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Socio Cultural History of India

The document summarizes the social structure and religious practices in ancient Indian society. It describes the four-fold varna system consisting of Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Shudras occupied the lowest rank and had limited rights. Women's social status declined over time from being educated in the Vedic period to facing restrictions later. Ancient Indian education was centered around gurukuls, takshashilas, and Nalanda university. The major religions discussed are Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Art, architecture, and fortifications from ancient periods are also outlined.

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Mukund Mayank
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128 views

Socio Cultural History of India

The document summarizes the social structure and religious practices in ancient Indian society. It describes the four-fold varna system consisting of Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Shudras occupied the lowest rank and had limited rights. Women's social status declined over time from being educated in the Vedic period to facing restrictions later. Ancient Indian education was centered around gurukuls, takshashilas, and Nalanda university. The major religions discussed are Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Art, architecture, and fortifications from ancient periods are also outlined.

Uploaded by

Mukund Mayank
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ms. Pooja U.

Yadav
 Vedic Society- Four fold classification
 Brahaman
 Kshatriya
 Vaishya
 Shudra
 First appeared in Rigveda-10th Mandala
 Flexible to complex
 Shudras- lowest in the hierarchy
 First three- Dwija(Twice Born)
 Shudras- To served upper three cast
 Labour, slaves
 No education rights
 Served the masters
 Discrimination in punishments
 Untouchables- Antanjeya
 Basic unit of social organization
 Joint family
 Patriarchal
 Purushartha- Dharma, Artha, Kama, Moksha
 Varnashrama System
 Hindu society was divided into
four varna System
 Only first three casts were
allowed (Dwija)
 Shudras and women were not
allowed
 Upanayana ceremony
 Varna + Ashrama
 Varna= Cover, envelope,
color
 Ashrama= Stay, stages
 Life of an individual divided
into four four Stages
 Brahamacharya – life of the Student
 Grihasthashrama- Married man , householder
 Vanaprashthashrama- Retired life in the
forest, abandoning home
 Sanyasashrama- Life of complete
renunciation
 Stridharma – Duty of the women
 Striswabhava- Nature or behavioural pattern
 Status of women-
 Rigveda mentioned- Apala, Ghosha,
Vishwavara, Gargi, Maitreyi-Educated
 No sati system
 No female infanticide
 No Purdha
 Permission of remarry
 Later vedic Age:
 Inferior to men
 No education
 Child marriage
 Compared with Shudras
 Polygamy
 8 forms of marriage
 Age for marriage
 Qualification
 Second marriage
 Life of widow
 Women and property rights
 Stridhana
 Women and slavery
 Education –freely available later became an
institution
 Varnashrama System:
1.Upanayana ceremony
2.Brahmacharya System
 Gurukul System:
 Upanishada
 Ancient Education System
 Ancient Universities:
 1. Takshashila/ Taxila university:
 Earliest university
 Early Buddhist learning centre
 5th – 6th c BC
 Chanakya, Chandragupta Maurya, Charvaka
 Subjets: Vedas, 18 arts, archery, law school,
medical school, military science
 2. Nalanda University:
 Ancient centre of learning in Bihar
 5th – 12th c AD
 Gupta patronized
 Entrance exam
 Subject: fine arts, medicine, mathematics,
astronomy, politics, art of war
 10,000 students
 Scholars form Korea, China, Japan Tibet,
Indonesia, Persia
 Classrooms, halls, hostels, Libraries
 Four Vedas
 1. Rigveda
 2.Samaveda
 3. Yajurved
 4. Atharvaveda
Brahmanas
Aryanakas
Upanishada
 Vedangas:
Siksha, Kalpa, Vyakrana, Nirukta, Chhanda,
Jyotisha
 Upavedas:
Ayurveda, Dhaurveda, Gandharvaveda,
Shilpavea
 Epics:
Ramayana, Mahabharata
 Puranas:
 18Puranas. Eg; Vishnu
Purana, Garuda Purana,
Shiva Purana, Matsya
Purana
 Three pitakas:
 1. Vinaya Pitakas
 2. Sutta Pitakas
 3. Abhidhamma Pitakas
 Jatakas: Stories of the previous births of
Buddha
 More than 550 storeis
 Jain Literature:
 Angas and upangas
 Tamil litrature:
 Sangama literature
 Sanskrit Literature:
 Kalidasa
 Meghdutam, Raghuvamsham,
Malvikagnimitram, Abhijata shakuntalam
 Vedic Religion
 Nature worship
 Yajna (sacrifice)
 4 Vedas
 Complexity
 Upanishads: Philosophical belief of the Aryans
 Metaphysical
Buddhism
Jainism
Heterodox Sects
 Pre-historic art
 Folk art, tribal art
 64 arts- chatushasti kala
 Seven Swara or Suras
 Sa, re, ga, ma, pa, dha, ni, sa
 Sounds of seven animals
 Sa- peacock
 Re- bull
 Ga – goat
 Ma- bird
 Pa- cuckoo
 Dha- horse
 Ni- elephant
 Pre-historic art
 Proto- historic art
 Nritya- anatya and Natya
 Lord Shiva was originally the pioneer of Nritya
 Natraja, Natesh
 Male artist- Tandava nritya
 Female artist- Lasya Nritya
 Pre- historic cave paintings
 Chitra
 6 limbs of paintings
 1. Rupabheda- forms
 2. Pramana- proportion
 3. Bhava- Emotions
 4. Lavanya- Creation
 5. Sadrisya- Portyal
 6. Varnikabhanga- Color mixing
 No idol worship in vedic
period
 Kushans patronised
 Made of teracotta, wood,
stone, ivory, metals
Chala and Achala
Purna and Apurna
Shanta and Ashanta
 Stone age man
 Natural caves
 Earliest man made cave- Bihar- Barabara hills
 Dedicated to Ajivika sects
 Technology
 Cahityagriha- Prayer hall
 Lena(Viharas)- Dwellings for monks
 Matapas- Benches with or without roof
 Podhis- Erected to store water
 Asanpindikas: Benches
 Kodhis- Recesses hewn into the rock
 Sharikas
 Paribhoga
 Avdeshika
 kamya
 Medhi
 Vedika
 Anda
 Harmika
 Chhatra
 Dravidian style
 Indo- Aryan style
 Harappan fortification
 Types of forts:
 Girdurga/ Parvata (Mountain fort)
 Jaladurga (Water fort)
 Dhanavana durga ( Desert fort)
 Vanadurga (Forest fort)
 Mahidurga (Earth fort)

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