MECHANICS OF

DEFORMABLE
BODIES

ENSC 019
MODULE 2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• At the end of the meeting, the student should be able to:
✓ Interpret the relationship of stress and strain
✓ Identify the components of the stress-strain diagram
✓ Understand Hooke’s Law
✓ Interpret the importance of factor of safety
✓ Evaluate the deformation of members under axial loading
✓ Evaluate shearing deformation
✓ Understand Poisson’s ratio
✓ Evaluate statically indeterminate structures
✓ Evaluate thermal stresses
INTRODUCTION
Normal Strain is defined as the deformation per unit length of a material under axial loading.
𝜹
𝛜=
𝑳
Let us consider a rod BC, of length L and uniform cross-sectional area A, which is suspended from
B (Fig. 2.1).

Plotting the stress 𝜎 = 𝑃⁄𝐴 against

the strain 𝜖 = 𝛿⁄𝐿, we obtain a
curve that is characteristic of the
properties of the material and does
not depend upon the dimensions of
the particular specimen used. This
curve is called a stress-strain
diagram.

Since the rod BC considered in the preceding discussion had a uniform cross section of area A, the
normal stress 𝜎 could be assumed to have a constant value 𝑃⁄𝐴 throughout the rod.
In the case of a member of variable cross-sectional area A, however, the normal stress 𝜎 = 𝑃⁄𝐴
varies along the member, and it is necessary to define the strain at a given point Q by considering
a small element of undeformed length Δ𝑥 (Fig. 2.5). Denoting by 𝑑𝛿 the deformation of the
element under the given loading, we define the normal strain at point Q as

∆𝜹 𝒅𝜹
𝛜 =𝒍𝒊 𝒎∆𝒙→𝟎 =
∆𝑳 𝒅𝑳

Since deformation and length are expressed in the same

units, the normal strain 𝜖 obtained by dividing 𝛿 by L (or
𝑑𝛿 by 𝑑𝑥) is a dimensionless quantity. Thus, the same
numerical value is obtained for the normal strain in a
given member, whether SI metric units or U.S. customary
units are used.
Stress-Strain Diagram
• Proportional Limit - the stress is directly proportional to strain
or 𝜎 = 𝑘𝜖 , where 𝑘 is called the modulus of elasticity 𝐸 or
Young’s modulus and is equal to the slope of the stress-strain
diagram from O to P.
• Elastic Limit - limit beyond which the material will no longer
go back to its original shape when the load is removed
• Elastic Range - region from O to P
• Plastic Range - region from P to R
• Yield Point - is the point at which the material will have an
appreciable elongation or yielding without any increase in
load
• Ultimate Strength - The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain
diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile strength
• Rupture Strength - the strength of the material at rupture also
known as the breaking strength.
Stress-Strain Diagram
• Modulus of Resilience - is the work done on a unit volume of
material as the force is gradually increased from O to P, in
N⋅m/m3. This may be calculated as the area under the stress-
strain curve from the origin O to up to the elastic limit E (the
shaded area in the figure).
• Modulus of Toughness - Modulus of toughness is the work done
on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually increased
from O to R, in N⋅m/m3. This may be calculated as the area under
the entire stress- strain curve (from O to R).
• Working Stress - actual stress of a material under a given loading
• Allowable Stress - maximum safe stress that a material can carry
and should be limited to values not exceeding the proportional
limit
• Factor of Safety - ratio of this strength (ultimate or yield strength)
to allowable strength
Deformations of Members under Axial Loading
Consider a homogeneous rod BC of length L and uniform cross section of area A subjected to a
centric axial load P (Fig. 2.1). If the resulting axial stress 𝜎 = 𝑃⁄𝐴 does not exceed the proportional
limit of the material, we may apply Hooke’s law and write
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖
From which it follows that,
𝜎 𝑃
𝜖= =
𝐸 𝐴𝐸
Recalling that the strain 𝜖 was defined as 𝜖 = 𝜹/𝐿, we have
𝑃𝐿
𝜹 = 𝜖𝐿 =
𝐴𝐸
Stiffness (k) is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body to the resulting displacement. It
has a unit of N/mm.
𝑃
k=
𝜹
It shows that for an axially loaded member, the axial stiffness is
𝐴𝐸
k=
L
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Determine the deformation of the steel rod shown in the figure under the given loads (𝐸 = 29 ×
106 𝑝𝑠𝑖).

Solution:
To find the internal forces P1, P2, and P3, we must pass sections through each of the component
parts, drawing each time the free-body diagram of the portion of rod located to the right of the
section. Expressing that each of the free bodies is in equilibrium, we obtain successively
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

𝑃1 = + 60𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 = + 60,000 𝑙𝑏
𝑃2 = −15𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 = −15,000 𝑙𝑏
𝑃3 = +30𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 = +30,000 𝑙𝑏

The total deformation is,

𝑃𝑖 𝐿𝑖 1 𝑃1 𝐿1 𝑃2 𝐿2 𝑃3 𝐿3
𝛿= ෍ = + +
𝐴𝑖 𝐸𝑖 𝐸 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
1 60 × 103 𝑙𝑏 (12𝑖𝑛) −15 × 103 𝑙𝑏 (12𝑖𝑛)
𝛿= ቆ +
29 × 106 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛2 0.9 𝑖𝑛2 0.9 𝑖𝑛2
30 × 103 𝑙𝑏 (12𝑖𝑛)
+ ቇ
0.9 𝑖𝑛2
𝜹 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟖𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒊𝒏
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and length of 150 m is suspended vertically
from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass of steel is 7850
kg/m3 and 𝐸 = 200 × 103 𝑀𝑁⁄𝑚2, find the total elongation of the rod.
Solution:
Deformation due to the weight of
Deformation due to the tensile load of
the rod:
20kN 𝑃 𝐿 𝜌𝑔𝐴 𝑥
1 d 𝜹2 = 𝑑𝑥
𝜹1 = 𝐴𝐸
𝐴𝐸
20 × 103 𝑁 (150 × 103 𝑚𝑚) 𝜌𝑔 𝐿
𝜹1 = 𝜹2 = න 𝑥𝑑𝑥
(30 𝑚𝑚2 )(200 × 103 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 ) 𝐸 0
𝜌𝑔 𝐿2
𝜹1 = 50𝑚𝑚 𝜹2 =
2𝐸
Substituting 𝜌 = 7850 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3, 𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠2, 𝐿 = 150 𝑚 and 𝐸 = 200 × 106 𝑁⁄𝑚2,
we have 7850 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑚3 )( 9.81𝑚/𝑠 2 (150𝑚)2
𝜹2 = = 4.33𝑚𝑚
(2)(200 × 106 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 )
Therefore, the total deformation of the rod is
𝛿 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2 = 50 𝑚𝑚 + 4.33 𝑚𝑚. = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial loads applied at the
positions shown in the figure. Compute the total change in length of the bar if 𝐸 = 10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖.
Assume the bar is suitably braced to prevent lateral buckling.

Solution:

𝑃1 = 6,000 𝑙𝑏 (𝑇)
𝑃2 = 1,000 𝑙𝑏 (𝐶)
𝑃3 = 4,000 𝑙𝑏 (𝑇)
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
Solution: Assuming that tensile force is positive and
compressive force is negative, the change in length
of the bar is
𝛿 = 𝜹1 + 𝜹2 + 𝜹3
𝑃1 𝐿1 𝑃2 𝐿2 𝑃3 𝐿3
𝛿= + 𝐴𝐸 +
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
1
𝛿 = 𝐴𝐸 (𝑃1 𝐿1 + 𝑃2 𝐿2 + 𝑃3 𝐿3 )

𝑃1 = 6,000 𝑙𝑏 (𝑇)
Substituting the values we have
𝑃2 = 1,000 𝑙𝑏 (𝐶) 1
𝛿 = ( 0.5 𝑖𝑛2)(10 × 106 𝑙𝑏Τ𝑖𝑛2) 6000 𝑙𝑏 36 𝑖𝑛 + −1000 𝑙𝑏 60 𝑖𝑛 + (4000 𝑙𝑏 )(48 𝑖𝑛)
𝑃3 = 4,000 𝑙𝑏 (𝑇)
𝛿 = + 0.0696 in
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bar as shown in the figure. Axial
loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the largest value of P that will not exceed an
overall deformation of 3.0 mm, or the following stresses: 140 MPa in the steel; 120 MPa in the
bronze; and 80 MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the assembly is suitably braced to prevent
buckling. Use 𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝐸𝑎𝑙 = 70 𝐺𝑃𝑎, and 𝐸𝑏𝑟 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎.

Solution:
𝛿 = 𝜹𝑠𝑡 + 𝜹𝑏𝑟 + 𝜹𝑎𝑙
𝑃 𝐿 𝑃 𝐿 𝑃 𝐿
𝛿 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝐸𝑠𝑡 +𝐴𝑏𝑟𝐸𝑏𝑟 + 𝐴𝑎𝑙𝐸𝑎𝑙
𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑟 𝑏𝑟 𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙
𝑃(1000) −2𝑃(2000) 2𝑃(1500)
3.0 𝑚𝑚 = + +
(480)(200×103 ) (650)(83×103 ) (320)(70×103 )
𝑃 = 42,733.51 𝑁
𝑷 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝑵
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4

Based on the allowable stresses:

Steel Aluminum
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 𝜎𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑎𝑙
𝑃 = (140 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 )(480 𝑚𝑚2 ) 2𝑃 = (80 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 )(320 𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑃 = 67,200 𝑁 𝑃 = 12,800 𝑁
𝑃 = 67.2 𝑘𝑁 𝑃 = 12.8 𝑘𝑁
Bronze
𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 𝜎𝑏𝑟 𝐴𝑏𝑟 Use the smallest P
2𝑃 = (120 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 )(650 𝑚𝑚2 ) 𝑷 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖 𝒌𝑵
𝑃 = 39,000 𝑁
𝑃 = 39.0 𝑘𝑁
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical rods as shown in the figure, is horizontal before the load
P is applied. Determine the vertical displacement of B if P = 50 kN.
Solution:
Solve for the deformation of aluminum and steel, respectively:
Aluminum
𝑃 𝐿
෍ 𝑀𝐶 = 0 𝜹𝑎𝑙 = 𝐴𝑎𝑙𝐸𝑎𝑙
𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙
𝑃𝑎𝑙 6.0m = (50kN)(2.5m) (20.833×103 )(3000𝑚𝑚)
𝜹𝑎𝑙 = 500𝑚𝑚2 (70×103 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 20.833 𝑘𝑁
𝜹𝒂𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝒎
Steel

𝑃 𝐿
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝜹𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝐸𝑠𝑡
𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑎𝑙 + 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 50kN (29.167×103 )(4000𝑚𝑚)
𝜹𝑠𝑡 = 300𝑚𝑚2 (200×103 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 29.167 𝑘𝑁
𝜹𝒂𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
Solution:

By similar triangles:

𝑦 − 𝛿𝑎𝑙 𝛿𝑠𝑡 − 𝛿𝑎𝑙

=
3.5 6
𝑦 − 1.7857 1.9444 − 1.7857
=
3.5 6
𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟖𝟑 𝒎𝒎
Shearing Deformation

Shearing forces cause shearing deformation. An element subject to shear does not change in length
but undergoes a change in shape.

The change in angle at the corner of an original rectangular element is called the shear strain
and is expressed as
𝛿𝑠
𝛾=
𝐿
The ratio of the shear stress 𝑟 and the shear strain 𝛾 is called the modulus of elasticity in shear or
modulus of rigidity and is denoted as G, in MPa.
𝑟
𝐺=
𝛾
Shearing Deformation

Shearing forces cause shearing deformation. An element subject to shear does not change in length
but undergoes a change in shape.

The change in angle at the corner of an original rectangular element is called the shear strain
and is expressed as 𝛿 𝑠
𝛾=
𝐿
The ratio of the shear stress 𝑟 and the shear strain 𝛾 is called the modulus of elasticity in shear or
modulus of rigidity and is denoted as G, in MPa. 𝑟
𝐺=
𝛾
The relationship between the shearing deformation and the applied shearing force is
𝑉𝐿
𝛿𝑠 =
𝐴𝑠 𝐺
Where V is the shearing force acting over an area 𝐴𝑠.
Poisson’s Ratio
When a homogeneous slender bar is axially loaded, the resulting stress and strain satisfy Hooke’s law, as long as
the elastic limit of the material is not exceeded. Assuming that the load P is directed along the x-axis, we have
𝜎𝑥 = 𝑃⁄𝐴, where 𝐴 is the cross-sectional area of the bar, and, from Hooke’s law,
𝜎𝑥
𝜖𝑥 =
𝐸
We also note that the normal stresses on faces respectively perpendicular to the y and z
axes are zero: 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎𝑧 = 0 . It would be tempting to conclude that the corresponding
strains, 𝜖𝑦 and 𝜖𝑧 are also zero. This, however, is not the case. In all engineering
materials, the elongation produced by an axial tensile force P in the direction of the force
is accompanied by a contraction in any transverse direction. In this part, all materials
considered will be assumed to be both homogeneous and isotropic, i.e. their mechanical
properties will be assumed independent of both position and direction. If follows that
the strain must have the same value for any transverse direction. Therefore, for the
loading shown in the figure, we must have 𝜖𝑦 = 𝜖𝑧. This common value is referred to as
the lateral strain. An important constant for a given material is its Poisson’s ratio, named
after the French mathematician Siméon Denis Poisson (1781–1840) and denoted by the
Greek letter 𝜈 (nu). It is defined as
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜖𝑦 𝜖𝑧
𝑣= =− =−
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜖𝑥 𝜖𝑥
Biaxial Deformation

If an element is subjected simultaneously by ensile stresses, 𝜎𝑥 and 𝜎𝑦 , in the x and y directions,

the strain in the x-direction is 𝜎𝑥⁄𝐸 and the strain in the y direction is 𝜎𝑦/𝐸 . Simultaneously, the
stress in the y direction will produce a lateral contraction on the x direction of the amount −𝜈𝜖𝑦 or
−𝜈𝜎𝑦/𝐸. The resulting strain in the x direction will be

1
𝜖𝑥 = ( 𝜎𝑥 − 𝑣𝜎𝑦 )
𝐸

and
1
𝜎𝑦 = ( 𝜎𝑦 − 𝑣𝜎𝑥 )
𝐸
Triaxial Deformation

If an element is subjected simultaneously by three mutually perpendicular normal stresses 𝜎𝑥,

𝜎𝑦, and 𝜎𝑧, which are accompanied by strains 𝜖𝑥, 𝜖𝑦, and 𝜖𝑧, respectively,
1
𝜎𝑥 = ( 𝜎𝑥 − 𝑣 (𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 )
𝐸
1
𝜎𝑦 = ( 𝜎𝑦 − 𝑣 (𝜎𝑧 + 𝜎𝑥 )
𝐸
1
𝜎𝑧 = ( 𝜎𝑧 − 𝑣 (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 )
𝐸
The relationship between modulus of elasticity E, shear modulus G, and Poisson’s ratio 𝜈 is
𝐸
𝐺=
2(1+𝑣)
The bulk modulus of elasticity 𝐾 is a measure of a resistance of a material to change in volume
without change in shape or form. It is given as
𝐸
𝐾=
3 ( 1 + 2𝑣 )
SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
A solid cylinder of diameter d carries an axial load P. Show that its change in diameter is 4𝑃𝜈⁄𝜋𝐸𝑑.

Solution:
𝜖𝑦
𝑣=−
𝜖𝑥
𝜖𝑦 = −𝑣 𝜖𝑥

𝛿𝑦 𝑃
= −𝑣 ×
𝑑 𝐴𝐸
𝛿𝑦 𝑃
= −𝑣 ×
𝑑 𝑑2
𝜋 4 𝐸
𝟒𝑷𝒗𝟒
𝜹𝒚 =
𝝅 𝒅𝑬

The negative sign is neglected; it only signifies that if the applied axial load is
compression, then the diameter experiences elongation, otherwise, it contracts.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7
A 2-inch-diameter steel tube with a wall thickness of 0.05 inch just fits in a rigid hole. Find the
tangential stress if an axial compressive load of 3140 lb is applied. Assume 𝜈 =
0.30 and neglect the possibility of buckling.
Solution:
Since the tube just fits in a rigid hole, it cannot afford to have an expansion.
This means that the strain along the diameter should be zero, thus,
1
𝜖𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥 − 𝑣𝜎𝑦 = 0
𝐸
𝜎𝑥 = 𝑣𝜎𝑦 where 𝜎𝑥 = tangential stress, 𝜎𝑦 = longitudinal stress

3140 𝑙𝑏
𝜎𝑦 = = 9994.93 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝜋 2𝑖𝑛 (0.05𝑖𝑛)
Therefore, the tangential stress is
𝜎𝑥 = 0.3 (9994.93 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝝈𝒙 = 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟖. 𝟒𝟖 𝒑𝒔𝒊
SAMPLE PROBLEM 8
A rectangular block of a material with a modulus of rigidity 𝐺 = 90 𝑘𝑠𝑖 is bonded to two rigid
horizontal plates, 2 inches apart. The lower plate is fixed, while the upper plate is subjected to a
horizontal force P. Knowing that the upper plate moves through 0.04 inch under the action of the
force, determine (a) the average shearing strain in the material, (b) the force P exerted on the
upper plate.
Solution:
a. Shearing strain
𝛿𝑠
𝛾𝑥𝑦 =
𝐿
0.04 𝑖𝑛
𝛾𝑥𝑦 =
2 𝑖𝑛
𝜸𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅
b. Force exerted on upper plate
Solve for the shearing stress in the material.
𝒓𝒙𝒚 = 𝐺𝛾𝑥𝑦 = (90 × 103 𝑝𝑠𝑖)(0.02 𝑟𝑎𝑑) = 1800 𝑝𝑠𝑖
SAMPLE PROBLEM 8

The force exerted on the upper plate is thus

𝑃 = 𝒓𝒙𝒚 𝐴
𝑃 = (1800 𝑙𝑏⁄𝑖𝑛2)(2.5 𝑖𝑛)(8 𝑖𝑛)
𝑃 = 36000 𝑙𝑏
𝑷 = 𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔
Statically Indeterminate Members
When the reactive forces or the internal resisting forces over a cross section exceed the number of
independent equations of equilibrium, he structure is called statically indeterminate. These cases
require the use of additional relations that depend on the elastic deformation in the members.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 9
A reinforced concrete column 200 mm in diameter is designed to carry an axial compressive load
of 300 kN. Determine the required area of the reinforcing steel if the allowable stresses are 6
MPa and 120 MPa for the concrete and steel, respectively. Use Ece= 14 GPa and Est= 200 GPa.
Solution:
By compatibility condition, the deformation of the concrete and steel are equal:
𝛿𝑐𝑜 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑐𝑜 𝐿𝑐𝑜 𝑃𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝑠𝑡
=
𝐴𝑐𝑜 𝐸𝑐𝑜 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝐸𝑠𝑡

Substituting 𝜎 = 𝑃⁄𝐴, and since steel and concrete have the same length, the
compatibility equation reduces to
𝜎𝑐𝑜 𝜎𝑠𝑡
=
𝐸𝑐𝑜 𝐸𝑠𝑡
𝜎𝑐𝑜 𝜎𝑠𝑡
=
14 200
𝜎𝑐𝑜 = .07𝜎𝑠𝑡
Assuming that steel will reach its allowable stress of 120 MPa, the stress
experience by the concrete will be
𝜎𝑐𝑜 = .07(120) = 8.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 6𝑀𝑃𝑎
SAMPLE PROBLEM 9
Since the stress in the concrete exceeds its allowable stress of 6 MPa, we
can conclude that the concrete will reach its allowable stress, while steel
does not. It also means that concrete will yield.
6 = .07𝜎𝑠𝑡
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 85.71MPa < 120MPa

Summing up forces vertical:

෍ 𝐹𝑣 = 0
𝑃𝑐𝑜 + 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 300 × 103 𝑁
𝜎𝑐𝑜 𝐴𝑐𝑜 + 𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 300 × 103 𝑁
𝜋
(6 𝑁ൗ𝑚𝑚2 ) 200𝑚𝑚2 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + (85.71 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 ) 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 300 × 103 𝑁
4
𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟖. 𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10
The lower ends of the three bars in the figure are the same level before the uniform rigid block
weighing 40 kips is attached. Each steel bar has a length of 3 ft. and area of 1.0 in², and E = 29 ×
106 psi. For the bronze bar, the area is 1.5 in² and E = 12 × 106 psi. Determine (a) the length of
the bronze bar so that the load on each steel bar is twice the load on the bronze bar, and (b) the
length of the bronze that will make the steel stress twice the bronze stress.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10
Solution:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10
Solution:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 11
The assembly in the figure consists of a light rigid bar AB pinned at O, that is attached to the steel
and aluminum rods. In the position shown, bar AB is horizontal and there is a gap, Δ = 5 mm,
between the lower end of the steel rod and its pin support at C. Compute the stress in the
aluminum rod when the lower end of the steel rod is attached to its support.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 11
Solution:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 11
Solution:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 12
The light rigid bar ABCD shown in the figure is pinned at B and connected to two vertical rods
stress-free, determine the stress in each rod after load after the load P = 20 kips is applied.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 12
Solution:
Thermal Stresses
Temperature changes cause the body to expand or contract. The amount 𝛿𝑇, is given by

Where 𝛼 is the coefficient of thermal expansion in m/m°C, L is the length in meters, and 𝑇𝑖 and
𝑇𝑓 are the initial and final temperatures, respectively, in °C. For steel, 𝛼 = 11.25 × 10−6/°𝐶.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 13
The rigid bar ABC in the figure is pinned at B and attached to the two vertical rods. Initially, the
bar is horizontal and the vertical rods are stress-free. Determine the stress in the aluminum rod if
the temperature of the steel rod is decreased by 40°C. Neglect the weight of bar ABC.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 13
Solution:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 13
Solution:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 14
The composite bar shown in the figure is firmly attached to unyielding supports. An axial force P =
50 kips is applied at 60°F. Compute the stress in each material at 120°F. Assume 𝛼 = 6.5 × 10−6 𝑖𝑛/
(𝑖𝑛 ⋅ °𝐹) for steel and 12.8 × 10−6 𝑖𝑛/(𝑖𝑛 ⋅ °𝐹) for aluminum.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 14
Solution:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 14
Solution:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 15
The rigid bar CDE is attached to a pin support at E and rests on the 30-mm-diameter brass
cylinder BD. A 22-mm-diamete steel rod AC passes through a hole in the bar and is secured by a
nut which is snugly fitted when the temperature of the entire assembly is 20°C. The temperature
of the brass cylinder is then raised to 50°C present before the temperature change; determine
the stress in the cylinder.

ROD AC: STEEL ROD BD: BRASS

𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 𝐸𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 105 𝐺𝑃𝑎

𝛼𝑠𝑡 = 11.7 × 10−6 Τ℃ 𝛼𝑠𝑡 = 20.9 × 10−6 Τ℃

SAMPLE PROBLEM 15
Solution:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 15
Solution:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 15
Solution: