Welcome to

Complex Numbers
Table of contents

Session 02 𝟐𝟐 Session 04 𝟔𝟕
Session 01 𝟎𝟑
Try to remember 25 Geometric Properties of a
Introduction 04 68
complex number
Conjugate of a complex Number 29
Imaginary Number 06
Properties of conjugate of complex Angle between two lines 71
Integral Power of iota 07 31
numbers:
Polar form of a complex number 76
Geometric Representation Modulus of a complex number 36
10
and Argand Plane
Polar form of a complex number 79
Properties of Modulus: 39
Equality of a Complex 12
Number Properties of Modulus: 43 Observing Angle in Polar form 81

Inequality of a Complex
13
Number
Session 03 𝟒𝟓
Multiplication of a Complex Properties of Complex Number 47
14
Number
Argument (amplitude) of a complex
Addition of a Complex 52
14 number
Number
Principal argument 53
Subtraction of a Complex 17
Number General argument 54

Multiplication of two Complex Working rule for finding principal

18 56
Numbers argument

Algebraic Operations 19 Argument of Complex Number 62

Properties of Argument 63
Session 01
Introduction to
Complex Numbers

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Key Takeaways

1) A number of the form 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is called a complex number.

Where 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ and 𝑖 = −1, Denoted by: 𝑧, such that 𝑧 = 𝑥 +
𝑖𝑦
2) Set of complex number is denoted by 𝐶, where ℕ ⊂ 𝕎 ⊂ 𝕀 ⊂ ℝ ⊂
ℂ

𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 Imaginary part of 𝑧
𝐼𝑚(𝑧)

Real part of 𝑧 Iota 𝑖 = −1

𝑅𝑒(𝑧)

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Key Takeaways

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

Purely real Purely imaginary Purely real and

If 𝑦 = 0 If 𝑥 = 0 purely imaginary
𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − {0} 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 − {0} If 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0

• 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 denotes an order pair (𝑥, 𝑦) in the argand plane called

complex plane / argand plane whose horizontal axis is real
axis and vertical axis is imaginary axis.

Examples:
• −2𝑖 ⇒ Purely Imaginary
• 5 ⇒ Purely Real
• −9 = 3𝑖 ⇒ Purely Imaginary
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Imaginary Number:

• Square root of negative real numbers is an imaginary number. i.e. −1 = 𝑖

Example:

• −2 = 2𝑖, −3 = 3𝑖, −4 = 2𝑖 ⇒ 𝑖 2 = −1

• We have: 𝑖 = −1
1
𝑖 2 = −1, = −𝑖
𝑖

⇒ 𝑖 3 = 𝑖 2 ⋅ 𝑖 = −1

⇒ 𝑖 4 = 𝑖 2 ⋅ 𝑖 2 = −1 ⋅ −1 = 1

• 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏 → At least one of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is non-negative

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Integral Power of iota 𝑖 :

1) For 𝑛 ∈ 𝕀

• 𝑖 4𝑛 = 1

• 𝑖 4𝑛+1 = 𝑖

• 𝑖 4𝑛+2 = −1

• 𝑖 4𝑛+3 = −𝑖

2) Sum of any four consecutive power of 𝑖 is zero

𝑖 4𝑛 + 𝑖 4𝑛+1 + 𝑖 4𝑛+2 + 𝑖 4𝑛+3 = 0 , 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

Note:

𝑖 + 𝑖 2 + 𝑖 3 + 𝑖 4 = 0, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

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11

Evaluate: ෍ 𝑖 𝑘 + 𝑖 𝑘+1
𝑘=1

Solution:

11

෍ 𝑖 𝑘 + 𝑖 𝑘+1 = 𝑖 1 + 𝑖 2 + 𝑖 2 + 𝑖 3 + 𝑖 3 + 𝑖 4 + ⋯ + 𝑖 11 + 𝑖 12 =
𝑘=1

𝑖× 𝑖+1 × 1−𝑖11 1+𝑖 ×𝑖× 1+𝑖

= = −(𝑖 + 1)
1−𝑖 1−𝑖

11
11
෍ 𝑖 𝑘 + 𝑖 𝑘+1 = ෍ 𝑖 𝑘 1 + 𝑖
𝑘=1
𝑘=1
11
⇒ 1 + 𝑖 ෍𝑖 𝑘 = (1 + 𝑖)(𝑖 + 𝑖 2 + 𝑖 3 ⋯ 𝑖 11 )
𝑘=1

⇒ 1 + 𝑖 𝑖9 + 𝑖 10 + 𝑖 11 = 1 + 𝑖 𝑖 + 𝑖 2 + 𝑖 3 = 1 + 𝑖 𝑖 − 1 − 𝑖 = −(1 + 𝑖)
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Find

Solution:

100
100×101
ෑ 𝑖𝑘 =𝑖 × 𝑖2 × 𝑖 3 ⋯ 𝑖 100 = 𝑖 1+2+3⋯100 = 𝑖 2 = 𝑖 5050 = 𝑖2
𝑘=1

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Key Takeaways

Geometric Representation and Argand Plane

• If 𝑧 is a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, then it’s

represented by 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 in the Argand plane.

Imaginary Axis

𝑦
𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦

Real Axis 𝑥

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Key Takeaways

Geometric Representation and Argand Plane

(0, 𝑏) 𝑃(𝑎, 𝑏)
A complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 can be represented
by a unique point 𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏 in the cartesian plane
referred to a pair of rectangular axes.
𝑂(0,0) (𝑎, 0)
• 0 + 0𝑖 represents the origin 𝑂(0,0)

• A purely real number 𝑎, i.e. 𝑎 + 0𝑖 is represented by

the point 𝑎, 0 on 𝑥-axis (called real axis)

• A purely imaginary number 𝑏, i.e. 0 + 𝑏𝑖 is

represented by the point 0, 𝑏 on 𝑦-axis (called
imaginary axis)

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Key Takeaways

Equality of a Complex Number

• 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2
𝑧1 = 𝑧2
⇒ 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2
⇒ (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) + 𝑖(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) = 0 + 𝑖0
⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 &𝑦1 = 𝑦2

𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧2 𝐼𝑚 𝑧1 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑧2

Example: If 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑖 = 4 + 2𝑖 , then 𝑥, 𝑦 = ?

2𝑥 = 4 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2
𝑥−𝑦 =2 ⇒𝑦 =0
𝑥, 𝑦 = 2, 0
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Key Takeaways

Inequality of a Complex Number

• 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 > 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 is Meaningless

2 + 4𝑖 > 1 + 𝑖 is Meaningless
3𝑖 > 2𝑖 is Meaningless

• Remember: 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 > 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 is Meaningful only when 𝑏 = 𝑑 = 0.

Equality of two complex numbers is possible but inequality is

not possible between two complex numbers (∵complex number
behaves like position vector)

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Key Takeaways

Multiplication of a Complex Number

• 𝐾 × 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 𝐾𝑎 + 𝑖𝐾𝑏
Example:
2 × 3 − 6𝑖 = 6 − 12𝑖

Addition of a Complex Number

𝐴. 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2

𝐵. 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑖(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )

𝐶. 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 + 𝑅𝑒 𝑧2

𝐷. 𝐼𝑚 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑧1 + 𝐼𝑚 𝑧2

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𝑧1 = 2 + 3𝑖, 𝑧2 = −1 + 2𝑖, then 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = ?

A 1 + 3𝑖

B 1 − 3𝑖

C
1 + 5𝑖

D 1 − 5𝑖

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𝑧1 = 2 + 3𝑖, 𝑧2 = −1 + 2𝑖, then 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = ?

Solution:
A 1 + 3𝑖
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 2 + 3𝑖 + −1 + 2𝑖 = 1 + 5𝑖

B 1 − 3𝑖

C
1 + 5𝑖

D 1 − 5𝑖

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Key Takeaways

Subtraction of a Complex Number

▪ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2

▪ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑖(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )

▪ 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 − 𝑅𝑒 𝑧2

▪ 𝐼𝑚 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑧1 − 𝐼𝑚 𝑧2

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Multiplication of two Complex Numbers

• 𝑧1 . 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 + (𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 )

= 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑖𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑖 2 𝑦1 𝑦2

⇒ 𝑧1 . 𝑧2 = 𝑥1𝑥2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑖(𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 𝑦1)

𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 . 𝑧2 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 . 𝑅𝑒 𝑧2 − 𝐼𝑚 𝑧1 . 𝐼𝑚(𝑧2)

𝐼𝑚 𝑧1. 𝑧2 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 . 𝐼𝑚 𝑧2 + 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 . 𝐼𝑚(𝑧2 )

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Algebraic Operations

• 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2
= 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 + 2 𝑧1𝑧2

• 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 2= 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 − 2 𝑧1𝑧2

• 𝑧12 − 𝑧22 = (𝑧1 + 𝑧2)(𝑧1 − 𝑧2)

• 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 3= 𝑧13 + 3𝑧12 𝑧2 + 3𝑧1 𝑧22 + 𝑧23

• 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 3
= 𝑧13 − 3𝑧12 𝑧2 + 3𝑧1 𝑧22 − 𝑧23

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If 𝑃 = 2 + 𝑖 and 𝑄 = 1 + 𝑖 then 𝑃 ⋅ 𝑄 is:

A 1 − 3𝑖

B −1 + 3𝑖

C 1 + 3𝑖

D −1 − 3𝑖

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If 𝑃 = 2 + 𝑖 and 𝑄 = 1 + 𝑖 then 𝑃 ⋅ 𝑄 is:

Solution:
A 1 − 3𝑖
𝑃 ⋅ 𝑄 = 2 + 𝑖 1 + 𝑖 ⇒ 2 + 2𝑖 + 𝑖 + 𝑖2 = 1 + 3𝑖

B −1 + 3𝑖

C
1 + 3𝑖

D −1 − 3𝑖

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Session 02
Conjugate and modulus
of Complex Numbers

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Solve the below
1) 2 + 3𝑖 . (3 + 4𝑖)
2) −2 + 3𝑖 . 1 − 𝑖
3) 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 . (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏)
4) If 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 . 1 + 2𝑖 = 2 + 3𝑖, then 𝑥, 𝑦 =?

Solution:

1) 2 + 3𝑖 . 3 + 4𝑖 = 6 + 8𝑖 + 9𝑖 − 12 = −6 + 17𝑖

2) −2 + 3𝑖 . 1 − 𝑖 = −2 + 2𝑖 + 3𝑖 + 3 = 1 + 5𝑖

3) 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 . 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑎 2− 𝑖𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2

4) If 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 . 1 + 2𝑖 = 2 + 3𝑖, then 𝑥, 𝑦 =?

2+3𝑖 2+3𝑖 1−2𝑖 2−4𝑖+3𝑖−6𝑖2

⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = = × =
1+2𝑖 1+2𝑖 1+2𝑖 12 +22

8−𝑖 8 1
∴ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = −
5 5 5

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1+𝑖 1−𝑖
Simplify and in the form of 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏.
1−𝑖 1+𝑖

Solution:

1+𝑖 1+𝑖 1+𝑖 𝑖+𝑖 2 1+𝑖2 +2𝑖 2𝑖

= × = = = =𝑖
1−𝑖 1−𝑖 1+𝑖 1−𝑖2 1−𝑖 2 2

1−𝑖 1−𝑖 1−𝑖 𝑖−𝑖 2 1+𝑖2 −2𝑖 −2𝑖

= × = = = = −𝑖
1+𝑖 1+𝑖 1−𝑖 1−𝑖2 1−𝑖2 2

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Key Takeaways

Try to remember

1+𝑖
• 1−𝑖
=𝑖

• 1−𝑖
1+𝑖
= −𝑖

• 1+𝑖 2
= 2𝑖

• 1−𝑖 2 = −2𝑖

• 1
𝑖
= −𝑖

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2+3𝑖
Find multiplicative inverse of
1+5𝑖

Solution:

2+3i
𝑥× =1
1+5i

1+5i 2−3𝑖 2−3𝑖+10𝑖+15

⇒𝑥= × =
2+3i 2−3𝑖 22 +32

17 7i
⇒𝑥= +
13 13

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1+2𝑖 1−𝑖 2
If 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = , then find the value of 𝑎 , 𝑏.
2+3𝑖

Solution:

1+2𝑖 1−𝑖 2 1+2𝑖 −2𝑖 2−3𝑖 −2𝑖 2−3𝑖+4𝑖+6

𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = = × =
2+3𝑖 2+3𝑖 2−3𝑖 4+9

−2𝑖 8+𝑖 2 16𝑖

⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = = −
13 13 13

2 16
⇒𝑎= ,𝑏 = −
13 13

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1+𝑖 2 1
If 2 + = (1 + 𝑖), then find the value of (𝑥 , 𝑦).
1−𝑖 𝑥+𝑖𝑦

Solution:

1+𝑖 2 1
+ = (1 + 𝑖)
1−𝑖 𝑥+𝑖𝑦

2+ 1
⇒ 𝑖 = (1 + 𝑖)
𝑥+𝑖𝑦

1
⇒ −1 + = (1 + 𝑖)
𝑥+𝑖𝑦

1
⇒ = 2+𝑖
𝑥+𝑖𝑦

1 1 2−𝑖 2−𝑖
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = = × =
2+𝑖 2+𝑖 2−𝑖 5

2 𝑖 2 1
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = − ⇒ 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = −
5 5 5 5

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Key Takeaways

Conjugate of a complex Number

𝑌
• Conjugate of a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 is
denoted by 𝑧 and is defined as 𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏. 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝜃
Example:
𝑂 −𝜃 X
1. 𝑧 = 2 − 3𝑖 then 𝑧 = 2 + 3𝑖
𝑧(𝑥, −𝑦)
2. 𝑧 = −2 − 3𝑖 then 𝑧 = −2 + 3𝑖

1 2+3𝑖 2 3
3. 𝑧 = ⇒𝑧= then 𝑧 = − 𝑖
2−3𝑖 13 13 13

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Find the conjugate of the following :

i) 3 − 4𝑖
𝑧 = 3 + 4𝑖 then 𝑧ҧ = ______

−5 − 𝑖
ii) 𝑧 = 𝑖 − 5 then 𝑧ҧ = ______

5
iii) 𝑧 = 5 then 𝑧ҧ = ____

2𝑖
iv) 𝑧 = −2𝑖 then 𝑧ҧ = ____

11 23𝑖
3+4𝑖 −
26 26
v) If 𝑧 = then 𝑧 = _______
5−𝑖

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Key Takeaways

• Conjugate of a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 is denoted by 𝑧ҧ

and is defined as 𝑧ҧ = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏,

• 𝑧ҧ is obtained by changing the sign of the

imaginary part of 𝑧 .

−𝑧ҧ −𝑎, 𝑏 𝑧
• If 𝑃 represents 𝑧 and 𝑄 represents 𝑧ҧ in argand 𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏
plane, then 𝑃 ≡ 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑄 ≡ 𝑎, −𝑏

• |𝑧| is the distance of 𝑧 from 0,0 , 𝑧 = 𝑂

𝑧ҧ = −𝑧 = | − 𝑧|.
ҧ 𝑄 𝑎, − 𝑏
−𝑧 −𝑎, −𝑏 𝑧ҧ

• If 𝑧 = 0 then 𝑧 = 0 , 𝑧 > 0 , then 𝑧 ≠ 0.

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Key Takeaways

Properties of conjugate of complex numbers:

• (𝑧)ҧ = 𝑧

• 𝑧 + 𝑧ഥ = 2 𝑅𝑒(𝑧)

• 𝑧 − 𝑧ഥ = 2𝑖 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)

• (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) = 𝑧ഥ1 + 𝑧ഥ2

• (𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 ) = 𝑧ഥ1 ⋅ 𝑧ഥ2

•
𝑧1 𝑧1
= 𝑧ഥ2 ≠ 0
𝑧2 𝑧2

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Key Takeaways

Properties of conjugate of complex numbers:

• (𝑧 𝑛 ) = 𝑧ഥ 𝑛

• 𝑧 = 𝑧ഥ ⇒ 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ z is purely real

• 𝑧 = −𝑧ഥ ⇒ 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 is purely imaginary

• If 𝑧 is purely real then 𝑧 ҧ − 𝑧 = 0

• If 𝑧 is purely imaginary then 𝑧 + 𝑧 ҧ = 0

• 𝑧 ⋅ 𝑧 ҧ = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 2
+ 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 2

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𝑅𝑘 : 𝑊 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 then 𝑊 ഥ = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
• i.e., for conjugate replace 𝑖 with −𝑖.

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If 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 5
= 4 + 5𝑖, then 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑥 5
= _____.

Solution:

Given, 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 5
= 4 + 5𝑖

Taking conjugate on both sides

5
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 4 + 5𝑖

⇒ (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)5 = 4 − 5𝑖
𝑥
⇒ −𝑖 5 (𝑦 + )5 = 4 − 5𝑖
−𝑖

⇒ −𝑖 (𝑦 + 𝑖𝑥)5 = 4 − 5𝑖
4
⇒ (𝑦 + 𝑖𝑥)5 = +5
−𝑖

⇒ (𝑦 + 𝑖𝑥)5 = 5 + 4𝑖
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Key Takeaways

𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
• Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 be a complex number. Then
the non-negative real
𝑏 𝑧 = 𝑎 2 + 𝑏2
number 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 is called modulus
(absolute value) of 𝑧 and it is
denoted by 𝑧 , i.e., 𝑧 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 .
It represents distance of complex number
𝑧 from Origin.

• Modulus of a complex number represents the distance of the

complex number from origin.

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What is the modulus of 𝑧 = −3 − 4𝑖 ?

A 5

B
7

C 5
2

7
D
2

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What is the modulus of 𝑧 = −3 − 4𝑖 ?

Solution:
A 5
𝑧 = −3 2 + −4 2 =5

B
7

C 5
2

7
D
2

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Key Takeaways

Properties of Modulus:

• Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ⇒ 𝑧ҧ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 and −𝑧 = −𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 ⇒ 𝑧 = −𝑧

• 𝑧𝑧ҧ = 𝑧 2

• Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 If 𝑧 is unimodular1 complex number then

𝑧 = 1 ⇒ 𝑧 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑧 ⋅ 𝑧ҧ = 1 or = 𝑧ҧ ⇒ 𝑧 −1 = 𝑧
𝑧

• Let 𝑧 = 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑦, 𝑧 𝑧ҧ = 𝑧 2 1
⇒ =
𝑧
𝑧ҧ
𝑧2
if 𝑧 is
1
unimodular i.e., 𝑧 = 1, then 𝑧ҧ =
𝑧

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Key Takeaways

Properties of Modulus:

1
𝑌
• If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 , then , 𝑧ҧ and
𝑧
origin are
collinear
𝑧
Let 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 , ⋯ 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑖𝑦𝑛
• 𝑋
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2
1
In General, 𝑧 >1
𝑧
𝑧ҧ
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 ⋯ 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 ⋯ 𝑧𝑛 1
𝑧 <1
𝑧

𝑧1 𝑧1
• 𝑧2
=
𝑧2
, |𝑧2 | ≠ 0

• 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑧 𝑛

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Let 𝑧 be a complex number satisfying (𝑧 3 +3)2 = −16, then 𝑧 =?

Solution:

𝑧3 + 3 2= −16

⇒ 𝑧3 + 3 2 = −16

⇒ 𝑧 3 + 3 = ±4𝑖 ⇒ 𝑧 3 = 4𝑖 − 3 or −4𝑖 − 3

⇒ 𝑧 3 = 4𝑖 − 3 or −4𝑖 − 3
1 1
⇒ 𝑧 = 4𝑖 − 3 3 or −4𝑖 − 3 3

1 1
⇒ 𝑧 = 4𝑖 − 3 3 or −4𝑖 − 3 3

1 1
⇒ 𝑧 = | 4𝑖 − 3 | or| −4𝑖 − 3 |
3 3

⇒ 𝑧 = −32 + 4𝑖 2 or 𝑧 = −3 2+ −4 2

1
⇒ 𝑧 =5 3

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1 1
If 𝑅𝑒 < find locus of 𝑧
𝑧 2

𝑧ҧ 1
𝑅𝑒 2
<
𝑧 2

𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 1
𝑅𝑒 <
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2

𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑅𝑒 −𝑖 <
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2 𝐶(1,0)

𝑥 1
< ⇒ 2𝑥 < 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2

⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 = 0

1, 0 & 𝑦 = 1

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Key Takeaways

Properties of Modulus:

• Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
− 𝑧 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧 & − 𝑧 ≤ 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧
⇒ − 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2

And ⇒ − 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

Note:

• |𝑧1 + 𝑧2|2 = 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2 + 2 𝑅𝑒(𝑧1 𝑧ഥ2 )

• |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 |2 = 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2 − 2 𝑅𝑒(𝑧1 𝑧ഥ2 )

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𝑧−1
If 𝑧 is complex number such that is purely imaginary, then 𝑧 =?
𝑧+1

Solution:

For purely imaginary ⇒ 𝑧 + 𝑧ҧ = 0

𝑧−1 𝑧−1
=−
𝑧+1 𝑧+1

𝑧−1 𝑧−1
ҧ
=−
𝑧+1 𝑧+1
ҧ

𝑧𝑧ҧ − 𝑧ҧ + 𝑧 − 1 = −𝑧𝑧ҧ − 𝑧ҧ + 𝑧 + 1

2𝑧𝑧ҧ = 2

2
𝑧 =1⇒ 𝑧 =1

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Session 03
Modulus of Complex
Numbers

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Prove that 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2
= 𝑧1 2
+ 𝑧2 2
+ 2 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧ഥ2

Solution:

2
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧ഥ1 + 𝑧2 𝑧ഥ2 + 𝑧1 𝑧ഥ2 + 𝑧2 𝑧ഥ1

2
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2 + 𝑧1 𝑧ഥ2 + (z1 𝑧ഥ2 )

2
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2 + 2 𝑅𝑒(𝑧1 𝑧ഥ2 )

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Key Takeaways

Properties of Complex Number:

• 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2 = 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2 + 2 Re z1 𝑧ഥ2

• 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 2
= 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2 − 2 Re z1 𝑧ഥ2

• 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2 + 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 2
= 2 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2

• 𝑎𝑧1 − 𝑏𝑧2 2 + 𝑏𝑧1 + 𝑎𝑧2 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2

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50
3 𝑖 3
If + = 324 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 , then 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = ?
2 2

Solution:

50
3 𝑖 3
325 + = 324 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
2 2

50
3 𝑖
⇒3 + = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
2 2

100
3 𝑖
⇒ 32 + = 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2
2 2

100
3 1
⇒9 + = 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2
4 4

⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 = 9

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Find Complex number 𝑧 + 1 = 𝑧 + 2 1 + 𝑖
Solution:
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 2(1 + 𝑖).
⇒ 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑖𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2) + 𝑖(𝑦 + 2)
⇒ 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑖𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2) + 𝑖(𝑦 + 2)

⇒ 𝑥+1 2 + 𝑦2 = (𝑥 + 2) + 𝑖 𝑦 + 2
Equating real and imaginary part on both side we get,

⇒ 𝑥+1 2 + 𝑦2 = (𝑥 + 2)

Hence, 𝑦 = −2 and 𝑥+1 2 + 𝑦2 = (𝑥 + 2)

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + −2 2= 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4
⇒ 2𝑥 = 1
1 1
⇒𝑥= ⇒ 𝑧 = − 2𝑖
2 2
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3+1 3−1
Find the modulus of −𝑖
2 2 2 2

Solution:

Let, 𝑧 =
3+1
−𝑖
3−1
; If 𝑧 = 1, then 𝑧 is called
2 2 2 2 unimodular complex number.
3+1 3−1
We Know that cos 150 = and sin 150 =
2 2 2 2

So, 𝑧 = cos 150 + 𝑖 sin 150

⇒ 𝑧 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 150 ) + sin2 150 = 1

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If 2 + 𝑖 2 + 2𝑖 2 + 3𝑖 … 2 + 𝑛𝑖 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, then 5 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 13 … 4 + 𝑛2 = ?

Solution:

We have, 2 + 𝑖 2 + 2𝑖 2 + 3𝑖 … 2 + 𝑛𝑖 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

⇒ 2 + 𝑖 2 + 2𝑖 2 + 3𝑖 … 2 + 𝑛𝑖 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 ⋯ 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 ⋯ 𝑧𝑛

⇒ 2+ 𝑖 2 + 2𝑖 2 + 3𝑖 ⋯ 2 + 𝑛𝑖

⇒ 2 2 + 1 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 2 + 3 2 ⋯ 2 2 + 𝑛2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2

Squaring both sides, We get

⇒ 5 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 13 ⋯ 4 + 𝑛2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

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Key Takeaways

Argument (amplitude) of a complex number

𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏

• If 𝑂𝑃 makes an angle 𝜃 with the positive real axis,

then 𝜃 is called the argument or amplitude of 𝑧 𝑏
and written as arg 𝑧 = 𝜃.
𝜃
𝑂 𝑎
• 𝑏
tan 𝜃 = .
𝑎

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Key Takeaways

Principal argument

• The unique value of 𝜃 such that −𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 is called principal argument.

• Unless otherwise stated, arg 𝑧 refers to the principal value of 𝑧.

𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏
𝜋−𝜃

𝑏
𝜃
𝜃
𝑂 𝑎
−𝜃

−𝜋 + 𝜃

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Key Takeaways

General argument

• General values of argument of 𝑧 are given by 2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ.

• Any two consecutive arguments of the same complex number differ by 2𝜋.

• If 𝑧 = 0 + 0𝑖 , then arg 𝑧 is not defined.

𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏

𝜃
𝑂 𝑎
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Key Takeaways

Coordinate Angle Quadrant

𝑥, 𝑦 𝜃 1st

−𝑥, 𝑦 𝜋−𝜃 2nd

−𝑥, −𝑦 − 𝜋−𝜃 3rd

𝑥, −𝑦 −𝜃 4th

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Key Takeaways

Working rule for finding principal argument

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 (𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0)

𝑏
First compute 𝛼 such that tan 𝛼 = .
𝑎

CASE I :

𝑎, 𝑏
• 𝑎 > 0 ,𝑏 > 0

𝜃
• 𝑧 lies in first quadrant.
arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = 𝛼

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Key Takeaways

Working rule for finding principal argument

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 (𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0)

𝑏
First compute 𝛼 such that tan 𝛼 = .
𝑎

CASE II :
𝑎, 𝑏
• 𝑎 < 0 ,𝑏 > 0
𝜃
• 𝑧 lies in Second quadrant.
arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = 𝜋 − 𝛼

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Key Takeaways

Working rule for finding principal argument

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 (𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0)

𝑏
First compute 𝛼 such that tan 𝛼 = .
𝑎

CASE III :

𝜃
• 𝑎 < 0 ,𝑏 < 0
𝑎, 𝑏

• 𝑧 lies in Third quadrant.

arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = 𝛼 − 𝜋

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Key Takeaways

Working rule for finding principal argument

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 (𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0)

𝑏
First compute 𝛼 such that tan 𝛼 = .
𝑎

𝜃
CASE IV :

• 𝑎 > 0 ,𝑏 < 0 𝑎, 𝑏

• 𝑧 lies in Fourth quadrant

arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = −𝛼 .

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Let’s Practice

i) Arg 0 = Not defined

𝜋
ii) Arg 𝑖 =
2

iii) Arg 2 = 0

iv) Arg −1 = 𝜋

𝜋
v) Arg 1 + 𝑖 =
4

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Let’s Practice

2𝜋
vi) Arg −1 + 3𝑖 =
3

5𝜋
vii) Arg − 3 − 𝑖 =
2

viii) Arg 2 − 7 =𝜋

ix) Arg 3 − 8 =0

2 𝜋
x) Arg =−
𝑖 2

1 3𝑖 𝜋
xi) Arg − =−
2 2 3

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Key Takeaways

Argument of Complex Number

• Argument of +ve real number= 0

• Argument of −ve real number= 𝜋

•
𝜋
Argument of +ve Imaginary number =
2

𝜋
• Argument of −ve Imaginary number = −
2

Example: Find the argument of

𝜋
a. Arg 3 = 0 b. Arg 3𝑖 =
2
𝑖 𝜋
c. Arg − =− d. Arg −3 + 2 = 𝜋
2 2

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Key Takeaways

Properties of Argument

• Arg 𝑧ҧҧ = −Arg 𝑧

• Arg −𝑧ҧҧ = 𝜋 − Arg 𝑧

• Arg 𝑧1. 𝑧2 = Arg 𝑧1 + Arg 𝑧2 +2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

𝑧1
• Arg
𝑧2
= Arg 𝑧1 − Arg 𝑧2 +2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

• Arg 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑛 × Arg 𝑧
𝜋
• Arg 𝑖𝑧 = + Arg 𝑧
2

𝜋
• Arg −𝑖𝑧 = − + Arg 𝑧
2

Note: Argument follows the Properties of Logarithm

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𝑧1 ⋅𝑧2
A) If arg 𝑧1 = 𝜃1 & arg 𝑧2 = 𝜃2 & arg 𝑧3 = 𝜃3 , then find the value of arg
𝑧3

B) Find the value of arg 1 + 𝑖 1 + 𝑖 3 cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃

Solution:
𝑧1 ⋅𝑧2
A) arg = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2 − arg 𝑧3 B) arg 1 + 𝑖 + arg 1 + 𝑖 3 − arg cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑧3

𝑧1 ⋅𝑧2 1 3 sin 𝜃
= arg = 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 − 𝜃3 = tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1
𝑧3 1 1 cos 𝜃

𝜋 𝜋
= + + tan−1 tan 𝜃
4 3

7𝜋
= +𝜃
12

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1+𝑖
A. Find the value of arg
1−𝑖

B. If arg −2 + 3𝑖 = 𝜃, then find the value of Arg 3 + 2𝑖

Solution:
1+𝑖
A. arg = arg |𝑖| = arg 0 + 𝑖 = arg 02 + 12 = arg(1) = 0
1−𝑖

3 1
B. arg(−2 + 3𝑖) = 𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝜋 − tan−1 tan−1 𝑥 = cot −1
2 𝑥
3
⇒ tan−1 = 𝜋 − 𝜃
2

2 3 𝜋
⇒ Arg 3 + 2𝑖 = tan−1 = cot −1 cot−1 𝜃 = − tan−1 𝜃
3 2 2

𝜋 3 𝜋
= − tan−1 = − 𝜋 + 𝜃
2 2 2
𝜋
=− +𝜃
2

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A) If arg 𝑧1 = 170° & arg 𝑧2 = 70°, then find the value of Arg 𝑧1𝑧2 .

B) If 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 & 𝑧3 , 𝑧4 are two pairs of conjugate complex numbers, then find

𝑧 𝑧
the value of arg 1 + arg 2
𝑧4 𝑧3

Solution:

A) Given arg 𝑧1 = 170° & arg 𝑧2 = 70°

arg(𝑧1𝑧2 ) = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2 = 170° + 70° = 240° 180°

𝜋 2𝜋
arg(𝑧1𝑧2 ) = −𝜋 + = −
3 3 60°
−𝜋 + 60°
B) 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 & 𝑧3 = 𝑧 4
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧1 𝑧2
arg + arg = arg
𝑧4 𝑧3 𝑧3 𝑧4

𝑧 2 𝑧2 𝑧2 2
= arg = arg
𝑧 4 𝑧4 𝑧4 2

𝑧2 2
= arg =0
𝑧4

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Session 04
Properties of Modulus and
Argument of Complex Numbers

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Key Takeaways

Geometric Properties of a complex number

• Locus of 𝑧 if Arg 𝑧 = 𝜃(constant) is a ray excluding origin

𝜃
𝑧
𝑂

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Key Takeaways

Geometric Properties of a complex number

• Locus of 𝑧 if Arg 𝑧 − 𝑎 = 𝜃(constant) is a

ray excluding 𝑎

𝜃
𝑧
𝑂 𝑎
Example:
𝜋
• arg(𝑧 − 1 − 𝑖) =
4
𝜋
⇒ A ray starting from (1,1) at angle
4 𝜋
excluding (1,1) 4

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𝜋
Show and solve for 𝑧: arg 𝑧 − 2 − 3𝑖 =
3

Solution:
𝜋
arg 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 2 − 3𝑖 =
3
𝜋
𝑧
⇒ arg( 𝑥 − 2 + 𝑖 𝑦 − 3 ) =
3

𝑦−3 𝜋 𝜋
⇒ tan−1 = 𝜃=
3
𝑥−2 3

𝑦−3 𝜋 (2,3)
= tan = 3
𝑥−2 3
𝑂
⇒ 𝑦 − 3 = 3 𝑥 − 2 → Equation of a line

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Key Takeaways

Angle between two lines

Note:
𝑧3 −𝑧1
• Angle between two lines= 𝛼 − 𝛽 = Arg 𝑧3 − 𝑧1 − Arg 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = Arg
𝑧2 −𝑧1

𝑧3

𝑧2

𝑧1 𝛼−𝛽

𝛼−𝛽

𝛽 𝛼

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Key Takeaways

Angle between two lines

Note:
𝑧3 −𝑧4
• Angle between two lines joining 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧3 , 𝑧4 = Arg
𝑧1 −𝑧2

𝑧3
𝑧1
𝜃

𝛼 = arg(𝑧3 − 𝑧4 )
𝛼−𝛽
𝛽 = arg(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )
𝛽 𝛼
𝑧2 𝑧4

𝑂
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𝜋
A. If 𝑧 − 𝑖 = 1 & arg 𝑧 = , then find 𝑧.
2
𝜋
B. Solve for 𝑧: 𝑧 + 3 − 𝑖 = 4 & arg 𝑧 =
4

Solution:
0, 2
𝜋
A) 𝑧 − 𝑖 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 𝑖 = 1 arg 𝑧 − 0 =
2

𝑥+𝑖 𝑦−1 =1

𝑥2 + 𝑦 − 1 2 =1

𝑥2 + 𝑦 − 1 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 0 ⋯ 𝑖

Centre: 0, 1 & 𝑟 = 1
𝜋
arg 𝑧 − 0 =
2

𝑧 = 0 + 2𝑖

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𝜋
A. If 𝑧 − 𝑖 = 1 & arg 𝑧 = , then find 𝑧.
2
𝜋
B. Solve for 𝑧: 𝑧 + 3 − 𝑖 = 4 & arg 𝑧 =
4

Solution:
𝜋
arg 𝑧 − 0 =
B) 𝑧 + 3 − 𝑖 = 4 ⇒ 𝑧 − −3 + 𝑖 =4 4

Centre: −3, 1 & 𝑟 = 4 𝑦 =𝑥⋯ 𝑖

𝑥+3 2+ 𝑦−1 2 = 16⋯ 𝑖𝑖

Solving 𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖

𝑥+3 2+ 𝑥−1 2 = 16

2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 6 = 0

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 0
𝑥 = −3 Rejected
𝑥+3 𝑥−1 =0
𝑥=1
𝑧 = 1+𝑖

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Key Takeaways

• 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 is the distance between 𝑧1 & 𝑧2

• 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑟 is a circle of center 𝑧1 and radius 𝑟.

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Key Takeaways

Polar form of a complex number

• From the diagram, 𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦

𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑟
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
= 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = 𝑧 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = Polar form
𝜃
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑠 𝜃 where, 𝜃 = 𝑃. 𝑉. 𝐴
𝑂 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑍 𝑐𝑖𝑠 arg 𝑍 in polar form of 𝑧

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Convert into polar form: 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑖 3

A 2 𝑐𝑖𝑠 −
𝜋
6

B 2 𝑐𝑖𝑠 −
𝜋
3

C 2 𝑐𝑖𝑠
5𝜋
6

D 2 𝑐𝑖𝑠 −
𝜋
3

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Convert into polar form: 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑖 3

Solution:
A 2 𝑐𝑖𝑠 −
𝜋
6
2
𝑧 = 1+ − 3 =2
B 2 𝑐𝑖𝑠 −
𝜋
3

3 𝜋
arg 𝑍 = − tan−1 − =−
1 3 C 2 𝑐𝑖𝑠
5𝜋
6

𝜋
𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑖𝑠 −
3 D 2 𝑐𝑖𝑠 −
𝜋
3

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Key Takeaways

Polar form of a complex number

Note

•
2
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2 + 2 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧ഥ2

&
2
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2 − 2 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧ഥ2

• 2 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧ഥ2 = 2 𝑟1𝑟2 cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2 = 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2 + 2 𝑟1 𝑟2 cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2

&
2
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2 − 2 𝑟1 𝑟2 cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2

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Polar form of a complex number

𝑧
𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃

a. 𝑧ҧ = 𝑟 cos −𝜃 + 𝑖 sin −𝜃

𝑧ҧ = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃

b. −𝑧 = 𝑟 cos −𝜋 + 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin −𝜋 + 𝜃

= 𝑟 − cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃 −𝑧 𝑧ҧ

= −𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃

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Observing Angle in Polar form

Note:

• 𝑧 = 𝑧 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) +50°

−310°
Example:

Simplify 𝑧 = 6 cos310° − 𝑖 sin 310°

𝑧 = 6 cos310° − 𝑖 sin 310°

𝑧 = 6 cos −310° + 𝑖 sin(−310° )

𝑧 = 6 cos 50° + 𝑖 sin(50° )

𝑧 = 6 𝑐𝑖𝑠 50°

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Convert 𝑧 = 6 sin 310° − 𝑖 cos 310° in Polar form.

Solution:

𝑧 = 6(sin310° − 𝑖 cos 310°)

220°
= 6 cos 90° − 310° − 𝑖 sin 90° − 310°
−140°
= 6 cos −220° − 𝑖 sin −220°

= 6 cos 220° + 𝑖 sin 220°

= 6 cos −140° + 𝑖 sin −140°

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THANK
YOU

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