Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

CHAPTER 9
SPATIAL GEAR MECHANISMS
Dr. Le Thanh Long
[email protected]

Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

OUTLINE
9.1. Helical Gear Mechanism
9.2. Worm Gear - Screw Jack Mechanism
9.3. Bevel Gear

Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

9.1. Helical Gear Mechanism

1. Structural features

Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

9.1. Helical Gear Mechanism

1. Structural features
 It is helical gear mechanism used to transmit motion between two diagonal axes

 The two rolling faces of the two gears are in contact at a point P
 The two intersections of the gear face with the rolling
face of each gear, a1 and a2, are two helical lines that
contact each other at P
 The two generating lines p1 and p2 pass through P of
the two cylinders and the tangent tt of the gear a1 and
a2 lie on the common tangent of the two faces.
 Tilt angle of the tooth on the pitch cylinder
1  ( p1 , tt ),  2  ( p2 , tt )
 The center distance O1O2 is the common perpendicular of
the two gear axes (passing through P). .
O1O 2  A  O1 P  O2 P  r1  r2 4

Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

9.1. Helical Gear Mechanism

2. Speed Ratio  Velocity relationship
 
v P2  v P1  v P2 P1
 p2 p2  p1 p1 //tt
2 r2 1r1 vP1 sin 1  vP2 sin  2
 Speed ratio
vP1 cos1  vP2 cos  2  1 r2 cos  2
  i12  
1r1cos1  2 r2 cos  2   2 r1cos1
 Call mS1, mS2, z1 , z2 is the horizontal module and number
of teeth.
1
ms z2 cos  2 m z cos  m z
i12  2 2
 2
s 2 2 n 2
 2
1 ms1 z1cos1 mn1 z1
ms1 z1cos1
2
 Correct matching condition
 tn1  tn2  tn mn z2 z2
  i12  
 mn1  mn2  mn mn z1 z1
 Usually use gear pairs with δ = 900
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Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

9.1. Helical Gear Mechanism

2. Speed Ratio
Advantages:
• Speed ration can be chosed by selection of 4 parameters
1 r2 cos  2
i12  
2 r1cos1
• When designing, if you want to change the direction of
rotation of one gear while the rotation of the other gear
does not change, there is no need to add an intermediate
gear, but just change the angle of the tooth:
  1800  ( 1   2 )
This is easy to do when δ = 900

Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

9.1. Helical Gear Mechanism

3. Contact Properties
 Pair of helical gears are in point contact
 At the point of contact, there is a relative sliding speed, so the tooth surface wears
out quickly and unevenly

Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

9.2. Worm Gear - Screw Jack Mechanism

1. Structural features
 Worm Gear - Screw Jack Mechanism is special Helical Gear mechanism with:

• The intersection angle between two axes δ = β1 + β2 = 900 → transmission

between two perpendicular axes.
• β is very large, so the tooth line becomes a spiral wound on the cylinder
surface. The number of teeth is called the number of threads z = 1 ÷ 4. This
gear is called the screw jack, the other gear is called the worm gear.

Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

9.2. Worm Gear - Screw Jack Mechanism

2. Speed Ratio
 The same as a helical gear

1 r2 cos  2
i12  
2 r1cos1

 Advantages:
Since the number of threads (z1) is small while the
number of teeth of the worm gear (z2) can be very
large, the speed ratio can be very large.

 In some cases, Worm Gear - Screw Jack

Mechanism only transmit motion from screw jack
to worm gear (self-locking in the opposite
direction)

Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

9.2. Worm Gear - Screw Jack Mechanism

3. Contact Properties:
 Worm Gear - Screw Jack mechanism contact with
point and it has sliding velocity
 Sliding speed of the Worm Gear - Screw
Jack mechanism is very large, so it wears
quickly, has high friction, and has low
efficiency
→ To overcome, we change the structure of the
worm gear.
- Concave worm gear: the teeth of the worm
gear are on the rotating cylindrical surface
whose generating line is a circular arc so that
the worm gear embraces the screw jack
- Concave screw jack (globoid screw): screw
embracing the worm gear

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Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

9.3. Bevel Gear Mechanism

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Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

9.3. Bevel Gear Mechanism

1. The structure of Bevel Gear
 Considering the pair of straight tooth cylindrical gears: the generating lines of the
tooth root cylinders, the tooth apex, the rolling cylinder, the dividing cylinder, etc., the
contact lines between the two gears are parallel and parallel to the two centers of
rotation of the gears.

 these lines intersect at the point O at infinity (∞)

 Imagine that point O is moved closer on the contact line
between the two teeth.
+ Cylindrical surfaces become cones with O vertex
such as root cones, tooth apex cones, rolling cones,
dividing cones, etc.
+ The bottom plane becomes a sphere with center O

+ The cylindrical face of the body becomes the

conical face of the body
→ the cylindrical gear becomes the cone gear.
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Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

9.3. Bevel Gear Mechanism

2. Geometrical parameters of the straight bevel gear
 The typical size for bevel gears is specified as the size on the large bottom. For
convenience, replace the large bottom sphere with a cone in contact with this sphere

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Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

9.3. Bevel Gear Mechanism

2. Geometrical parameters of straight bevel gear
t
• Module m

1 tz1,2
• Pitch radius r1,2   mz1,2
2 2
• Height of tooth tip h'  m
• Height of tooth root h ''  1, 25m

• Outside radius re1,2  r1,2  h 'cos1,2

m
 ( z1,2  2 cos 1,2 )
2
• Root radius re1,2  r1,2  h ''cos1,2
m
 ( z1,2  2,5cos 1,2 )
2
r1,2
• Length of cone L
sin 1,2 14

Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

9.3. Bevel Gear Mechanism

3. The Replacement Gear of the straight bevel gear
The imaginary gear with radius r ’1, r ’2 is called equivalent spur gears
t
• Module m

' r1,2
• Pitch radius r 1,2 
cos 

• Number of replacement teeth

2r '1,2 2r1,2
ztt1,2  
m m cos 
z1,2

cos 1,2

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Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

9.3. Bevel Gear Mechanism

4. Types of Bevel Gear Transmission
Consider a pair of Helical Bevel Gear with a tilt angle on the cone face β1, β2
a. β1 = -β2 : pair of Bevel Gear transmit motion between two intersecting axes

1    2  0 1    2  0

Helical Bevel Gear Helical Bevel Gear

1 z2 r2 OPsin2 sin 2
 Speed ratio: 1r1  2 r2  i12     
2 z1 r1 OPsin1 sin1
 Transmission of motion between two intersecting axes follow a straight line d
• Straight Bevel Gear  d passes through the top of the cone
• Helical Bevel Gear  d does not pass the top of the cone
 At the point of contact on the roller face there is no relative sliding velocity 16

Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

9.3. Bevel Gear Mechanism

4. Types of Bevel Gear Transmission
Consider a pair of Helical Bevel Gear with a tilt angle on the cone face β1, β2
b. β1 ≠ -β2 : pair of Bevel Gear transmit motion between 2 axes which cross each other

- Pair of Hypoid Gear

- This pair of gear fully corresponds to the
pair of Helical Bevel Gear.
- Speed ratio:
1 z2 r2 cos 2
i12   
2 z1 r1cos1
- Contact Properties: point contact and have a
relative sliding speed, so the tooth surface
wears quickly and unevenly

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Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM

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Department of Machine Design - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering