stress of bolt
= Net area of the bolt at threads
= Shank area of the bolt

Design tensile strength of bolt,

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Tensile strength of plate

Net Area,

Tensile strength of plate,

= Ultimate stress of plate material

= Partial safety factor = 1.25
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Combined shear and Tension,

V = Applied shear,
Te = Applied Tension
Vsd= Design Shear capacity
Tdb = Design Tension Capacity

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Example:
Find the efficiency of the lap joint shown in the figure . Given: M20 Bolts of Grade 4.6 and Fe
410 (E 250) plates are used.

Solution: For M20 bolts of grade 4.6,

Diameter of bolt, d = 20 mm,
Diameter of bolt hole, d0= 22 mm
Ultimate strength, fub = 400 Mpa
Partial safety factor, γmb = 1.25,
For Fe 410 (E 250) plates,
Ultimate stress , fu = 410 Mpa
Partial safety factor, γml = 1.25, 19
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Example:

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Example:
Design joint B of a roof truss as shown in the figure below. The members are connected with 16 mm
diameter bolts of 4.6 Grade to the gusset plate of 12 mm thick.

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Example:
Determine whether the joint is safe or not. Eight number of 16 mm dia bolts have been usedfor
making the connection at section 1-1. Neglect the effect of prying action. Also, find the number of 16
mm dia bolts of grade 4.6 to connect the double angle section (8 mm thick each) member with the
web of the tee bracket.

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II. SLIP CRITIAL CONNECTION
Nominal shear capacity,

Where,
= slip factor, co-efficient of friction (As per Table 20)
= Number of effective interfaces offering frictional resistance to slip
= 1.0 for fastners in clearance holes
= 0.85 for fastners in over sized and short sloted holes and for
fastners in long slotted holes perpendicular to slot
= 0.7 fo fastners in long slotted holes loaded parallel to slot
= Minimum bolt tension (proof load) at installation

= Net area of the bolt at the threads

= Proof stress

Ultimate tensile stress of bolt

Design Strength, = 1.1 for slip resistance designated at service load

= 1.25 for slip resistance designated at ultimate load

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For long joints, the design strength is reduced by multiplying with a factor,

Where, d = Nominal shank diameter of the bolt

Bearing strength of HSFG Bolts

: Effective only after slip takes place. For bearing necessary checks are
same as that of bearing type Bolts.

Tensile strength of HSFG Bolts

: Calculated using the same expression as in the case of ordinary bolts

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Example:
Determine the shear capacity of bolts used in connecting two plates as shown in the figure if:
(i) Slip resistance is designated at the service load and (ii) slip resistance is designated at the ultimate load

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PRYING ACTION
Note:
• For flexible flange the force will migrate
towards the edge of flange due to liver
action
• Maximum value of the prying force will be
i
reached when only the corners of the
flange remain in contact with the other
connected part

Prying force , Where,

ly = Distance from the bolt centre line to the toe of the fillet
weld or to half the root radius of a rolled section
le = Distance between prying force and bolt C/L and the
minimum of either the end distance or the value given by,

β = 2 for non pre-tensioned bolt and 1 for pre-tensioned bolt

η = 1.5
be= Effective width of flange per pair of bolts
fo = Proof stress in consistent units and
t = thickness of the end plate 36
Example. Check the adequacy of the hanger connection shown in figure. The end-plate welded
connection shown in the figure need not be designed. The end distance of the bolts is 50 mm. two
bolts of 30 mm diameter and grade 4.6 are used to make the connection. The end plate is 260 x 150
mm in size. If the connection is found inadequate, suggest a way to make it safe.

Solution.

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