Electrical Engineering IA

EEA115D
Unit 2 Electrical Circuits (DC)
Circuit analysis
Circuit Simplification
1. Ohms law
2. Series components
3. Parallel components
4. Voltage divider rule
5. Current divider rule
6. Kirchhoff's Voltage law (KVL)
7. Kirchhoff’s Current law (KCL)
8. Method
Circuit Simplification
THESE LAWS ARE MORE COMPREHENSIVE
THAN OHM’S LAW.
THEY ARE USED FOR SOLVING ELECTRICAL
NETWORKS WHICH MAY NOT BE READILY
SOLVED BY THE OHM’S LAW.
Voltage Divider Rule
Voltage Divider Rule
Voltage Divider Rule - EXAMPLE
Voltage Divider Rule - EXAMPLE
Current Divider Rule
Current Divider Rule
Current Divider Rule
Current Divider Rule - Example
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
KVL states that in any closed loop in a network, the algebraic sum
of the voltage drops (i.e. products of current and resistance)
taken around the loop is equal to the resultant e.m.f. acting in
that loop.

“ Note that if current flows away from the

positive terminal of a source, that source is
considered by convention to be positive. Thus
moving anticlockwise around the loop, E1 is
positive and E2 is negative.”
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
KCL states that at any junction (node) in an electric circuit the
total current flowing towards that junction is equal to the total
current flowing away from the junction, i.e.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
What will I3 be?
Kirchhoff’s Laws - summary
Kirchhoff’s Laws Example
homework

Do example 3.1 (page 87-90)

Method
1. Loop analysis
2. Superposition
3. Thevenin/Norton
MULTIPLE SOURCE CIRCUIT
WHEN VOLTAGE SOURCES ARE IN SERIES IN A CLOSED LOOP, THEIR EMFs ADD
ALGEBRAICALLY.
SERIES CONNECTIONS OF VOLTAGE SOURCES ARE COMMON –E.G., IN FLASHLIGHTS,
TOYS AND ETC.
THE BATTERIES ARE USUALLY CONNECTED IN SERIES TO INCREASE THE TOTAL
EMF(E1+E2) SEE FIGURE 1
MULTIPLE SOURCE CIRCUIT
IF THE BATTERIERS OPPOSE ONE ANOTHER, THE TOTAL EMF WILL BE LESS (E1-E2) SEE
FIG. 2.
1. LOOP ANALYSIS
IN A CIRCUIT WITH ONE BATTERY/ MULTIPLE BATTERIES CONNECTED IN SERIES
AND A MULTIPLE RESISTORS IN SERIES AND/OR PARALLEL CONNECTION CAN
GENERALLY BE REDUCED TO A SINGLE EQUIVALENT RESISTOR.

BUT CIRCUITS WITH MORE THAT ONE BATTERY AND MULTIPLE LOOPS CAN BE
TRICKY TO ANALYSE. THUS WE INTRODUCE LOOP/MESH ANALYSIS.
1. LOOP ANALYSIS
PROCEDURE FOR LOOP/MESH ANALYSIS
STEP 1
DRAW THE CURRENT DIRECTION FOR EACH LOOP. NUMBER OF CURRENT
IS EQUAL TO THE NUMBER OF LOOPS.
STEP 2
IDENTIFY ALL RESISTANCE VOLTAGE DROPS AS POSITIVE (+) WHERE THE
CURRENT ENTERS THE RESISTOR AND NEGATIVE (-) WHERE THE
CURRENT LEAVES THE RESISTOR. WRITE THE KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE
EQUATION FOR EACH/AROUND THE LOOP.
STEP 3
SOLVE THE EQUATIONS TO DETERMINING THE UNKNOWN CURRENTS
FOR EACH LOOP.
EXAMPLE 1
DETERMINE THE UNKNOWN CURRENTS (I1 & I2) USING LOOP ANALYSIS

STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 2
STEP 3

Using elimination method, substitution method or calculator to determine the unknown currents
EXAMPLE 2
DETERMINE THE UNKNOWN CURRENTS (I1 & I2) USING LOOP ANALYSIS

STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 2
STEP 3

Using elimination method, substitution method or calculator to determine the unknown currents
HOME WORK – USE LOOP ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE LOOP CURRENTS
2. Superposition

The superposition theorem states:

‘In any network made up of linear resistances and containing more
than one source of EMF, the resultant current flowing in any branch
is the algebraic sum of the currents that would flow in that branch if
each source was considered separately, all other sources being
replaced at that time by their respective internal resistances.’
Superposition
PROCEDURE FOR SUPERPOSITION
1. Select one source
2. Suppress other sources
3. Calculate required info with one source active
4. Repeat step 1-3 for all sources
5. Add up the results obtained with all sources
Superposition

How to suppress sources: Independent sources are replaced by their

internal resistances, i.e. Voltage Sources is replaced by a Short
Circuit (0V) and Current Source is replaced by an Open Source (0A)
EXAMPLE 1
DETERMINE THE VOLTAGE VAB USING SUPERPOSITION
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 1
DETERMINE THE VOLTAGE VAB USING SUPERPOSITION
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
DETERMINE THE CURRENT THROUGH R2 USING SUPERPOSITION
EXAMPLE 2
CONSIDER 10V SUPPLY (SUPPRESS CURRENT SOURCE)

SERIES RESISTORS
EXAMPLE 2
CONSIDER CURRENT SOURCE (SUPPRESS 10V SUPPLY )
Homework
DETERMINE THE CURRENT THROUGH R2 USING SUPERPOSITION

DETERMINE THE CURRENT THROUGH R1 USING SUPERPOSITION

3.1 Thevenin
The Thevenin theorem in DC circuits states:
‘Any two-terminal network of fixed resistances and voltage sources may be replaced
by a single voltage source having an equivalent voltage equal to the open-circuit
voltage at terminals of the original network and having an internal resistance equal
to the resistance looking back into the network from the two terminals with all
voltage sources replaced by their internal resistance.’
This simply means that a complicated network with output terminals a-b, as
shown below can be replaced by a single voltage source VTh in series with
equivalent resistance RTh.
The Thevenin Equivalent circuit

VTH – OPEN CIRCUIT (NO LOAD) VOLTAGE BETWEEN OUTPUT TERMINALS IN THER CIRCUIT
RTH – TOTAL RESISTANCE APPEARING BETWEEN TWO TERMINALS WITH ALL SOURCES REPLACED
BY INTERNAL RESISTANCES.
PROCEDURE
1. Remove the load resistor RL temporarily.
2. Mark the terminals of the two-terminal network.
3. Calculate VTh by finding the open-circuit voltage between the
marked terminals.
4. Calculate RTh by first setting all sources to zero (voltage sources
are replaced by short circuits and current sources by open
circuits) and then finding the resultant resistance between the two
marked Terminals.
5. Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit.
Procedure
Example 1 - Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit
Finding VTH

1. 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝐿
2. 𝑉4 = 0𝑉 𝑛𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ .
3. 𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 𝑉𝑅2 + 𝑉𝑅3 .
𝑅2 +𝑅3 470+220
4. 𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 𝑅 +𝑅 +𝑅
𝑉𝑆 =
1000+470+220
× 10 = 4.082 V
1 2 3
Finding RTH

1. 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡.

2. 𝑅1 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ (𝑅2 + 𝑅3 )
3. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑅4
𝑅1 (𝑅2 +𝑅3 )
4. 𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 𝑅4 + 𝑅1 +𝑅2 +𝑅3
= 1410Ω
Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
The two circuits are equivalent
Example 2 - Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
(current source)
Find RTh

1. Remove Load Resistance

3. Calculate Thevenin Resistance

2. Replace current source with OC

Find VTh
Calculating VTh

Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

The two circuits are equivalent
HW–find the Thevenin equivalent of the shaded network
(VTH = 4.8V & RTH = 2.4Ω)
3. Norton
The Norton theorem in DC circuits states:

Any complicated network (with multiple resistors and sources) with

output terminals a-b, as shown below can be replaced can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source IN
and a parallel resistor RN.
PROCEDURE
1. Remove the load resistor RL temporarily.
2. Mark the terminals of the two-terminal network.
3. Calculate RN by first setting all sources to zero (voltage sources
are replaced by short circuits and current sources by open
circuits) and then finding the resultant resistance between the two
marked Terminals.
4. Since RN = RTh, the procedure and value obtained using the
approach described for Thevenin's theorem will determine the
proper value of RN.
5. Calculate IN by finding the short-circuit current between the
marked terminals.
6. Draw the Norton equivalent circuit.
Converting between Thevenin and Norton
equivalent circuits
Example 1 – Find the Norton Equivalent
Circuit of the shaded area
Finding RN

1. Remove the load resistance

2. Short-circuit the voltage source

3. Calculate RN
Finding IN

1. Short-circuit terminals a-b

2. Parallel connection R2 is
therefore short-circuited
(its effect is eliminated)

IN = I1 (current through R1)

Norton Equivalent Circuit
Converting the Norton equivalent circuit to
Thevenin equivalent circuit.

NB: RTh = RN
VTh = IN×RN
HW–find the Norton equivalent of the
shaded network (RN = 9Ω & IN = 5.56A)

End