Seat Number (In Numbers): 

420559

Seat Number (In Words): Four Lakh Twenty Thousand Five Hundred Fifty
Nine

Semester: I

Name of the Course: Sociology

PRN: 21010223137

ANSWER 3:

Even though the phrases institution and association are commonly

used interchangeably in ordinary speech, the two terms have major
differences. Humans form groups in order to attain their objectives.
He also establishes an institution with rules, regulations, and
procedures. The following are the differences between the two.

Institutions are formal, systematic procedures and approaches to

accomplishing goals. Associations are groupings of people that work
together to achieve a common aim. Associations include things like
the state, flood relief organisations, and political parties, whereas
institutions include things like college, family, and marriage.

Institutions are stable and lasting, whereas associations are unstable

and transient because they are made up of people, associations
embody human characteristics. An association is created when a
group of people organises itself to achieve a specific goal.
Institutions, on the other hand, allude to how one conducts or
behaves because rules, regulations, laws, and processes make up
institutions and because they don't have a concrete design or a
shape, institutions are abstract in nature. Associations, on the other
hand, are tangible in nature since they have a form.

Men build associations and live in them, but they act and accomplish
things through institutions. Institutions define ways of doing things,
whereas associations denote membership. Associations exist, but
membership is defined by institutions. Institutions and associations
are organic reactions to human needs, whereas associations and
associations are created to meet those needs.

A group of people working together in a systematic manner is

referred to as an organisation. A strategy or approach to tackling
things is referred to as an institution. Institutions lack a name and
instead identify themselves with a symbol, which might be physical
or symbolic. Institutions have an informal kind of control, whereas
associations have a formal form of control.

ANSWER 1:

Social change is essentially a change process that doesn't care about

the quality of the change. Changes in the social structure (including
changes in the size of society), specific social institutions, or the
relationship between institutions are all examples of social change.
The scope and speed of social transformation might vary. We can
talk about change on a small or large scale. When centralisation and
decentralisation occur regularly in administrative organisations,
change can follow a cyclical pattern.

Not all changes are progressive, and not all changes are
evolutionary. When addressing the direction of change, there is no
need to make value judgments. The family has shrunk in size as
economic units have grown in size. This is a historical fact. The term
"social change" is a value-neutral notion in the sense that
sociologists do not analyse social change in terms of "good or bad,"
desirable or undesirable. However, one must acknowledge that
providing a value-free critical analysis of changes in the structure of
a society is a difficult task.

Cyclic theory of social change: The basic premise of cyclical theories

is that cultures and civilizations go through stages of change, which
usually start and conclude with the same stage. A cycle is the term
for this journey through stages. When the cycle is finished, it will
continue perpetually. Sorokin has provided hypotheses that share
some of the cyclical perspective's properties. Sorokin's method is
based on the principle of immanent socio-cultural change. This
means that any socio-cultural system (i.e., society and civilization)
changes as a result of its inherent forces and characteristics. This
idea is intertwined with another, notably the principle of restricted
changeability. The amount of changes that can occur in a system has
a limit. There is a limit to how many new types of change and
behavioural patterns can emerge in a society, for example. Over
time, the system just runs out of combinations. It will eventually
restart the changes if it does not die. As a result, "recurrence" can
be found across socio-cultural systems' histories.

Linear approach to social change: The linear theory of social change

is held by some theorists. They believe that society is always
progressing toward a higher level of civilization and that progress is
linear and upward. Changes in population density, organisational
size, or output level are usually cumulative and reflect expansion or
rising. The change's direction, on the other hand, could be either
reduction or a mix of growth and reduction.

ANSWER 5:

The term "social" refers to one's connection to society in some way.

The word structure comes from a Latin word that means "to build." A
social structure is a way in which individuals interact with one
another in society. There are three key meanings to it:

1) Method of organising or constructing something

2) A certain system, pattern, or institution

3) Something made up of a specific way of putting things together

It is essentially an interconnection of social organs bound together

through relationships. They are jointly responsible for society's
make-up. When sociologists talk about social structure, they usually
allude to macro social influences like family, religion, and the
economy. In a civilization, they are regarded to be distinct but
interdependent.

Herbert Spencer proposed the following social structure theory: He

believed that society is similar to an organism, and that an organism
is similar to a society. To gain a better understanding of social
organisation, he employed an organic comparison. He compared a
cell to a socialised individual. These individuals create a community,
and the thud forms society.

Elements of social structure:

1) Status - refers to an individual's place within a big group of

people in a hierarchical order. It's further broken down into Ascribed
and Attained status. His latent or characteristics are not assigned
when he is ascribed. It is often determined by birth and can be
considered as quite well established in society today. Gender, caste,
and race are only a few instances. They are timeless and subject to
a great deal of criticism. Achieved refers to something that is
obtained through hard work or effort, such as skills. Lawyer, doctor,
and other professions are examples.

2) Social roles - These are the kinds of expectations that others with
a certain position have of an individual. They are one of the most
important aspects of societal stability. It can also be dysfunctional
since it restricts people's relationships. Expectations develop from
two or more positions held by the same individual in a situation
known as role conflict.

3) The term "group" refers to a collection of people who have similar

expectations and relationships. They can be in and out. Groups,
primary and secondary groups, quasi, reference groups, and so on.
They differ according to societal expectations and ideals.

4) Social institutions are a system of beliefs and behaviours that are

shared and based on basic human needs. The media, the
government, and the family are just a few examples. Its core
responsibilities include replacing workers and recruiting new recruits,
circulating goods and services, and preserving order.

ANSWER 4:

Societal movements are well-intentioned and well-organized groups

working toward a common social goal. While most of us learned
about social movements in history class, we frequently take for
granted the fundamental changes they brought and we may be
completely oblivious of the trend toward global social movements.
Movements, from the anti-tobacco movement's efforts to ban
smoking in public places and raise cigarette pricing to political
uprisings across the Arab world, are bringing about social change on
a global scale.

Types of social movements:

1) Alternative movements - Grassroots movements aimed at

changing specific aspects of a person's behaviour. An alternative
social movement is public awareness campaign which sends a clear
message.
2) Redemptive or Transformative Movements - A restorative social
movement has a religious bent and aims for total human
rehabilitation. Christianity's spread is a great example of a
rehabilitative social movement. Missionaries have been spreading
Christianity since the Roman Empire. Most of Europe had converted
to Christianity by the time Rome collapsed in 476 CE. Byzantine
Empire missionaries brought Orthodox Christianity to Russia.
Missionaries converted people as far away as India and China during
the middle Ages. With the establishment of America, Christianity
began to spread beyond Europe and Asia. The first missionaries were
Catholics who travelled to Central and South America to convert the
locals.

3) Reformative Movements - One of the most common and essential

types of social movements is the reformative movement, which aims
to make minor but significant changes to a country's political,
economic, or social structures. Its goal is to elevate the incumbent
administration's standing rather than to depose it. Reform initiatives
have fuelled some of America's most notable social movements. Just
a few examples include the abolitionist movement before the Civil
War, the women's suffrage movement after the Civil War, the labour
movement, the Southern civil rights movement, the anti-war
movement during the Vietnam era, the modern women's movement,
the gay rights movement, and the environmental movement.

4) Revolutionary Movements - A revolution differs from a reform

movement in that it seeks to topple the current government and
replace it with a new one as well as a new way of life. Revolutionary
movements were prevalent in the past, and they were responsible
for many of the world's great revolutions, such as those in Russia,
China, and a few other countries. Reform and revolutionary
movements are sometimes referred to as political movements since
the reforms they seek are fundamentally political.

ANSWER 2:

Various provisions for SCs and STs are included in the Indian
Constitution. India's society is divided into four varnas, or castes,
which are known as "Jatis or Casts" in English. The 'Sudras,' also
termed as 'Harijans' by Gandhi and referred to by the constitutions
as 'Scheduled Cast,' are at the bottom of the social structure. These
castings are known as Scheduled Casts since they are on the
government's list or agenda. Certain groups have their own culture
and religion, and they act outside of society's norms. These tribes
are referred to as Scheduled Tribes under the Constitutions.

According to the Constitution, the President of India, in consultation

with the Governors of States, shall prepare a list of such castes and
tribes for the first time (Article 341). These lists have been provided
to the House of Commons with the ability to make amendments as
needed. It implies that the list of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes will differ from state to state, according on the castes' and
communities' social and educational backwardness. The Scheduled
Cast Order was formed by the Indian government in 1950, and it
specifies that certain castes belonging solely to Hindu and Sikh
religions are designated as Scheduled Casts.

The measures prescribed in the Constitution for the benefit of the

Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are as follows:

1) Within the wording of Article 19, the state may impose reasonable
restrictions on people's freedom of movement and residence in the
sake of Scheduled Tribes.

2) Article 46 of the Constitution mandates that the state safeguard

the educational interests of the weaker parts of society, particularly
the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

3) Seats in Parliament and state legislatures are reserved in

proportion to the number of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
in the population, according to Articles 330, 332, and 334 of the
Constitution.

4) According to Article 335, the state shall investigate the claim of

members of the SC/ST for making service reservations while
considering the administration's effectiveness.

5) According to Article 339, the President is authorised to appoint a

Commission to report on the management of Scheduled Areas and
the welfare of Scheduled Castes once ten years have passed since
the Constitution's commencement.

6) The Indian government can also provide states with necessary

guidelines for the welfare of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes.