TOEFL TEST

KODE SOAL
ETS-0505
Section One
Listening Comprehension

1. (A) The man should go to the museum by 8. (A) Try to fix what is wrong with the computer
shuttle bus. (B) Ask someone else for help with the
(B) The next train leaves in 25 minutes. computer
(C) The train will arrive at the museum before (C) Turn on another computer
10:30. (D) Let the woman use his computer
(D) The man just missed the shuttle bus to the
museum. 9. (A) She thinks the man should order the fish.
(B) She wants the man to choose quickly.
2. (A) She forgot to study for the exam. (C) She prefers the chicken
(B) She had planned to go to the movie. (D) She cannot decide what to eat
(C) The man should have invited her to the
movies. 10. (A) She should go home now to get the CD.
(D) The man should have studied for the (B) She can return the CD to Tom later.
exam. (C) She can borrow a CD from Tom when
she sees him in class.
3. (A) A' new building (D) She should not have taken Tom's CD
(B) Directions to the gym home with her.
(C) Going to the library
(D) New library hours 11. (A) Cancel her appointment at the clinic
(B) Make an appointment at the clinic soon
4. (A) Take a different history course (C) Begin practicing for the German test next
(B) Use a computer in the lab week
(C) Help him write his paper (D) Arrange to take the German test at a later
(D) Return his computer as soon as possible date

5. (A) She got her watch where her sister works. 12. (A) Rent the apartment she saw first
(B) She will help the man buy a watch. (B) Visit her new neighbors
(C) She had to work hard to buy a watch. (C) Look at other apartments before deciding
(D) The man should not buy a watch at her (D) Write a check for the rent
sister's store.
13. (A) He likes to play basketball
6. (A) Find out if classes are cancelled (B) He is proud of his ability as a basketball
(B) Not go to classes tomorrow player.
(C) Turn on the radio (C) He does not want to watch the basketball
(D) Look to see if the storm has stopped game.
(D) He is not on the basketball team.
7. (A) No one has recently seen her
(B) She is spending a lot of time in the library. 14. (A) Buy both shirts today
(C) She is avoiding the man. (B) Buy the green shirt
(D) She went home for vacation. (C) Return the shirt he bought last week
(D) Not buy any shirts
15. (A) The woman did not accept the job offer. (D) He forgot to do his assignment for
(B) The woman does not like her new job. today's class.
(C) The woman is planning to start a new
job. 22. (A) She is looking for a job on campus.
(D) The woman is looking for a job at a (B) She can get the materials they gave out at
different bank. the meeting,
(C) She went to the meeting with her
16. (A) Go to the party with the man roommate.
(B) Take her aunt to the party (D) She is too busy to help the man.
(C) Invite the man to the play
(D) See a play with her aunt 23. (A) He probably will not be able to follow
the professor's advice.
17. (A) She is looking for another job (B) He has not finished doing the research
(B) She will apply for financial aid next year. for his presentation.
(C) She thinks she will not need financial aid. (C) He does not understand what the
(D) She thinks she is not taking enough professor means.
classes. (D) He would like the professor to listen to
him rehearse his presentation.
18. (A) It is the only kind the restaurant has left,
(B) The woman does not have to pay extra 24. (A) He knows who will be performing in the
for it. musical.
(C) It is a specialty of the restaurant. (B) He doubts that the theater group will
(D) He will replace it with a different dessert. perform a musical next year.
(C) The theater group needs to select a new
19. (A) A small town can have negative qualities. director.
(B) It can be difficult to run a business in a (D) The director has probably chosen the
small town. musical,
(C) His family owns a business in his
hometown. 25. (A) He has been sick recently.
(D) He would like to visit the woman's (B) He is tired of looking for an apartment.
hometown. (C) He wants an apartment near his work.
(D) He has been looking for a new job for a
20. (A) He would like more time to prepare next long time.
time.
(B) He will not be able to attend the open 26. (A) The woman would not vote in the
house. elections.
(C) He enjoyed working as a volunteer (B) Ben would be elected class president.
(D) He will not be able to coordinate the (C) Ben would not run for class president.
program again. (D) The elections would be held later.

21. (A) He will meet the man and woman before 27. (A) He did not recommend the lecture.
his psychology class, (B) He did not speak to the woman
(B) He is in the same class as the man and yesterday.
woman. (C) He is eager to go to the lecture.
(C) He is late for an appointment with the (D) He started to like astronomy only
man and woman. recently.
28. (A) She needs to continue studying. 35. (A) They are difficult for children to
(B) She did not read the reviews. pronounce.
(C) She has already seen the movie. (B) They occur in all languages.
(D) She intends to go see the movie. (C) They are among the first sounds babies
make.
29. (A) He thinks the dry weather will change. (D) They are sometimes used to refer to house
(B) He is already conserving water. pets.
(C) Ways should he found to use less water.
(D) The dry weather will be worse than last 36. (A) Their voice box is not positioned
summer. correctly yet.
(B) Their hearing is not good enough yet.
30. (A) Everyone should already have the new (C) They do not yet have the muscle control
manual. needed.
(B) The old manual should not be used (D) Their brains are not yet adequately
anymore. developed.
(C) The new manual has not been completed
yet. 37. (A) When children learn to say whole
(D) The old manual will not be changed. sentences
(B) In the first month of life
31. (A) The class reading list (C) When children start to go to school
(B) Books about New York City (D) When children learn to associate sounds
(C) A book by Theodore Dreiser with meaning
(D) A critical review of Sister Carrie
38. (A) Until what age vocabulary growth
32. (A) It is set in the city instead of the country. continues
(B) It does not try to teach a moral lesson. (B) How children are able to learn language
(C) It is about a woman working in a (C) When die best time to start a foreign
traditionally male role. language is
(D) The main character gets into trouble. (D) How to identity children with language
disorders
33. (A) Some British reviewers wrote favorably
about it. 39. (A) The use of beads in Native American
(B) Dreiser published it himself. monetary systems
(C) An editor revised it. (B) Communication over long distances in
(D) Dreiser rewrote it using a different style. North America '
(C) Difficulties encountered by native
34. (A) How to learn a second language couriers
(B) The importance of early childhood (D) Alliances between the Iroquois and the
education Algonquin
(C) Phases of language development in
young children 40. (A) Adverse traveling conditions delayed the
(D) Methods to help children develop their courier.
vocabularies (B) The courier needed to hire a guide.
(C) The fees of several couriers were
included in the charge.
(D) The letter contained a valuable item.
41. (A) The signing of a treaty 48. (A) They can determine the cost of
(B) A wedding feast construction.
(C) The birth of a child (B) They can reveal unsafe conditions for
(D) A funeral building.
(C) They can show where landslides have
42. (A) Planning a garden occurred.
(B) Feeding pets (D) They can measure the rate of water
(C) Attracting birds drainage.
(D) Preserving eggs
49. (A) It often interferes with construction
43. (A) They use them in making nests. (B) It helps keep the soil in place.
(B) They like to eat them, (C) It grows quickly after heavy rains.
(C) They use them when mating. (D) It makes slopes unstable,
(D) They drink water from them,
50. (A) Frequent landslides
44. (A) They are dried in the sun. (B) Too much vegetation
(B) They are soaked in water. (C) Water draining from another slope
(C) They are cooled in the refrigerator. (D) A wall that stops water from draining
(D) They are baked in the oven.

45. (A) It makes them clean and free of germs.

(B) It makes them more visible for the birds.
(C) It makes them more nutritious.
(D) It makes them softer.

46. (A) She is a good cook.

(B) She collects birds' nests.
(C) She likes to have birds visit her garden.
(D) She is a professional gardener

47. (A) How to prevent landslides in populated

areas
(B) How to repair damage to houses caused
by heavy rains
(C) How geologists study landslides
(D) Three materials needed for stable
construction
Section Two
Structure and Written Expression

1. The rock fill dam, essentially an embankment 6. Refrigerating meats------- the spread of
like the earth -fill dam, uses rock instead of bacteria.
earth ---- , (A) retards
(A) and providing stability (B) retarding
(B) to provide stability (C) to retard
(C) stability is provided (D) is retarded
(D) provides stability
7. The islands of the Florida Keys are joined to
2. The telegraph, invented in the mid-nineteenth the mainland by an overseas highway ------- a
century, remained even into the 1970's ------ of railroad destroyed in the hurricane of 1935
telecommunication. (A) replaces
(A) a principal system (B) and replaces
(B) a system was principal (C) hat replaces
(C) that was a principal system (D) that it replaces
(D) a principal system when
8. The ------east of the Mississippi River is made
3. Royal jelly, a secretion produced by worker up of the Lumbee people.
bees, is fed to ------- destined to become queen (A) Native American nation largest
bees. (B) largest Native American nation
(A) those that (C) largest nation Native American
(B) be those (D) Native American largest nation
(C) those of
(D) those 9. Kim Campbell was the nineteenth Prime
Minister of Canada, ------ --.
4 is necessarily limited to areas of
(A) held the office the first woman
productive soils, tillable topography, and (B) was the first woman to hold the office
adequate moisture, where the growing season (C) the first woman to hold the office
is long enough for plant germination and (D) and for holding the office the first woman
maturation.
(A) Farm 10. Type metal used in the printing industry
(B) Farming varies in its components--------is generally a
(C) When farming combination of lead, tin and antimony.
(D) To farm (A) as
(B) if
5 - Among the most famous products of the
(C) why
Aesthetic Movement were the Tiffany lamps, (D) but
first ------- n 1899.
(A) had been producing
(B) had been produced
(C) produced
(D) were producing
11. The author Mark Twain worked as a (A) to retain
newspaper reporter in Nevada and California (B) that retaining
before moving to Hartford, Connecticut, (C) to be retained
-------he wrote most of his books. (D) has retained
(A) where
14. Through reproduction........the properties of a
(B) which
species,
(C) in addition to
(D) such as (A) successive generations that carry on
(B) that successive generations carry on
12. Glaciers begin to form ------ more snow falls (C) successive generations carry on
during the winter than melts and evaporates (D) cany on successive generations
in the summer
15. Four flags have flown over the Palace of the
(A) is when
Governors in Santa Fe, New Mexico: ------
(B) when there are
Spain, Mexico, the Confederacy, and the
(C) when
United States.
(D) when does
(A) which of
13. The illusion of motion pictures rests on the (B) of most being
eyes tendency ------ an image for a fraction (C) those of
of a second after the image has been (D) Those that of
withdrawn.

16. Nearly 100 million tons of fish, mollusks, squid, and crustaceans are extracted from the ocean
A B C
every years.
D

17. In the Missouri Ozark Mountains more than 10,000 springs can be found, some among the
A B
most largest in the world.
C D

18. The first high school in the United States, which opened in 1821, was the English Classical School,
A B
locate in Boston, Massachusetts.
D

19. Artificial satellites can perform many task and send back data or pictures to Earth.
A B C D

20. By the 1880’s, world demand for cotton had begun fall off.
A B C D

21. The early Quakers adopted a distinctive and simply style of dress.
A B C D
22. At present, about 300 different varieties of dinosaur have been identified from bones found on every
A B C D
of the continents.

23. A black hole warps the surrounding space-time fabric as severely that nothing that comes within its
A B
event horizon can escape from its gravitational grip.
C D

24. By using special equipment, seismologists can determine the size and location of an earthquake and
A B C
the fault to which it originated.
D

25. For most bees, life revolves around the scent, colorful, and nectar of flowers.
A B C D

26. Portrait artists sometimes intentional alter the appearance of their subjects by refining their images to
A B C
emphasize or minimize particular physical qualities.
D

27. May Sarton's first two novels had European settings, but after 1955 New England provided the
A B C
background for most her fiction.
D

28. Methane gas in the upper atmosphere account for the planet Uranus' greenish hue.
A B C D

29. As adolescents gain weight, the amount and distribution of fat in their bodies will change, and so
A B C
it will the proportion of bone and muscle.
D

30. Raccoons prefer swampy areas or woods near water; either they avoid very high elevations, very arid
A B C
regions, and purely coniferous forests.
D

31. By 1996, the United States population exceeded 261 million, with a median age of thirty-four,
A B
making it one of the oldest national population on Earth.
C D
32. In medical and dentistry, radiography is invaluable for diagnosing bone damage tooth decay, and
A B C
internal disease.
D

33. Water droplets in clouds are very small; they must coagulate or grow before they falling as rain or
A B C D
snow.

34. One of the most powerful tools available to labor unions has been the ability to strike in order to
A B
settle its disputes with management.
C D

35. The velocity of a river is control by the slope, the depth, and the roughness of the riverbed.
A B C D

36. By selectively breeding plants, researchers have created strains of plants that are more resistance to
A B C D
disease.

37. Much governmental and international organizations throughout the world are concerned with the
A B C
development of guidelines for daily nutritional requirements
D

38. When a ray of light passes from one transparent medium, such as air, into other, such as glass, it is
A B C D
bent.

39. Logic, whether modem, tradition, or ancient, limits its concern strictly to problems of validity.
A B C D

40. Cable cars in hilly San Francisco are pulled along by an endless cable between the rails, which is
A B
driven by machinery in a centrally powerhouse.
C D
Section Three
Reading Comprehension

Questions 1-9

With the onset of the Industrial Revolution, knowing the age of rocks became a
necessary prerequisite to finding industrial minerals, such as coal, iron, and the
other materials that fueled and sustained the great Western industrialization of the eighteenth
Line and nineteenth centuries. It was in the mining regions where engineers, who needed a
(5) better system for organizing the various types of rock scattered across Earth's surface,
first grappled with scientific approaches to understanding the age of various rocks—and
the age of Earth. They realized that if the various rock units could he dated by their
relative ages, correlations among even widely separated rocks could be established and
from this, some order recognized.
(10) The pioneering European geologists first believed that identifying a rock's type would
give them a strong clue to the age of the rock formation and that one of the most powerful
clues came from the hardness of a given rock. Specific rock types were thus assumed to
have formed at characteristically different rimes, the softest rocks having formed the most
recently. This crude type of dating was first used to understand the way mountains were
(15) formed, In the mid-1700's it was thought that there were three distinct types of mountains
in Europe, each formed by a different type of rock and each created at a different time.
According to this theory, the oldest were the Alps, which had interior cores composed
of very hard, crystalline rocks (such as granite, schist, or basalt). These mountains were
called Primitive. Sitting on the flanks of the Primitive mountains were younger, smaller,
(20) secondary mountains composed of layered sedimentary rocks such as limestone.
They were often rich with fossils and intermediate in hardness. The youngest Tertiary
mountains were composed of softer mudstones and sandstone. Rock type, hardness,
and size thus established mountain type, and rock type also became a proxy for age.
However, study soon exposed the fallacy of these early notions. It was discovered that
(25) some of the very high mountains were composed of the softest sediments and that even
hard volcanic rock was sometimes found in very low mountains. By the early 1800's, it
was understood that rock type was of no help in establishing age.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (C) agreed

(D) searched
(A) An early attempt to find reliable rules for
dating rocks and mountains
(B) The search for different rock types to be 3. According to the passage, how could knowing
used in industry the age of rocks benefit industry'?
(C) Changing views about what caused high
(A) It reduced the dependence of industry on
mountain ranges to form
coal.
(D) A controversy about rocks between mining (B) It helped miners find new types of
engineers and geologists
minerals.
(C) It helped people in their search for
2. The word "grappled" in line 6 is closest in
industrial minerals.
meaning to (D) It made it possible to mine rocks under
(A) competed Earth's surface.
(B) struggled
4. According to the passage, mining engineers 7. According to the passage, pioneer geologists
were the first to realize that believed that to determine a rock's age, it was
helpful to know
(A) various types of rock were scattered across
Earth's surface (A) how deep under the surface the rock was
(B) rocks in different locations could be located
related by their age (B) how much power was needed to remove
(C) there were wide differences in the the rock
appearance of different types of rocks (C) how rough the rock's texture was
(D) older rocks were better suited for (D) how soft the rock was
industrial use
8. According to the passage, early geologists
5. The word 'They" in line 21 refers to believed which of the following about
Primitive mountains?
(A) crystalline rocks
(B) the flanks (A) They had interior cores of sandstone and
(C) the Primitive mountains mudstone,
(D) layered sedimentary rocks (B) They contained a large number of fossils.
(C) They had been formed during the same
6. Why does the author mention rock type, limited period in Earth's history.
hardness, and size in lines 22-23? (D) They were smaller than the Tertiary
mountains.
(A) To describe the development of European
geology
9. The word “proxy” in line 23 is closest in
(B) To explain the differences between
meaning to
mudstone and sandstone
(C) To introduce the new theories that were (A) substitute
about to emerge in the 1800's (B) preparation
(D) To summarize the characteristics thought © product
to distinguish mountain types (D) choice
Questions 10 – 18

Some people are concerned that our soils are becoming depleted of trace minerals by
continuous agricultural use and hence that food are becoming depleted in vital minerals.
This is a complex issue about which not a great deal is known, but the lack of evidence of
Line mineral deficiencies in our population speaks to the adequacy of our soils. Furthermore,
(5) soils are replenished in trace minerals by rainwater and especially by irrigation water that
is obtained from rivers or wells that draw water from other soil or rock formations far
away from the farm.
On the other hand, agricultural practices that remove the total crop from the field year
after year with no replenishment of trace minerals can over time result in a crop poor in
(10) these minerals. Of course, the fanner could supply chemical fertilizer to the fields but
with most fertilizers this practice would replenish only potassium, phosphates, and nitrogen.
Rotating a "green manure" crop such as clover, which is plowed under after the end of the
growing season, would renew only nitrogen in the soil, not trace elements. There is a
growing realization, therefore, (hat so-called organic farming makes good commercial
(15) sense and would help minimize mineral depletion: Organic fanning essentially refers to farming
that does not depend on chemical fertilizers; rather, soils are invigorated by
applying manure and by plowing in crop wastes, such as corn stalks and bean vines, and
compost. These techniques return organic material and trace minerals back to the soils and
are to be commended. However, for maximum yields, a chemical fertilizer may be required
(20) in addition to manure and plant waste.
Some critics of modern farming methods fear that the hardier varieties of fruits and
vegetables that have been developed to make shipment easier have resulted in loss of
vitamin content. This concern is unfounded because the creation of vitamins by plants is
an automatic biological process. Any variety of plant will make the full complement
(25) of vitamins it needs, regardless of species.

10. The word "vital" in line 2 is closest in 12. The author mentions all of the following as an
meaning to example of ways to renew trace minerals in
(A) effective the soil EXCEPT
(B) ideal (A) plowing crop wastes into the soil
(C) unique (B) organic farming
(D) necessary (C) using appropriate water
(D) growing the same crop year after year
11 The author mentions clover in tine 12 as an
example of a 13. The word "essentially" in line 15 is closest in
meaning to
(A) plant that is typically grown on organic
farms (A) probably
(B) crop that can be rotated and used as (B) biologically
fertilizer (C) basically
(C) crop that replaces both nitrogen and trace (D) automatically
elements in soil
(D) plant that has been thoroughly depleted
of nutrients in recent years
14. Which of the following does the passage 16. The phrase "This concern" in line 23 refers to
identify as examples of plant waste products? the
(A) Potassium and phosphates (A) loss of vitamins in plants
(B) Clover (B) production of hardier species
(C) Trace elements (C) use of chemical fertilizers
(D) Com stalks and bean vines (D) distribution of agricultural products

15. According to paragraph three, critics of 17. Vitamins are created in plants by
modem farming techniques believe that (A) crop rotation
hardier species of fruits 'and vegetables have (B) organic farming
(A) been developed for the convenience of (C) natural biological processes
commercial distributors (D) artificial chemical supplements
(B) resulted in an overdependence on
chemical fertilizers 18. The word "complement" in line 24 is closest
(C) decreased farmers' control of crop yields in meaning to
(D) produced food with inferior flavor (A) demand
(B) effect
(C) replacement
(D) range
Questions 19 – 29

Animation traditionally is done by hand-drawing or painting successive frames of an

object, each slightly different than the preceding frame. In computer animation, although
the computer may be the one to draw the different frames, in most cases the artist will
Line draw the beginning and ending frames and the computer will produce the drawings
(5) between the first and the last drawing. This is generally referred to as computer-assisted
animation, because the computer is more of a helper than an originator.
In full computer animation, complex mathematical formulas are used to produce the
final sequence of pictures. These formulas operate on extensive databases of numbers
that define the objects in the pictures as they exist in mathematical space. The database
(10) consists of endpoints, and color and intensity information. Highly trained professionals
are needed to produce such effects because animation that obtains high degrees of
realism involves computer techniques for three-dimensional transformation, shading,
and curvatures.
High-tech computer animation for film involves very expensive computer systems
(15) along with special color terminals or frame buffers. The frame buffer is nothing
more than a giant image memory for viewing a single frame. It temporarily holds the image
for display on the screen.
A camera can be used to film directly from the computer's display screen, but for
the highest quality images possible, expensive film recorders are used. The computer
(20) computes the positions and colors for the figures in the picture, and sends this information
to the recorder, which captures it on film. Sometimes, however, the images are stored on a
large magnetic disk before being sent to the recorder. Once this process is completed, it is
repeated for the next frame. When the entire sequence has been recorded on the film, the
film must be developed before the animation can be viewed. If the entire sequence does
(25) not seem right, the motions must be corrected, recomputed, redisplayed, and rerecorded.
This approach can be very expensive and time consuming. Often, computer-animation
companies first do motion tests with simple computer-generated line drawings before
selling their computers to the task of calculating the high-resolution, realistic-looking
images.

19. What aspect of computer animation does the 21. The word "they" in line 9 refers to
passage mainly discuss?
(A) formulas
(A) The production process (B) databases
(B) The equipment needed (C) numbers
(C) The high cost (D) objects
(D) The role of the artist
22. According to the passage, the frame buffers
20.According to the passage, in computer-assisted mentioned in line 15 are used to
animation the role of the computer is to draw
(A) add color to the images
the
(B) expose several frames at the same time
(A) first frame (C) store individual images
(B) middle frames (D) create new frames
(C) last frame
(D) entire sequence of frames
23. The phrase "nothing more than" in lines 15-16 27. According to the passage, how do
is closest in meaning to computer-animation companies often test
motion?
(A) increasingly
(B) simply (A) They experiment with
(C) particularly computer-generated line drawings.
(D) instantly (B) They hand-draw successive frames.
(C) They calculate high-resolution images.
24. According to the passage, the positions and (D) They develop extensive mathematical
colors of the figures m high-tech animation formulas.
are determined by
28. The word "task" in line 28 is closest in
(A) drawing several versions
meaning to
(B) enlarging one frame at a lime
(C) analyzing the sequence from different (A) possibility
angles (B) position
(D) using computer calculations (C) time
(D) job
25. The word "captures" in line 21 is closest in
meaning to 29. Which of the following statements is
supported by the passage?
(A) separates
(B) registers (A) Computers have reduced the costs of
(C) describes animation.
(D) numbers (B) In the future, traditional artists will no
longer be needed.
26. The word "Once" in line 22 is closest in (C) Artists are unable to produce drawings as
meaning to high in quality as computer drawings.
(D) Animation involves a wide range of
(A) before
technical and artistic skills.
(B) since
(C) after
(D) while
Questions 30 – 39

The first Europeans in the Delaware Valley, a region located near die Atlantic Coast
of North America, were Scandinavians. They came to the short-lived colony known as
New Sweden, founded in 1638. Loose organization and local autonomy fostered a cultural
Line fusion between native and settler cultures that proved one of the most notable—and least
(5) understood—developments of early North American history. The Native Americans were
both fanners and hunters; Native American women farmed gardens of corn, beans, and
squash, while Native American men hunted for furs, hides, and meat. Such a gender
division of labor was much like that practiced by Scandinavian settlers. In the harsh
environment of northern Europe, Scandinavian women had been accustomed to practicing
(10) forms of shifting cultivation, and they immediately understood Native American
horticulture. Colonial women of the Delaware valley quickly adopted the crops of the
Native American women, while Native American women welcomed European tools, such
as metal hoes, and farm animals, such as pigs and chickens.
Similarly, Scandinavian men quickly adapted to hunting in North America. In France
(15) and England, unlike Scandinavia, hunting had been long reserved for the nobility, and
so few French and English settlers had much experience in handling firearms or
understanding the patterns of game animals. But Scandinavian men were familiar with
hunting and receptive to learning the hunting methods of the local Native Americans.
In turn Native Americans readily incorporated European steel knives, firearms, and linen
(20) hunting shirts into their hunting routines.
The most common symbol of pioneer North America, the log cabin, emerged in the
Delaware Valley, and ought to serve as a symbol of this composite culture. Construction
with logs was a tradition brought to North America by Finnish settlers of New Sweden.
It was quickly picked up by other settlers, for with the resources of the American woods,
(25) a few tools, and a little training, several men could erect a rough shelter in a day, or a solid
house in a week. What is truly fascinating is that Native Americans quickly learned these
construction techniques and probably did as much as colonists to spread the practice of log
construction across the frontiers of colonial North America.

30. Which one of the following questions does 31. The word "fostered" in line 3 is closest in
the passage answer? meaning to
(A) What role did Native American men play (A) encouraged
in teaching their agricultural methods to (B) predated
Scandinavian settlers? (C) predicted
(B) How did the interaction between Native (D) rejected
Americans and Scandinavian settlers
benefit both groups? 32. In line 4, the word "notable" is closest in
(C) What hardships did the Scandinavian meaning to
women settlers experience in North
(A) social
America?
(B) predictable
(D) What caused a rivalry between the
(C) remarkable
English and Scandinavian settlers in
(D) early
North America?
33. According to the passage, the Native 36. What does the author imply about French and
American and Scandinavian cultures of the English settlers?
Delaware Valley initially had all of the (A) Most of them did not come from the
following in common EXCEPT nobility.
(A) loose organization (B) Most of them hunted with advanced
(B) farming experience firearms.
(C) metal fanning tools (C) They taught hunting skills to
(D) local autonomy Scandinavian settlers.
(D) They provided Native Americans with
34. According to the passage, why were linen hunting shirts.
Scandinavian women easily able to
understand Native American horticulture? 37. In Line 18, the phrase “receptive to” is closest
in meaning to
(A) They had prior knowledge of most
Native American plants. (A) suspicious of
(B) They had used similar cultivation (B) ready for
practices in Scandinavia. (C) dependent on
(C) They were helped by Native American (D) new lo
and colonial men,
(D) hey were able to use Native American 38. The word ‘’emerged” in line 21 is closest in
farming tools. meaning to
(A) enlarged
35. Why does the author contrast English and
(B) disappeared
French settlers with Scandinavian settlers in
(C) remained
lines 14-18?
(D) developed
(A) To suggest that they learned at least some
hunting skills from each other 39. Why does the author state in lines 21-22 that
(B) To illustrate that it is hard to decide who the log cabin ought to serve as a symbol?
established the earliest North American (A) It could be built by using the available
hunting techniques resources of the Delaware Valley.
(C) To explain why the Scandinavians were (B) It was built across the frontiers of
able to adopt Native American hunting colonial North America.
techniques more easily
(C) It uses a construction technique brought
(D) To show how Native Americans might to North America by Scandinavian
have acquired steel knives and firearms settlers.
(D) It is a good example of the cultural
mixing of native and settler cultures.
Questions 40 – 50

At the turn of the twentieth century, Americans who wished to travel between cities
either for work or for pleasure had limited options. The steam railroad offered the best,
the most reliable and the fastest means of transport. Electric railways (trams and trolleys)
Line provided reasonable intraurban and short-distance intercity travel They also offered some
(5) longer routes, but only in certain parts of the country. Horse-drawn coaches were neither
a competitive nor a comfortable alternative given the deplorable slate of the nation's
highways; and though bicycles were popular in both town and country, they, too, were
hampered by poor road surfaces. It took the mass production and ownership of cars,
together with increased attention to road construction, to bring the major breakthrough
(10) in travel in the 1920’s. And alongside the rapid spread of the popular and individualistic
auto came the slower, but significant, growth of bus transport. Not only did buses largely
replace trams and trolleys in urban mass transit, they also opened up new avenues of
intercity travel both to those Americans who could not afford cars and to those car owners
who preferred to leave distance driving to others.
(15) No particular date marks the beginning of the American intercity bus industry because
so many individuals were attracted to it at about the same time by the large profits
available to those who could cany fare-paying passengers over public highways- These
ubiquitous bus pioneers came from all walks of life. Few knew much about transport or
about business, but they were willing to take a chance on a new venture that had low entry
(20) costs. Frequently driving used vehicles, these drivers concentrated on local services
operated on a consumer-demand basis with the driver taking cash fares. There were no
formal schedules or routes. People became aware of the new service by word of mouth
or newspaper advertisements, but a regular commitment was not guaranteed. Bus drivers
frequently did not start until they Had a full load; and those who traveled on the early
(25) buses were content with reaching their destination rather than enjoying a fast or
comfortable journey.

40. What is the main topic of the passage? (D) They were strong competitors of trams
and trolleys.
(A) The difficulties with various forms of
public transportation in the 1920's 42. The word "deplorable" in line 6 is closest in
meaning to
(B) The effect of poor roads on the
development of rail transportation (A) unusable
(C) The differences between intraurban arid (B) worn
intercity transportation at the aim of the (C) awful
century (D) difficult
(D) The early development of bud
transportation 43. The word "hampered" in line 8 is closest in
meaning to
41 What does the author imply about horse-drawn (A) restrained
coaches at the turn of the twentieth century?
(B) supported
(A) They were not available within cities. (C) favored
(B) They did not provide as good service as (D) damaged
the railroads.
(C) They were more popular than bicycles.
44. According to the passage, until the 1920's, the 49. What can be inferred from the passage about
best way to travel between cities was by the beginning of the bus industry in America'?
(A) steam powered trains (A) High profits do not explain why so many
(B) trams and trolleys people started providing bus services.
(C) bicycles (B) The bus industry was started by the large
(D) cars corporations that constructed highways.
(C) The founders of bus transportation had
45. According to the passage, all of the following difficulty buying vehicles that could be
changed travel in America in the 1920's used as buses.
EXCEPT (D) Passengers used bus transportation even
though it was neither regular nor fast.
(A) widespread ownership of cars
(B) improved roads
50. According to the passage, which of the
(C) innovations in public transport
following characterized early bus travel?
(D) competition between trams and trolleys
(A) Established routes
46. The phrase "These ubiquitous bus pioneers" in (B) Comfortable seats
lines 17-18 refers to (C) Fully occupied buses
(D) Published schedules
(A) Americans who could not afford cars
(B) car owners who preferred to leave
distance driving to others
(C) individuals attracted to the intercity bus
industry
(D) fare-paying passengers

47. Which of the following best describes early

bus drivers?
(A) They had previous work experience in
public transportation.
(B) They were cautious in business matters.
(C) They did not at first have high costs.
(D) They did not have many competitors.

48. According to the passage, people learned about

new bus routes from
(A) radio broadcasts
(B) conversations with other people
(C) signs in the buses
(D) notices posted in local stores