LV RELEASE

CO-ORDINATION

Prepared By,

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Ajithkumar Sivaprakasam
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+91 93803 14781

1. INTRODUCTION

Generally, Protection coordination is a bottom-up approach. For any network, if protection

device coordination is need to be performed, should start from the end equipment/bottom-
most feeder.

In the example SLD, the LV side of the Trafo2 must be coordinated first, and particularly
MCC has to be enabled with the LV release settings. Then the MV side of the Trafo 2 needs
to be coordinated with the LV side. After these MV relay coordination need to be performed.

LV circuit breakers are equipped with two types of trip units.

Thermal Magnetic trip units

Solid state or Electronic trip units

Thermal magnetic trip units come with a fixed value of settings. It can not be modified
according to the changing conditions at the site. Whereas the Electronic trip units have
adjustable settings, It could be adjusted at any time according to the changes in the site.
So it suggested using Electronic trip units for the LV Circuit Breakers.

2. ELECTRONIC TRIP UNITS

The electronic trip unit uses a microprocessor to process the current signal and operate the
circuit breaker opening in case of fault.

The letters LSIG signify the type of protection and available adjustments on certain trip
units.

L = Long Time (Overload protection)

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S = Short Time (Short circuit protection of low-level faults)

I = Instantaneous (Short circuit protection of high-level faults )

G = Ground Fault (Equipment ground fault protection)

2.1 Long Time (LT) setting

LT gives over-current protection. It reacts to overload conditions and determines how much
current the circuit breaker will carry continuously throughout its lifetime. It senses the
overload and protects the equipment according to the setting.

For the LT setting two inputs are required.

LT pickup – At the current above which the release picks up.

LT band – At the time when release trips after the LT pickup.

2.1.1 LT pickup

𝑳𝑻 𝑷𝒊𝒄𝒌 𝒖𝒑
𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝑺𝒂𝒇𝒆𝒕𝒚 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏
= 𝑭𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑨𝒎𝒑𝒔 𝑿 ( )
𝑴𝒊𝒏 𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒅 𝑿𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆. 𝑴𝒊𝒏. 𝑻𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

Over load Margin 10-30 % of FLA 1.1

Safety Margin 0 - 5% of FLA 1.05
Min.UV margin 10% 0.9
Tolerance (-ve/min) Varies w.r.t release

LV releases have tolerance factor in LT pickup setting.

For Example from the Figure 1, 3200 was given as a LT pickup. LT pickup have
some error band. It varies with respect to the manucturers. For example TCC curve
in the figure shows the LT setting of the ABB’s MCCB with the release of PR112.

Though the LT pickup is set at 3200A, the release operates in the range of 2880A
to 3520A. This means this release have the tolerance of -10% to +10%. Its clear
that this release picksup at 2880A itself though the setting is for 3200A.

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Even though it picks up at 2880A it is not necessarily have to trip at the same value.
it may endure for infinite time. But if the release encounters >3520A, it trips
according to the LT band value.

Min Tolerance Value Max. Tolerance Value

It defines the minimum pickup current value It defines the maximum holding current
- the minimum current at which the release value - the maximum current up to which
pickup the release holds.
There is a possibility that release pickup at There is also another possibility that
2880A release may not pickup upto 3520A
If the minimum tolerance is negative value, Maximum toleranace always in the
it reduces the effective rating of the Circuit positive side. This known as maximum
breaker itself. That means CB rated for holding current.
3200A but it may pickup at 2880A with -10%
min. tolerance

NOTE: In order to utilise the breaker up to its full rating. The min. pickup tolerance
is fixed at +ve side by manufacturers.

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Figure 1: TCC Graph of L Setting

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2.1.2 LT – Band

It should be selected to provide clear discrimination with downstream protection.

Say example for motors,

It should be above the starting characteristics and below the damage curves. (Hot and cold
start curves).Because protection should not mal-operate during the starting and it should
isolate the motor before the damage.

Function of LT band varies with the manufacturer’s design. In the example TCC cure, SACE
PR112 is shown. For SACE PR112, LT band is defined as the at the set time, release will
encounter the three times of the LT pickup value.

For example, if LT band is set at 6. As (3x3200) 9600A trips at 6 seconds. Like LT pick of
the release this LT band too have an error band.

This particular release have error band of

+20% for max. clearing time and -20% for
min mum clearing that.

It is clear from the Figure 1 that LT setting

pickup the 9600A at anytime between 4.8s
to 7.2s.

LT band should be adjusted to protect

equipment in such a way that above starting
characteristics and below damage curves.
And it should maintain clear discrimination
between downstream protection device’s setting.

2.2 Short Time (ST) setting:

ST provides the protection against short circuit faults with defined delay and it acts as the
backup protection for the downstream protection devices.

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For the ST setting three inputs are required for the release.

ST pickup- The minimum current at which the realease pickup

ST band- The minimum time delay at which the release trips after the pickup

Ix t- the intentional Time delay

2.2.1 ST pickup
(𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑿 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏) 𝑺𝒂𝒇𝒆𝒕𝒚 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏
𝑺𝑻 𝑷𝒊𝒄𝒌 𝒖𝒑 = ( ) 𝐱( )
+ [𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 ] 𝑴𝒊𝒏 𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒅 𝑿 𝑻𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

ST pickup also have an error band as LT pickup.

2.2.2 ST band/Short Time delay (tsd):

It should be coordinated to maintain the

clear space with the downstream. Value
of the ST band depends on the setting of
protection device and downstream and
upstream. It should be set above the
Maximum tolerance of downstream
setting and below the minimum tolerance
of the upstream setting.

Assume downstream set value for ST

band is 50ms and it has 20% maximum tolerance so it has the maximum operating time of
60ms and so ST band setting value should be adjusted to operate at >60ms including the
minimum tolerance. Similarly have to ensure that this maximum tolerance is not
overlapping with the upstream setting.

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2.2.3 Ixt

Figure 2: Case1

For Example in the case1, the

release trips the CB at 0.04s for the
fault current of 5760A, when Ixt is
set at OUT. In the case2, the
release trips the CB at 1.23s for the
same fault current when Ixt is set at
IN.

Generally it is suggested that to

set Ixt as OUT, to trip the CB
without any intentional time
delay, unless the curve overlaps
with the downstream protection

ST could be setted with or

without intentional time delay. If
Ixt is set at IN, the release takes
more time to trip the CB and If Ixt
is set at OUT the release takes
lesser time than the IN case. IN
refers to the inverse
characteristics of curve and
OUT refers to the definite time
curve.

Figure 3: Case 2

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Ajithkumar Sivaprakasam
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+91 93803 14781

2.3 Instantaneous Setting (I)

Insataneous have to be turned on only for the end equipments as Motors. And also the
feeders which don’t have any downstream protection. Strictly it is applicable only for bus
which can not have further down stream. and strictly not applicable for the upstream
protection. When ST is enabaled it is reccommended that not to enable the I protection.

𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑷𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒖𝒑
𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑿 {(𝑺𝒂𝒇𝒆𝒕𝒚 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏 𝑿 𝑴𝒂𝒙. 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒅)𝒐𝒓 (𝑨𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓)}
= ( )
𝑻𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

Unlike LT and ST settings, “I” don’t have a time delay. It trips the CB instantaneously, as
quick as possible, as the name refers. But it has the error band in the pickup setting as
similar to LT and ST pickup.

Asymmetrical factor is considered for the “I” protection of motor feeders only. Because
when CB closes for the motor starting, all the three phases may not draw a current in pure
sinusoidal wave, so the asymmetrical factor is considered for the motor feeders.

When asymmetrical factor is considered, we could neglect the Safety margin and max. over
voltage factors.

2.4 Ground Setting (G)

“G” provides the protection against the unbalance currents, leakage current and earth fault.
G setting is similar to the ST settings.

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Ajithkumar Sivaprakasam
[email protected]
+91 93803 14781

2.4.1 Ground Pickup

Since the LV system is mostly unbalanced, it is suggested to set the Ground pickup as the
20% of the rating. And most of the LV releases have the minimum set value 20% only, so
we cannot set below the 20%.

Pick up = 0.2 x Full load Amps

2.4.2 Ground Band

Minimum available setiing is recommended for the motor/Capacitor feeders (i.e) end
equipment feeders. And for the upstream feeder’s setting minimum discrimination should
be ensured as similar to the ST settings.

2.4.3 Ixt – Needs to be selected as per the ST settings.

Important Points:

Max & Min pickup

LT Max. & Min clearance time
tolerance
Max & Min pickup
ST Max. & Min clearance time
tolerance
Max & Min pickup
I --NA--
tolerance

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Max & Min pickup

G Max. & Min clearance time
tolerance

Each setting have its own tolerance. For example L may have ±5% tolerance for pickup
value but ST may have ±20% tolerance. And it is applicable for the tolerances of the
clearance time as well.

As per IEEE242, to ensure correct selective operation and to avoid maloperation there
should be proper coordination between curves of different protective devices.

CSb – clear space between curves with upstream minimum-melting curve adjusted for pre-
load.

CSc – some manufacturers may also recommend a safety factor.

3. LV RELEASE COORDINATION

Generally, Protection coordination is a bottom-up approach. For any network, if protection

device coordination is need to be performed, should start from the end equipment/bottom-
most feeder.

In the example SLD, the LV side of the Trafo2 must be coordinated first, and particularly
MCC has to be enabled with the LV release settings. Then the MV side of the Trafo 2 needs
to be coordinated with the LV side. After these MV relay coordination need to be performed.

As lumped loads are imaginary concepts, it is not suggested to perform simulation of LV

release coordination. Start the coordination from SDB & MCC protection.

11 OF 17
One-Line Diagram - OLV1 (Edit Mode) EXAMPLE ETAP SLD

U2
7621.023 MVAsc

Bus6
110 kV

Trafo1
Dyn11 25 MVA
110/11 kV
10 %Z

CB1

Bus7
11 kV
CB3 CB4
CB2 Open CB21

Cable1 Cable38
Cable6 Cable7 30 m 30 m
10 m 10 m 3-1/C 240 3-1/C 240
3-1/C 240 3-1/C 240

Trafo2 2.125 MW PVArray Trafo3

Dyn11 2.5 MVA Gen1 Dyn11 2 MVA
11/0.415 kV 11/0.4 kV
Bus8
11 kV Mtr2 6.25 %Z 6.25 %Z
2000 kW

Cable13 Cable10 Cable37

20 m 20 m Cable43 20 m
54-1/C 630 15-1/C 630 150 m 54-1/C 630
1-4/C 400
CB6 CB22
CB5 CB15 Open
Open
PCC
0.4 kV
CB7 CB11 CB12 CB19 CB20
CB10 CB18
Cable11 Cable12
10 m 25 m
1-4/C 300 1-4/C 300
Cable5 Cable8
Cable3 Cable4 10 m T2
150 m 50 m Dyn1 UPS1
100 m 2-4/C 240 1-3/C 300 10 kVA
1-4/C 400 dcBus1
6-1/C 630 4 %Z Charger1
VFD1 0.4/0.11 kV
Bus3
0.4 kV Bus14 Battery1 dcBus2
0.11 kV Bus12
0 kV
CAP1
Mtr5 5x100 kvar
Mtr3
CB8 200 kW 315 kW Battery2
Lump2
8 kVA
MCC
0.4 kV
CB14 CB9

Cable14
150 m
1-4/C 400 Lump1
0.346 MVA Cable9
10 m
1-4/C 150

CB13

SDB
0.4 kV

MCC Motor
200 kW Load1
100 kVA

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page 1 09:24:59 Nov 30, 2022 Project File: Protection
Ajithkumar Sivaprakasam
[email protected]
+91 93803 14781

3.1 Calculations for LSG settings of SDB Feeder

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TCC GRAPH FOR PHASE PROTECTION
Amps X 100 SDB (Nom. kV=0.4, Plot Ref. kV=0.415)
.5 1 3 5 10 30 50 100 300 500 1K 3K 5K 10K
1K 1K
CB5
ABB SACE PR112
500 Load1 Cable3 Sensor = 4000 500
FLA Ampacity LT Pickup = 0.8 (3200 Amps)
LT Band = 3
300
ST Pickup = 2 (8000 Amps)
300
CB5
ST Band = 0.35 (I^x)t = OUT PCC

100 100
CB7
MCC Motor-Cold
Stall = 25 sec
50 50
CB14
30
ABB SACE PR112
30
Cable3
Sensor = 800
MCC Motor-Hot
LT Pickup = 0.61 (488 Amps)
6-1/C 630
Stall = 20 sec
LT Band = 6
Inst. Pickup = 4.8 (3840 Amps)
10 10
CB8
5 5
MCC

Seconds
Seconds

3
MCC Motor-80% CB7 3

ABB SACE PR112

CB8
CB14 CB9
Sensor = 1600
MCC Motor-100% LT Pickup = 0.65 (1040 Amps)
LT Band = 3
1 1
MCC Motor-110% ST Pickup = 3.5 (5600 Amps) Cable14 Cable9
ST Band = 0.2 (I^x)t = OUT
Cable9 - P
.5 .5
1-4/C 400 1-4/C 150
Cable3 - P
.3 .3
Cable14 - P
∆ 0.04 s CB13
SDB
∆ 0.02 s
.1 .1

∆ 0.12 s
.05 CB14 - 3P .05
CB9 CB13 30.552kA @ 0.415kV
MCC Motor Load1
Schneider Electric Micrologic 6.2 A/E (NSX) (Sym)
.03
Sensor = 160 CB8 - 3P .03
200 kW 100 kVA
CB7 - 3P
CB9 - 3P
Ir = 160 A (160 Amps) 55.926kA @ 0.415kV
CB5 - 3P (Sym)
tr = 0.5 CB13 - 3P
Isd = 1.5 (240 Amps) 23.862kA @ 0.415kV
.01 tsd = 0.1 (I^x)t = OUT (Sym) .01
.5 1 3 5 10 30 50 100 300 500 1K 3K 5K 10K

Amps X 100 SDB (Nom. kV=0.4, Plot Ref. kV=0.415) ETAP Star 20.5.0C

Project: PR-23-LSIG Coordination Date: 21-11-2022

Location: POWER PROJECTS SN: POWER-PROJ
Engineer: Ajithkumar Sivaprakasam Rev: Base
Filename: D:\AK PROJECTS\PR23\Protection.OTI Fault: Phase

14 OF 17
TCC GRAPH FOR GROUND PROTECTION
Amps X 10 PCC (Nom. kV=0.4, Plot Ref. kV=0.415)
.5 1 3 5 10 30 50 100 300 500 1K 3K 5K 10K
1K 1K
CB5
ABB SACE PR112
500 Cable3 Sensor = 4000 500
Ampacity Ground Pickup = 0.2 (800 Amps)
Ground Band = 0.35 (I^x)t = OUT
300 300
CB5
CB7 CB8 PCC
ABB SACE PR112
Sensor = 1600
100 Ground Pickup = 0.2 (320 Amps) 100
CB7
Ground Band = 0.2 (I^x)t = OUT

50 50
CB14
30 ABB SACE PR112 30
Cable3
Sensor = 800 6-1/C 630
Ground Pickup = 0.2 (160 Amps)
Ground Band = 0.1 (I^x)t = OUT

10 CB9 10

Schneider Electric Micrologic 6.2 A/E (NSX) CB8

Sensor = 160 CB13
5 Ig = 0.2 (32 Amps) 5
MCC

Seconds
Seconds

tg = 0 OFF (I^x)t = OUT

3 3

CB14 CB9

1 1
Cable14 Cable9
.5 .5
1-4/C 400 1-4/C 150
.3 .3
∆ 0.04 s
CB13
SDB
∆ 0.04 s
.1 .1

CB7 - LG
55.411kA @ 0.415kV
.05 .05

CB14 - LG
(Sym)
MCC Motor Load1
.03 CB9 - LG
CB5 - LG
.03
200 kW 100 kVA

CB13 - LG CB8 - LG
14.983kA @ 0.415kV 22.375kA @ 0.415kV
(Sym) (Sym)
.01 .01
.5 1 3 5 10 30 50 100 300 500 1K 3K 5K 10K

Amps X 10 PCC (Nom. kV=0.4, Plot Ref. kV=0.415) ETAP Star 20.5.0C

Project: PR-23-LSIG Coordination Date: 21-11-2022

Location: POWER PROJECTS SN: POWER-PROJ
Engineer: Ajithkumar Sivaprakasam Rev: Base
Filename: D:\AK PROJECTS\PR23\Protection.OTI Fault: Ground

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[email protected]
+91 93803 14781

3.2 Calculations for LIG settings of MCC-Motor

3.3 Calculations for LSG settings of MCC feeder (CB7 & CB8)

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3.4 Calculations for LSG settings of PCC I/C (CB5):

LT band and ST bands were set in way to maintain a clear discrimination between all
the protection and damage curves.

***End of Document*** 17 OF 17