LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL ● 1820 to 1870

- Developing of export in crop

End of Galleon Trade of Galleon economy

● Galleon "ship" ● 1850

● In 1565, the Spanish government - Opening of Monopoly
closed all the ports of Manila to all Contract to the foreigners
countries except Mexico, giving birth
to the Manila Acapulco Trade or ● Opium Monopoly
Galleon Trade. - Legalization of using opium,
● The Manila Galleon Trade allowed but only limited for the Chinese.
modern liberal ideas to enter the
Philippines which gradually and ● Other Product Monopoly
eventually inspired the movement for - Betel Nut (1764)
independence from Spain. - Tobacco (1872-1882)
● September 14, 1815, Galleon Trade
ended with Mexico’s war of TOBACCO MONOPOLY
independence. ● March 1, 1782
● Governor General Jose Basco
● most controversial and oppressive to
● November 17, 1869 – Suez Canal locals
officially opened. ● Widespread Cultivation of Tobacco
● An artificial sea-level waterway in in provinces such as Cagayan
Egypt, the Suez Canal connects the Valley, Ilocos
Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea ● Norte and Sur, La Union, Abra,
through the Isthmus of Suez. Nueva Ecija at Marinduque.
● It was constructed by the Suez ● Philippine made tobacco was
Company between 1859 to 1869 prominent in Asia and some parts of
under the leadership of the French Europe
diplomat, Ferdinand de Lesseps. ● 1882 tobacco monopoly was
abolished.
ADVANTAGE OF SUEZ CANAL
Education in the 19thCentury
● This brought the Philippines closer ● King Philip II’s Leyes de Indias
to Spain. (Laws of the Indies) mandated
● Importation of commercial products Spanish authorities in the Philippines
became easier. to educate the locals, to teach them
● Books, magazines, and newspapers how to read and write and to learn
with liberal ideas from America and Spanish.
Europe became accessible. ● University education was opened in
● Encouraged the Illustrados to pursue the country during the early part of
education abroad. the 17th century. Initially, the
colleges and universities were open
only to the Spaniards and those with
Spanish blood (mestizos). It was the ● Inquilinos paid a fixed rent and the
19th century when they started amount is determined by the size
accepting native Filipinos. and the quality of the land beinG
● In 1863, a royal decree called for the worked on.
establishment of a public school ● As friar estates enlarged, outlining
system in the Philippines. the boundaries that separated
● these estates from communal lands
Education in the 19thCentury become a common cause of conflict:
● With the growing number of - Disputes over communal
educated natives, a new social class woodcutting and grazing
in the country emerged known as areas.
the Illustrados. - In Bulacan, friars took illegal
● Locals took advantage of the chance possession of their land and
to pursue higher and better denied access to use the
education in Madrid and Barcelona rivers and forests.
where nationalism and the thirst for - in Cavite and Laguna,
reform bloomed in the liberal Dominicans and Tagalogs
atmosphere. frequently fought over border
lands.
The Rise ofChinese Mestizos ● Land border conflicts became so
● Manila became open to foreign acute in these provinces that they
merchants. served as catalysts for agrarian
● The demand for Philippines sugar uprisings.
and abaca (hemp) grew swiftly. ● Conflicts between estate owners and
● The development of commercial workers arose.
agriculture resulted in the presence
of a new class- Chinese-Filipino
Mestizos.
● The rise of a new breed of rich and
influential Filipino middle class
ascended to a position of power in
Philippine society.

The Rise of the Inquilinos

● Inquilino, "tenant"
● The Inquilino System in the
Philippines is better understood as a
qualified system of tenancy, or the
LIBERALISM
right to use land in exchange for
● Liberalism is a worldview founded on
rent.
ideas of freedom and equality. It
● Estate management was granted to
includes a wide range of political
a lay Spanish mestizo or Filipino lay
philosophies that consider individual
brother
liberty to be the most significant
political goal, and underscore
individual rights and equality of liberal Spaniards and Europeans to come to
opportunity. Liberals normally the country and intermingle with the natives.
believe that government is
necessary to protect individuals from
being abused by others though they ● The abbreviated route has also
are also aware that government stimulated illustrados like Rizal to
itself can pose a threat to liberty. pursue higher studies abroad and
learn liberal ideas in European
universities.
● The French Revolution started a
political revolution in Europe and ● General Carlos Maria De la Torre
consequently in some other parts of was appointed by the provisional
the globe "Having Liberty, Equality, government as Governor-General in
and Fraternity" as its battle cry. the Philippines. He held the position
from 1869-1871, and is widely
● This revolution became a period of considered to be the most beloved
fundamental change in the political of the Spanish Governors-General
history of France as the French ever assigned in the country.
governmental structure was ● His liberal and democratic
changed from absolute monarchy governance had provided Jose Rizal
(with feudal privileges for the rich and the others a preview of a
and clergy) into a more liberal democratic rule and way of life.
government system founded on the ● Gov. Gen. Carlos Maria De la Torre:
principles of citizenship and "First liberal governor general in the
inalienable rights. Philippines."
● French Revolution (1789-1799)

● When the Philippines was opened to THE BOURBON REFORMS

world trade in the 19th century, ● When the Spanish Bourbon King
liberal ideas from America carried by Philip V assented to the throne, he
ships and people from foreign ports and his successors advocated a
started to penetrate the country and century-long effort to reform and
sway the Illustrados. modify the Spanish empire.

● The opening of the Suez Canal These policy changes, known jointly as the
eased the importation of books, Bourbon Reforms
magazines, and newspapers with ● curtail contraband commerce
liberal ideas from the West, which ● reclaim control over
eventually impacted the thoughts of translantic trade
local reformists, such as Jose Rizal. ● restrict the church's power
reform state finances to fill
● The valuable canal also encouraged dwindling royal coffers
more and more
● tighter administrative and Rizal's Life:
political control within the
empire ● Full Name: Jose Protacio Rizal
Mercado y Alonso Realonda
THE CADIZ CONSTITUTION
● A liberal constitution was ● Birth: June 19, 1861, in Calamba,
promulgated in Cadiz in March 1812. Laguna
● Drafted by elected representatives ● Birth Order: Seventh of Eleventh
was put in practice in almost all the ● Death: Bagumbayan, Manila (now
areas of the Hispanic Monarchy still known as Luneta) on December 30,
under the control of the Spanish 1896
crown.
● First constitution in Europe to deal Saturnina Rizal (1850-1913)
with national sovereignty as coming ● The eldest child.
from the people and not from the ● Provided Jose with basic education
king. at the age of 3.

● The first delegates from the Paciano Rizal (1851-1930)

Philippines were Pedro Perez De ● 2nd child, the only brother of Rizal
Tagle and Jose Manual Coretto ● Commonly addressed by his siblings
who took their office in Madrid. as “Ñor Paciano”
● Studied at San Jose College and
Invalidation of Liberal Constitution became a farmer
● In May of 1814, King Fernando VII ● Later became a general in the
declared it invalid and restored Philippine Revolution
absolutism. ● After Rizal’s death, Paciano joined
the Katipuneros under Emilio
Aguinaldo in Cavite
● He was soon commissioned as
General of the Revolutionary Forces
and elected as Secretary of Finance
in the Department of Central Luzon

Narcisa Rizal (1852-1939)

● Referred to as “Sisa,”
● She was the third born in the family.
● Would help in financing Rizal in his
studies in Europe.
● She could memorize all of Rizal’s
poems from memory.
Olympia Rizal (1855-1887) Concepcion Rizal (1863-1865)
● The 4th child in the family. ● The 8th child of the family, often
● Often described by Rizal as a stout referred to as “Concha.”
sister as he loved to tease her. ● She died at the early age of three.
● A schoolmate of Rizal’s first love, ● According to Jose’s sisters, the
Segunda Katigbak, and became a young Pepe loved Concha the most
mediator between the two lovebirds. as he played and shared stories with
her.
Lucia Rizal (1857-1919) ● From her, Jose felt the beauty of
● The 5th child in the family. sisterly love at an early age.
● Was once ordered to be deported
along with some Rizal family Josefa Rizal (1865-1945)
members. ● The 9th child of the family, often
● This was because she and her referred to as “Panggoy.”
husband, Mariano Herbosa, were ● She was epileptic and died
charged with inciting the townsfolk unmarried.
not to pay land rent. ● After Rizal’s death, she joined the
Katipuneros along with Andres
Maria Rizal (1859-1945) Bonifacio’s wife, Gregoria de Jesus.
● The 6th child in the family. ● They safeguarded the documents of
● It was her whom Jose talked about the society and acted casually
wanting to marry Josephine Bracken through songs and dance during
contrary to the rest of the family. social gatherings so the civil guards
● Jose also brought up to her his plan would not suspect them.
to establish a Philippine colony in
North British Borneo (now known as Trinidad Rizal (1868-1951)
Sabah) in his letter dated December ● The 10th child of the family, often
12, 1891. referred to as “Trining.”
● Jose told Maria “I’m told that your ● Became the custodian of Mi Ultimo
children are very pretty” in a letter Adios, Rizal’ s last poem.
dated December 28, 1891. ● Also joined the Katipunan after
● Maria married Daniel Faustino Cruz Rizal’s death, like Josefa, Paciano,
and had 5 children together: and two other nieces
Mauricio, Petrona, Prudencio, Paz,
and Encarnacion. Soledad Rizal (1870-1929)
● Their son Mauricio married ● The 11th and youngest child of the
Conception Arguelles and had a son family.
named Ismael. ● Was arguably the most educated
● Ismael had a daughter named among Jose’s sisters as she was a
Gemma Cruz Araneta, the first teacher, a quality Jose was proud of.
Filipina to win the Miss International ● He counseled her of being a model
Title and the first Southeast Asian to of virtues and good
win an international beauty pageant ● qualities. Jose used this
title. conversation as leverage in rebuking
Soledad for marrying Pantaleon Y- means “and”
Quintero without their parent’s
consent. Alonzo Realonda- Alonzo was the surname
● Rizal implied “Because of you, the of Jose’s mother, and Realonda was used
peace in our family has been by Doña Teodora from the surname of her
disturbed.” godmother based on the culture back then.

● Jose Rizal was born in Calamba,

● Her marriage linked the family to Laguna which is now known as the
Miguel Malvar, who could’ve been “Resort Capital of the Philippines.”
the second president of the
Philippines after Aguinaldo’‘s arrest ● Calamba is derived from
in 1901. kalan-banga (clay stove/kalan) and
● Soledad and Pantaleon had 5 water jar/banga.
children, namely Trinitario, Amelia,
Luisa, Serafin, and Felix. ● Jose’s adoration of the scenic
● Amelia married Bernabe Malvar, son beauty of Calamba inspired him to
of Miguel Malvar. write a poem in Ateneo during 1876
entitled Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo.

Dr- Jose completed his medical course in ● Young Jose, also known as Pepe,
Spain and earned the degree of Licentiate was weak and sickly which is why
in Medicine at the University Central de his father built him a nipa cottage to
Madrid. play in during the daytime.
● Pepe was also into nocturnal walks
Jose- Came from the Christian saint San where his aya or housemaid would
Jose or (saint joseph) accompany him and tell him fictional
stories about fairies and other
Protacio- from Gervacio P. which comes folklore.
from a christian calendar

Rizal- This also means the “green of young ● Pepe would daily pray to the
growth” or “green fields, ”which was Angelus in their home by nightfall
suggested by a provincial governor. Paciano during the early age of 3.
used this last name first, but due to links ● At 5 years old, Pepe learned to read
with Father Burgos, he insisted that Jose the Spanish translation of the Holy
should use “Rizal” instead, saying, “But now Bible.
I had to use it, thus giving me the ● He would love to go to the chapel
appearance of an illegitimate child.” and participate in religious activities.
● He also looked upon Catholic priest
Mercado- Came from their paternal great- Leoncio Lopez as he would listen to
great-grandfather, Domingo Mercado, which his opinions about current events
means market.” and life perspectives.
● Also at 5 years old, Pepe started to ● According to Rizal, it was Doña
make sketches and create clay or Teodora who was his first teacher.
wax objects.
● When he was 6 years old, his sisters ● Doña Teodora taught him how to
made fun of him for this and speak Spanish, read texts such as
implied:“All right laugh at me now! the alphabet and Catholic prayers,
Someday when I die, people will appreciate poetry, and cultivate
make monuments and images of values by telling stories.
me.”
● Rizal had an exciting trip with his ● Saturnina and his three uncles also
father as they rode a casco (boat mentored him. To enhance what
with a roof) on the way to a Rizal has learned, private tutors
pilgrimage. were hired to give him lessons at
● The pilgrimage was to fulfill Dona home.
Teodora’s vows to the Shrine of the ● Maestro Celestino tutored him first,
Virgin of Antipolo in regard to her followed by Maestro Lucas Padua.
pregnancy. ● Afterward, Leon Monroy, Don
● They also visited Saturtina who was Francisco’s former classmate, lived
studying at La Concordia College at at the Rizal household to teach Pepe
Sta. Ana. in Spanish and Latin.
● Pepe received Alipato which was a
toy pony and he would often walk
with it alongside his pet dog named ● June 1869 (8 years old). He left his
Usman. family in Calamba to study. His
● Dona Teodora also influenced brother Paciano brought him to the
Rizal’s taste for the arts as he wrote school of Maestro Justiniano Aquino
a drama that was performed at a Cruz.
festival and was rewarded two ● The school was in the teacher's
pesos. house, a small nipa near the home
of Jose’s aunt where he stayed.
● Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz
described Pepe as a thin man, with
● Rizal did not write the poem Sa a long neck, a sharp nose, and his
Aking Mga Kababata/Kabata (To My body slightly bent forward; he was
Fellow Children). fond of wearing a sinamay shirt
● The poem was previously believed (from Batangas).
to be made by Jose when he was 8
years old. ● First school fight with the son of
● However, it was revealed in Jose Maestro Justiniano, Pedro. Rizal
and Paciano’s letters that Jose only confronted Pedro for bullying him
knew of the word “kalayaan” when and making fun of him during the
he was 21 years old, a word used in conversation with the teacher.
the poem multiple times.
● Jose challenged Pedro to a fight.
Having learned the art of wrestling
from his athletic Tio Manuel. He won
over Pedro. After the class, he had
an arm-wrestling match with Andres
Salandanan. Jose lost and even
almost cracked his head on the
sidewalk.

● Despite this, Rizal beat all of the

boys academically in Spanish, Latin,
and other subjects.

● December 18, 1870, Jose left Biñan.