TRIGONOMETRY Cosine function (cos)

Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that studies This is the ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse
relationships involving lengths and angles of a triangle. It
comes from two Greek words – trigonom (triangle) and
metron (measure). Tangent function (tan)

There is an enormous number of the uses of trigonometry This is the ratio of the opposite to the adjacent side.
and trigonometric functions. For instance, the technique
of triangulation is used in astronomy to measure the
distance between land marks. Although it was first
applied in spheres, it had a greater application to planes.
Surveyors have used trigonometry for many centuries.
Within mathematics, it is used in calculus (perhaps its
greatest application), linear algebra, and statistics.
Trigonometric tables were created over 2000 years ago
for computation in astronomy. The hypotenuse is the side opposite to the 90° angle. It is
A student is expected to be familiar with the definitions of the longest side of a triangle and one of the sides adjacent
trigonometric ratios for acute angles. to A.
If one angle is 90° and one of the other angles is known, The term perpendicular and base are sometimes used for
the third can be determined because the three angles of opposite and adjacent sides respectively.
any triangle add up to 180°. The two acute angles Many people find it easy to remember what sides of the
therefore add up to 90° (complimentary angles). right angle are equal to sine, cosine, or tangent by
memorising the mnemonic SOH-CAH-TOA.
Once the angles are known, the ratios of the sides are
determined regardless of the overall size of the triangle. If The reciprocals of the functions are named cosecant
the length of one side is known, the other two are (cosec), secant (sec) and cotangent (cot)
determined. These ratios are given by the following
trigonometric functions of known angle, A; where a, b,
and c refer to the lengths of the sides accompanying the
figure.

B
Opposite

Consider the following triangle ABC

c C
Hypotenuse a
r
y

A Adjacent
A 𝜃
C A x B
b
Sine function (sin)
This is the ratio of the opposite side of the triangle to its , ; and
hypotenuse. y = r sin θ; x = r cos θ

167
Applying the Pythagoras’ theorem to triangle ABC; The trigonometrical ratios for angles xOA of any
magnitude are defined precisely in the same way as for
(rcos θ)2 + (r sin θ)2 = r2 acute angles.
r2cos2 θ + r2sin2 θ = r2
cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1 Thus sin 𝜃 = , cos 𝜃 = and tan 𝜃 =
cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1 …………………………. (i)
The appropriate signs are attached to x and y according to
cos θ + sin θ = 1
2 2
the position of point A. hence for angles in which OA lies
in the 1st quadrant; since x and y and r are positive, the
Dividing equation (i) by cos2θ sine, cosine, and tangent will all be positive.
For angles in which OA lies in the 2nd quadrant, since y
and r are positive and x negative, the sine is positive.
1 + tan2θ = sec2θ
Cosine and tangent are negative.
1 + tan2θ = sec2θ …………………………….. (ii)
1 + tan2θ = sec2θ For angles in which OA is in the 3rd quadrant, sine and
cosine are both negative but tangent is positive. In the 4 th
Dividing Eqn (i) by sin2θ quadrant, sine and tangent are negative while cosine is
positive. This is illustrated below.

cot2θ + 1 = cosec2θ ALL

SINE (+ve)
1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ ……………..…………….. (iii)
(+ve)
1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ

Trigonometric Ratios for general angle

TANGENT COSINE
2nd quadrant A(x, y) (+ve) (+ve)

1st quadrant
r y Trigonometric ratios of 30°, 45°, and 60°
𝜃 Consider the equilateral triangle ABC of side x
O x
C

30°30°
4 quadrant
th
3rd quadrant x
x
Angles measured from the x-axis in the anti-clockwise
sense are termed as positive angles while those measured
in the clockwise sense are negative angles. 60° x
2
x
2
60°
A N B
x
When A is in the 1 quadrant, x and y are positive. When
st

A is in the 2nd quadrant, x is negative and y is positive. Considering triangle CAN:

When A is in the third quadrant, x and y are all negative.
When A is in the 4th quadrant, x is positive and y is
negative. r is taken to be positive for all positions of the
line OA.

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C A
30° 45°
x x

B 45° C
A 60° N x
x
2 Applying the Pythagoras’ theorem on ABC:
Applying the Pythagoras’ theorem: x2 + x2 = AC2
2x2 = AC2
= x2
AC = x
= x2
Applying SOH-CAH-TOA
=x –
2

Using SOH-CAH-TOA

Example I
Write down the values of the following, leaving surds in
your answers (the calculator should not be used).
(a) cos 780°
(b) sin 780°
(c) tan 780°
(d) sin 540°
(e) cos 540°
(f) cos 210°
(g) sin 150°
(h) sin(-270°)
(i) sin 225°
(j) sin 405°
(k) tan(-60°)

Solution
Consider a right isosceles triangle with two sides of (a) cos 780.
lengths x units.

169
90°

60° 270°

sin -270 = +sin 90° = 1

cos 780° = cos 60°
sin 225°

sin 780° = sin 60°

=
45°
tan 780° = tan 60° =

sin 540°
sin 225° = -sin 45° =

sin 405°

45°

sin 540° = sin 180° = 0°

cos 540° = cos 180° = 0°
sin 405° = sin 45° =
cos 210°

Trigonometric Curves
30° For any angle θ, a single value of sin 𝜃 or cos 𝜃 can be
found. The same applies to tan 𝜃 unless when 𝜃 = ±90° and
±270° for which the values of tan 𝜃 are not defined. Thus sin
cos 210° = -cos 30° = 𝜃 and cos 𝜃 are functions which are defined for all negative
values of 𝜃.
sin 150° Tan θ is a function which is defined for all positive
150° and negative values of θ except ±90° and ±270°.

30°
To draw the graphs of sinθ, cosθ and tanθ, we
construct a table of values, giving ordered pairs of
these functions and hence plot the graph.
Example
sin 150 = +sin 30 = y = sinθ
sin -270° θ -270 -180 -90 0 90 180 270 360 450 540
y =sinθ 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0

170
Trigonometric Equations
Trigonometric equations differ from algebraic
equations in that they often have unlimited number
of solutions.

Example I
y = cosθ Solve the following equations for 0≤ θ ≤ 360°
θ -180 -90 0 90 180 270 360 450
y = cos θ 1 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 (a)
(b)
y
(c)
y = cosθ
(d)
-180 -90 0 90 270 450 𝜃 Solutions

The acute angle whose sine is is 30°. But sinθ is

y = tanθ negative in the 3rd and 4th quadrants.
θ -270 -180 -90 0 90 180 270 360 450
(a)
y =tanθ ∞ 0 ∞ 0 ∞ 0 ∞ 0 ∞

y 30° 30°

y= tanθ

For sin θ =
-270 -180 -90 90 180 270 𝜃
θ = 210°
θ = 330°

(b) sec θ = 2

From the graph of sin 𝜃 and cos 𝜃, the maximum

values of cos 𝜃 and sin 𝜃 are 1 and 1 respectively.
The minimum value of cos 𝜃 and sin 𝜃 are -1 and -1
respectively. The acute angle whose cosine is is 60° but cos θ°
The graphs for sin𝜃 and cos𝜃 repeat themselves at
is positive in the 1st and 4th quadrants.
regular intervals of 360° while that of tan𝜃 repeat
itself at regular interval of 180°. These intervals are
called periods. These trigonometric functions are 60°
examples of periodic functions. 30° 60°

171
(a) Sin(2θ + 30) = 0.8
For , θ = 60°, 300° (b) tan2 θ + tan θ = 0
(c) sin2θ + sin θ = 0
(d) 2sin2θ – sinθ – 1 = 0
(c)
The acute angle whose tangent is is 60° but Solution
(a) sin(2θ + 30°) = 0.8
tanθ is negative in the 2 and 4 quadrants.
nd th
2θ + 30° = sin−1(0.8)
2θ + 30° = 53.1°, 126.9°
2θ = 23.1, 96.9
60° θ = 11.55, 48.45
60° For sin(2θ + 30°) = 0.8, θ = 11.55, 48.45.

(b) tan2θ + tan θ = 0

tan θ(tan θ + 1) = 0
For , θ = 120°, 300° tan θ = 0 OR tan θ = -1
For tan θ = 0,
(d) sin2θ = θ = tan−10
θ = 0, -180, 180
For tan θ = -1, the acute angle whose tangent is 1 is
45°. But tan θ is negative in the 2nd and 4th
quadrants.
and sin𝜃
135°
The acute angle whose sine is is 45° but
45°
sin𝜃 is positive in the 1st and 2nd quadrants.
135°
For tan θ = -1, θ = 135°, -45°
45° 45° tan2θ + tanθ = 0
θ = -180°, -45°, 0, 135°, 180°

For , θ = 45, 135 (c) sin2 θ + sin θ = 0

sin θ(sin θ +1) = 0
sin θ = 0, sin θ = -1
For sin θ = 0°, θ = 0, 180°, -180°
For For sin θ = -1,
The acute angle whose sine is 1 is 90°. Sine is
negative in the 3rd and 4th quadrants.
For sin θ = -1, θ = -90
For sin2 θ + sin θ = 0°, θ = -180°, -90°, 0°, 180°
45° 45°
(d) 2sin2 θ - sin θ – 1 = 0

For sin θ =
θ° = 225°, 315°
For sin2θ = , θ = 45, 135°, 225°, 315° sinθ = 1, sinθ =
For sinθ = 1,
Example II θ = sin−1(1)
Solve the following equations for -180° ≤ θ ≤ 180°.

172
θ = 90°
For tan θ = , θ = 30°, 210°
For sinθ = ,
θ = -30°, -150° For tan θ , θ = 150°, 330°
θ = -30°, -150°, 90°
When tan2θ = , θ = 30°, 150°, 210°, 230°
Example III
Solve the following equations from 0° to 360° inclusive.
(e) sin22θ = 1
(a) cos 3θ = sin2θ = ±1
For sin2 θ = 1,
(b) tan(3θ – 45°) = 2θ = 90°, 450° θ = 45°, 225°
sin 2θ = -1,
(c) sec2θ = 3 2θ = 270, 630 θ = 135°, 315°
(d) 4cos2θ = 1 When sin22θ = 1,
(e) tan2θ = θ = 45°, 135°, 225°, 315°

(f) sin22θ = 1 Example IV

Solve the following equations for values of θ from -180°
Solutions to 180°
(a) tan θ = cot θ + 3
(a) cos 3θ = (b) sec θ = 2cos θ
(c) 5sin θ +6cosec θ = 17
(d) 3cos θ +2sec θ +7 = 0
3θ =
Solution
3θ = 30°, 330°, 390°, 690°, 750°, 1050°
(a) tan θ = 4cot θ + 3
θ = 10°, 110°, 130°, 230°, 250°, 350°
tan θ = +3
(b) tan(3θ – 45°) =
tan2θ = 4 + 3tan θ.
3θ – 45 = tan2θ – 3tan θ – 4 = 0

3θ – 45 = 26.6, 206.6, 386.6, 566.6, 746.6, 926.6

θ = 23.9°, 83.9°, 143.9°, 203.9°, 263.9°, 323.9°

(c) sec 2θ = 3
tan θ = 4, tan θ = -1

When tan θ = 4,
θ = tan-1(4)
θ = 76°, -104° (for -180° ≤ θ ≤ 180°)
When tan θ = -1,
2θ = 70.5°, 289.5°, 430.5°, 649.5° θ = tan-1(-1) = -45°, 135° (for -180° ≤ θ ≤ 180°)
θ = 35.25°, 144.75°, 215.25°, 324.75° For tan θ = 4cot θ + 3°,
θ = -104°, -145°, 76°, 135°
(d) tan2θ = (b) secθ = 2cosθ

tan θ =
1 = 2cos2θ
tan θ = or tan θ = cos2θ =

173
(c) sec2θ = 3tanθ − 1
cos θ = (d) cosec2θ = 3 + cot θ
(e) 3tan2θ + 5 = 7sec θ
For cosθ = , θ = 45°, -45°.
Solutions
(a) 3 − cosθ = 2sin2θ
For cosθ = , θ = 135°, -135° 3 – 3cos θ = 2(1 – cos2θ)
∴ For sec θ = 2cos θ, θ = -135°, -45°, 45°, 135°. 3 – 3cos θ = 2 – 2cos2θ
2cos2θ – 3cosθ + 1 = 0
(c) 5sin θ + 6cosec θ = 17
Solution
5sinθ + 6cosecθ = 17

5sin2θ + 6 = 17sinθ cos θ = 1, OR cos θ =

5sin2θ − 17sinθ + 6
For cos θ = 1,
θ = cos-1(1)
θ = 0°, 360°
For cos θ = ,
θ = cos-1(1/2)
θ = 60°, 300°
sinθ = 3 For 3 – 3cosθ = 2sin2θ, θ = 0°, 60°, 300°, 360°
sinθ = 0.4
(b) cos2θ + sinθ + 1 = 0
θ = sin-1(0.4) = 23.6, 156.4
1 – sin2θ + sin θ + 1 = 0
θ = sin-1(3) has no value since sinθ is maximum
sin2θ - sin θ – 2 = 0
when it is 1
sin θ =
(d) 3cos θ +2sec θ +7 = 0
3cos θ + +7=0
3cos2 θ + 2 + 7cos θ = 0 sin θ = 2 OR sin θ = -1
3cos2 θ + 7cos θ + 2 = 0
For sin θ = 2, the value of θ is not defined because sin θ
is maximum at 1
For sin θ= -1, θ = 270°

(c) sec2θ = 3tan θ – 1

sec2θ = 1 + tan2θ
cosθ =
1 + tan2θ = 3tan θ – 1
cosθ = -2 tan θ − 3tan θ + 2 = 0
2

For cosθ = -2, θ has no values because the minimum

of cosθ is -1
For cos θ =
θ = 109.5°, -109.5°.
tanθ = 2 OR tan θ = 1
For tan θ = 2,
Example IV
Solve the following equations from 0° to 360° θ = tan-1(2) = 63.4°, 243.4°
(a) 3 − cosθ = 2sin2θ For tan θ = 1,
(b) cos2θ + sinθ + 1 = 0 θ = tan-1(1) = 45°, 225°

174
∴ For sec2θ = 3tanθ – 1, θ = 45°, 63.4°, 243.4°, 225°.
sinθ = , OR sinθ = 2
(d) cosec θ = 3 + cotθ
2

But cosec2θ = 1 + cot2θ For sinθ = , θ = 19.5, 160.5

1 + cot2θ = 3 + cot θ For sinθ = 2, θ = sin-1(2)
cot θ – cotθ – 2 = 0
2
The values of θ are not defined.

Example I (UNEB Questions)

Find all the values of θ, 00 ≤ θ ≤ 3600, which satisfy the
equation
cotθ = 2 OR cotθ = -1 sin2 θ – sin 2θ – 3 cos2 θ = 0.
Solution
OR = -1
a) sin2 θ − 2 sin θ cos θ − 3cos2 θ = 0
Dividing through by cos2 θ,
For tanθ = , θ = tan-1( )
tan2 θ − 2tan θ − 3 = 0
θ = 26.6°, 206.6° tan2 θ − 3tan θ + tan θ − 3 = 0
For tanθ = -1, θ = 135°, 315° tan θ (tan θ − 3) + 1(tan θ − 3) = 0
For cosec2θ = 3 + cotθ, (tan θ − 3)(tan θ + 1) = 0
θ = 26.6°, 135°, 206.6°, 315° Either tanθ − 3 = 0
tan θ = 3
θ = tan-1(3)
(e) 3tan2θ + 5 = 7secθ θ = 71.60, 251.60
3(sec2θ – 1) + 5 = 7secθ
3sec2θ – 3 + 5 = 7secθ Or tanθ + 1 = 0
3sec2θ – 7secθ + 2 = 0 tanθ = -1
θ = tan-1(-1)
θ = 1350, 3150

Example II (UNEB Question)

Solve cos θ + sin 2θ = 0 for 00 ≤ θ ≤ 3600.
secθ = 2 OR secθ = cos θ + sin 2θ = 0
cos θ + 2sin θ cos θ = 0
cosθ = OR cosθ = 3 cos θ (1 + 2sin θ) = 0
Either cos θ = 0
For cosθ = , θ = 60°, 300°
θ = cos-1(0)
For cosθ = 3, θ is not defined because cosθ is
θ = 900, 2700
maximum at 1.
Or 1 + 2 sin θ = 0
(f) 2cot2θ + 8 = 7cosecθ 2sin θ = -1
1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ
cot2θ = cosec2θ – 1 sin θ =
2(cosec2θ – 1) + 8 = 7cosecθ
2cosec2θ – 2 + 8 = 7cosecθ θ = sin-1( )
2cosec2θ – 7cosecθ + 6 = 0
θ = 2100, 3300
cosecθ = For 00 ≤ θ ≤ 3600, θ = 900, 2100, 2700, 3300

cosecθ = Example III (UNEB Question)

Solve cot2𝜃 = 5(cosec 𝜃 + 1) for 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°
cosecθ = 3, OR cosecθ = Solution

175
(a) cot2 θ = 5(cosec θ + 1)
But cot2θ = cosec2θ – 1
cosec2 θ − 1 = 5(cosec θ + 1)
cosec2 θ − 1 = 5 cosec θ + 5 2
1  1  16
cos x 
cosec2 θ − 5 cosec θ − 6 = 0 4
cosec2 θ − 6 cosec θ + cosec θ − 6 = 0
1  17
cosec θ(cosec θ − 6) + 1(cosec θ − 6) = 0 
cosec θ − 6) (cosec θ + 1) = 0 4
Either cosec θ = 6 1  17
Taking cosx =
4
x = 38.7° , 321.3°
1  17
Taking cos x 
4
cosx = -1.280776406
(The values of x are not defined because x is maximum at
Or cosec θ + 1 = 0
1)
1
 1 Hence x = 38.70, 321.30
sin 
  270 Example VI (UNEB Question)
Hence θ = 9.6°, 170.4° and 270° Solve 7tanθ + cot θ = 5secθ for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 180°.
Solution
Example IV (UNEB Question)
(a) 7 tan θ + cot θ = 5 sec θ
Solve 2sin 2x = 3cos x, for –1800  x  180°. sin  cos  5
Solution 7  
cos  sin  cos 
2 sin 2x = 3 cos x Multiplying through by cosθ sinθ
2 sin 2x - 3 cos x = 0 7sin2θ + cos2θ = 5sinθ
But sin 2x = 2sinxcosx 7 sin2 θ + 1 − sin2 θ = 5 sin θ
4 sin x cos x – 3cos x = 0 6 sin2 θ − 5 sin θ + 1 = 0
cos x (4sin x – 3) = 0 6sin2 θ − 3 sin θ − 2 sin θ + 1 = 0
cos x = 0 3 sin θ (2 sin θ − 1) −1 (2 sin θ − 1) = 0
x = cos–1(0) (2sin θ − 1)(3 sin θ − 1) = 0
x = 900, -90 Either 2 sin θ = 1
4 sin x – 3 = 0 1
3 sin  
sin x = 2
4 1
  sin 1  
1 3 2
x = sin  
4 θ = 300, 1500
x = 48.6°, 131.4° Or 3 sin θ − 1 = 0
x = (–90°, 48.6°, 90°, 131.4°) are the solutions to the 1
sin  
equation 2sin 2x = 3cos x 3
1
  sin 1  
3
Example V (UNEB Question) θ = 19.50, 160.50
Solve the equation cos x + cos 2x = 1 for values of x from 19.5 , 300, 1500, 160.50 are the solutions to the equation
0

00 to 3600 inclusive
Solution Example VII (UNEB Question)
cosx + cos2x = 1 Solve the equation 4cosx – 2cos2x = 3 for 00 ≤ x ≤ π.
But cos2x = 2cos2 x – 1 Solution
By substitution, we have 4 cos x − 2(2 cos2 x − 1) = 3
cosx + 2cos2x – 1 = 1 4 cos x − 4 cos2 x + 2 = 3
2cos2x + cosx – 2 = 0 4 cos x − 4 cos2 x − 1 = 0

176
4 cos2 x − 4 cos x + 1 = 0
4 cos2 x − 2 cos x − 2 cos x + 1 = 0 1+ =
2 cos x (2 cos x − 1) − 1(2 cos x − 1) = 0
(2 cos x − 1)(2 cos x − 1) = 0
(iv) x = 1 – sinθ, y = 1 + cosθ
⟹ 2 cos x − 1 =0
sinθ = 1 – x , y – 1 = cosθ
2cos x = 1
1
sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
cos x  (1 – x)2 + (y – 1)2 = 1
2
(x – 1)2 + (y – 1)2 = 1
x  60,300

x= , . (v) x = sinθ + tan θ …………………… (i)

y = tanθ – sinθ ………………..…… (ii)
Eqn (i) + Eqn (ii);
x + y = 2tanθ
Elimination of 𝜃 from a set of equations
tanθ =
Example
Eliminate 𝜃 from the following equations: Eqn (i) − Eqn (ii);
x – y = 2sinθ
(i) x = a cosθ, y = b sinθ
(ii) x =a cotθ, y = b secθ
(iii) x = a tanθ, y = b tanθ From
(iv) x = 1 – sinθ, y = 1 + cosθ
(v) x = sinθ + tanθ, y = tanθ – sinθ cotθ =
(vi) x cosθ + y sinθ = a, x sinθ – y cosθ = b
From
Solution
(i) x = a cosθ, y = b sinθ cosecθ =
, 1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ
sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
1+
=1
1+
(ii) x = a cotθ, y = b cosecθ
(x2 – y2)2 = 16xy
,= cosecθ
(vi) x cosθ + y sinθ = a …………………..(i)
1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ x sinθ – y cosθ = b ………………….. (ii)

From Eqn (i);

cosθ = …………….. (iii)
1+

Substituting Eqn (iii) in Eqn (ii);

(iii) x = a tanθ, y = b cosθ
=b
,
x2sinθ – ay + y2sinθ = xb
1 + tan2θ = sec2θ
(x2 + y2)sinθ = xb + ay
1+ = sinθ = ……………………. (iv)

177
Substitute Eqn (iv) in Eqn (iii)

cosθ =

cosθ = (b) sin2θ(1 + sec2θ)

cosθ =

cosθ = = sin2θ + tan2θ

= sin2θ + sec2θ – 1
sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
= 1 – cos2θ + sec2θ – 1
=1 = sec2θ – cos2θ

(bx + ay)2 + (ax – by)2 = (x2 + y2)2

b2x2 + 2abxy + a2y2 + a2x2 – 2abxy + b2y2 = (c)
(x2 + y2)2
(a2 + b2)x2 + (a2 + b2)y2 = (x2 + y2)2
(x2 + y2)(a2 + b2) = (x2 + y2)2
a2 + b2 = x2 + y2

Proving Trigonometric Identities

(i) secθ + cosecθ cotθ = secθ cosec2θ
(ii) sin2θ(1 + sec2θ) = sec2θ – cos2θ
(iii)

(iv)

(v)
(d)
(vi)

(vii)

(viii) =

Solution
(a) secθ + cosecθ cotθ
(e)

178
sin(A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB
(f)
sin(A – B) = sinAcosB – cosAsinB
cos(A + B) = cosAcosB – sinAsinB
cos(A – B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB

tan(A + B) =

tan(A – B) =

Examples
Find the values of the following:
(a) cos(45° – 30°)
(b) cos 105°
(g) (c) cos 75°
(d) sin(60° + 45°)
(e) sin 15°

Solution
(a) cos(45° – 35°)
= cos45° cos30° + sin45°sin30°

(h)

(b) sin(30° +45°)

= sin30 cos45 + cos30 sin 45

Formulae for sin(A ± B), cos(A ± B), and

tan(A ± B) (c) cos 105°
= cos(60° + 45°)
= cos60 cos45 – sin60 sin45

179
(d) cos 75° Example II
= cos(30° + 45°) If sin A = and sinB = , where A and B are acute
= cos30° cos45° – sin30° sin45°
angles, find the values of the following:
(a) sin(A + B)
(b) cos(A + B)
(c) cot(A + B)

Solution

5 3 13 5
A B
(f) sin(60° + 45°) x p
= sin60 cos45 + cos60 sin45
x 2 + 32 = 52 p2 + 52 = 132
x2 + 9 = 25 p2 + 25 = 169
x2 = 16 p2 = 144
x=4 p = 12

sin A = ; cos A = ; tan A =

sin B = ; cos B = ; tan B =

sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB

(f) sin 15° =

= sin(45 – 30)
= sin45 cos30 – cos45 sin30 =

(b) cos(A + B) = cosA cosB – sinA sinB

180
= =

(c) cot(A + B) =
(b) tan(A – B) =
tan(A + B) =
=

= =
=
(c) tan(A + B) =
=

=
=
=
=
Example III
If sinA = , cosB = ,where A is obtuse and B is acute, Example III

find the values of: If cosA = and tanB = ; where A and B are reflex
(a) sin(A – B) angles. Find the values of:
(b) tan(A – B) (a) sin(A – B)
(c) tan(A + B) (b) tan(A – B)
(c) cos(A + B)
Solutions
Solutions
3 5
5 13 A
4 5 B
A B 5 4 12
x 13
p

x 2 + 42 = 52 p2 + 122 = 132
x2 + 16 = 25 p2 + 144 = 169 A and B are reflex
x2 = 9 p2 = 25
x=3 p=5 ; ; tan A =
A is obtuse
sin A = ; cosA = ; tanA = cos B = , sin B = ; tan B =

B is acute
(a) sin(A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
sinB = ; cosB = ; tanB =
=
Sin(A – B) = sinA cosB – cosA sinB
= =

= =

181
(b) tan(A – B) = sin x = cos x
tan x = 1
=
(c) tan(x – A) = , tan A = 2
=

(c) cos(A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sinB

2(tan x – 2) = 3(1 + 2tan x)

2tan x – 4 = 3 + 6tan x
4tan x = -7
tan x =

(d) sin(x + 30) = cos(x + 30)

sin x cos 30 + cos x sin 30 = cos x cos 30 – sin x sin 30
Example IV
From the following, find the values of tan x sin x + cos x = cos x – sin x
(a) sin(x + 45°) = 2cos(x + 45°)
sin x + sin x = cos x – cos x
(b) 2sin(x – 45°) = cos(x + 45°)
(c) tan(x – A) = , where tan A = 2 sin x ( ) = cos x( )
(d) sin(x + 30°) = cos(x + 30°)

Solution
(a) sin(x + 45°) = 2cos(x + 45°)
sinx cos45°+cosx sin45° = 2(cosx cos45°–sinx sin45°) tan x =

tan x =

tan x =

tan x = 2 –

Example V
Solve the following equations for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°
(a) 2sin x = cos(x + 60°)
(b) cos(x + 45°) = cos x
3sin x = cos x
(c) sin(x – 30°) = cos x
(d) 3sin(x + 10°) = 4cos(x – 10°)
3 tan x = 1
Solutions
tan x = (a) 2sin x = cos(x + 60°)
2sin x = cos x cos 60° − sin x sin 60°
(b) 2sin(x – 45°) = cos(x + 45°) 2sin x = cos x – sin x
2(sinx cos45 – cosxsin45) = cosx cos45 – sinxsin45
2sin x + sin x = cos x
(4 + sin x = cos x
sin x − cos x = cos x − sin x
sin x + sin x = cos x + cos x

182
tan x =

x = 9.9°, 189.9°
=2
(b) cos(x + 45°) = cos x tan x + 1 = 2(1 – tan x)
cos x cos 45° – sin x sin 45° = cos x tan x + 1 = 2 – 2tan x
cos x − sin x = cos x 3tan x = 1
tan x =

Example VII
cos x = sin x
If tan(A + B) = and tan A = 3, find the value of tan B.

tan(A + B) =

x = 67.5°, 247.5° tan A = 3

(c) sin(x + 30) = cos x

7(3 + tan B) = 1 – 3tan B
sin x cos 30 – cos x sin 30 = cos x 21 + 7tan B = 1 – 3tan B
10tan B = -20
sin x - cos x = cos x tan B = -2

sin x = cos x Example VIII

Express the following as single trigonometric ratios.
(a) cos x – sin x

tan x =
(b)
x = 49.1°, 229.1°
(c) sin x + cos x
(d) 2sin(x + 10°) = 4cos(x – 10°)
2(sin x cos10 − cosx sin10)
= 4(cosx cos10° + sinx sin 10°) (d)
2sinxcos10–2cos x sin10=4cos x cos10+4sinxsin10
(e) cos 75 + sin 75
2sin x cos 10 – 4sin x sin 10
= 4cos x cos 10 + 2cos x sin 10
(f)
sin x(2cos 10 – 4sin 10) = cos x(4cos 10 + 2 sin10)
Solutions
(a) cos x – sin x
= cos60 cos x – sin 60 sin x
x = 73.4°, x = 253.4° cos(60 + x)
Example VI cos x – sin x = cos(60 + x)
If tan(x + 45°) = 2, find the value of tan x
Solution (b)
tan(x + 45°) = 2.

183
(iii) tan A + tan B
=
=
= tan(60 + x)
=
(c) sin x + cos x
= cos45 sin x + sin45 cos x =
= cos(45 – x)
tan A + tan B =
(d)
(iv) tan(A + B + C)
Let B + C = D
tan(A + D) =

= sec 39° =

(e) cos 75 + sin 75 =

cos 60° cos 75° + sin 60° sin 75°

cos 75° cos 60° + sin 75° sin 60° =
cos(75° – 60°)
cos 15°

(f) =
= tan(45 – 15) Since A, B, and C are angles of a triangle, then
= tan(30) A + B + C = 180°
tan(A + B + C) = tan 180°
Example IX tan(A + B + C) = 0
Prove the following identities:
(i) sin(A + B) + sin(A – B) = 2sin A cos B
(ii) cos(A + B) – cos(A – B) = -2sin A sin B tan A + tan B + tan C – tan A tan B tan C = 0
(iii) tan A + tan B = tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C.

Example (UNEB Question)

(iv) tan(A + B + C) =
Without using tables or calculator, evaluate tan 15°
Solution
Hence prove that if A, B, and C are angles of a triangle, tan 15° = tan(45° – 30°)
then tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C

Solution
sin (A + B) + sin(A – B)
=
sin A cos B + cos A sin B + sin A cosB – cosA sinB
= 2sin A cos B
sin(A + B) + sin(A – B) = 2sin A cos B

(ii) cos(A + B) – cos(A – B)

cos A cos B – sin A sin B – (cos A cos B + sin A sin B) =
= -2sin A sin B
cos(A + B) – cos(A – B) = -2sin A sin B
=

184
Double angle & Triple angle formulae
=
By writing A = B in the additional formulae for sine,
cosine, and tangent, we obtain the double angle formula
Example (UNEB Question) for each of them.
The acute angles A and B are such that cosA = ½, sin B =
1/3. Show without the use of tables or calculator, show that sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A cos B
9 3 8 2
tan( A  B)  sin 2A = sin(A + A)
5 = sin A cos A + cos A sin A
Solution = 2sin A cos A
C C
sin 2A = 2sin A cos A
2 3
3 1
cos(A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
cos(A + A) = cos A cos A – sin A sin A.
A B = cos2A – sin2A
B 1 A A 8 B
But cos2A = 1 – sin2A
cos 2A = 1 – sin2A – sin2A
= 1 – 2sin2A
But when sin2A = 1 – cos2A
cos2A = cos2A – sin2A
= cos2A – (1 – cos2A)
= 2cos2A – 1

From compound angle formula, cos 2A = 2cos2A – 1 OR

cos 2A = 1 – 2sin2A

tan(A + B) = ; where A = B

tan(A + A) =


 4 3 42 3  2 
 4  64  6  sin 3A = sin(A + 2A)
= sin A cos 2A + cos A sin 2A


 4 3 42 34 2 64  6  = sin A(1 – 2sin2A) + cos A(2sin A cos A)
= sin A – 2sin3A + 2cos2A sinA
 4  64 4 6 64  6  = sin A – 2sin3A + 2(1 – sin2A)sin A
16 3 164 18 = sin A – 2sin3A + 2sin A – 2sin3A
3 44 182 4 122  12
  = 3sin A – 4sin3 A
16  6 16  6
sin 3A = 3sin A – 4sin3A
16 3 164  3 24 
 34 22 42 23 2 3
 
10 10 cos 3A = cos(2A + A)
18 31816 32 16 2 = cos2A cos A – sin 2A sin A
 = (2cos2A – 1)cos A – (2sin A cos A)sin A
10 10
= 2cos3A – cos A – 2sin2A cosA
9 3  89 23  8 2
 5 = 2cos3A – cos A – 2(1 – cos2A)cosA
5 = 2cos3A – cos A – 2cos A + 2cos3A
= 4cos3A – 3cos A
cos 3A = 4cos3A – 3cos A

185
tan 3A = tan(A + 2A) cos 84° = 2cos242° – 1
2cos242° – 1 = cos 84°
=
(iv) 2sin 𝛉 cos 𝛉
= sin 2θ = 2sin θ cos θ
sin 2 = 2sin cos

= sin θ = 2sin cos

sin θ = 2sin cos
2sin cos = sin θ
=
(v) 1 – 2sin222½°
cos 2A = 1 – 2sin2A
= cos 2(22½) = 1 – 2sin222½
cos 45 = 1 – 2sin2 22½
1 – 2sin2 22½ = cos 45

(vi)
Example I
= tan
Simplify the following expressions
(i) 2sin 17 cos 17 = tan θ

(ii) (vii) 1 – 2sin2θ

cos2(3θ) = 1 – 2sin2 3θ
(iii) 2cos242 – 1
cos 6θ = 1 – 2sin23θ
(iv) 1 – 2sin23θ = cos 6θ
(v) 1 – 2sin2

(vi) (viii)
tan 40 = tan(20 + 20)
(vii) 1 – 2sin23θ
(viii)
(ix) sec θ cosec θ
(x) 2sin 2A cos 2A

Solutions
(i) sin 2(17°) = 2sin 17° cos 17°
sin 34° = 2sin 17° cos 17°
2sin 17 cos 17 = sin 34

(ii) tan(30° + 30°) =

tan 60° = (ix)

= tan 60°
But sin 2θ = 2sinθ cosθ
(iii) 2cos 42° – 1
2
sin 2θ = sin θ cos θ
cos 2θ = 2cos2θ – 1
cos 2(42°) = 2cos242° – 1

186
(f) = cos 135°
= -cos 45°
=
(x) 2sin 2A cos 2A
sin 4A = sin2(2A)
= 2sin 2A cos2A Example III
2sin 2A cos 2A = sin 4A Solve the following equations from 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360°
(a) cos 2θ + cos θ + 1 = 0
Example II (b) sin 2θ cos 𝛉 + sin2𝛉 = 1
Evaluate the following without using tables or calculator: (c) 2sin θ(5cos 2θ + 1) = 3 sin 2θ
(a) 2sin 15° cos 15° (d) 3cot 2θ + cot θ = 1
(b) 2cos275° – 1 (e) 4tan θ tan 2θ = 1
(c) cos2 22½° - sin2 22 ½°
Solution
(d)
(a) cos 2θ + cos θ + 1 = 0

(e)

(f)

Solution
(a) 2sin 15° cos 15° = sin 2(15°)
= sin 30°
= For = 120°, 240°
The solutions to the equation
(b) 2cos 75° – 1 = cos 150°
2 cos 2θ + cos θ + 1 = 0 are 90°, 120°, 240° and 270°.
= -cos 30°
(b) sin 2θ cos 𝛉 + sin2𝛉 = 1
=

(c) cos2 22½° - sin2 22 ½°

= cos(22 ° + 22
= cos 45
=

(d)
For , θ = 90°
For , θ = 270°
For , θ = 30°, 150°
30°, 90°, 150°, 270° are the solutions to the
equation sin 2θ cos 𝛉 + sin2𝛉 = 1
(e)
(c) 2sin θ(5cos 2θ + 1) = 3 sin 2θ

187
t-formula
If t = ,

,
And if t = tan x
,
For sin 𝜃 = 0, 𝜃 = 0°, 180°, 360°
For cos 𝜃 = , 𝜃 = 120°, 240° Proof
If t = ,
For cos 𝜃 = 0.8, 𝜃 = 36.9°, 323.1°

0, 36.9, 120, 180, 240, 323.1, 360 are the

solutions to the equation
2sin θ(5cos 2θ + 1) = 3 sin 2θ

(d) 3cot 2θ + cot θ = 1

Dividing through by

For tanθ = 1, θ = 45°, 225°

For tanθ = , θ = 121°, 301°.

(e) 4tan θ tan 2θ = 1

Dividing through by

When , θ = 18.4°, 198.4°

When , θ = 161.6°, 341.6°

188
4t2 – 6t = 0
2t(2t – 3) = 0
t=0
= 0 and

For t = tan x For ,

= 0°, 180°, …
θ = 0, 360.

Dividing through by For , = 56.3°

θ = 112.6°
0°, 112.6°, and 360° are solutions to the equation

(b)

3 – 3t2 – 8t + 1 + t2 = 0
-2t2 – 8t + 4 = 0
t2 + 4t – 2 = 0

For t = ,
Note: The t-formula is used to solve equations of the form
= 102.7, 282.7

Example I θ = 205.4°
Solve the following equations for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360° When t =
(a)
(b) = tan-1(-2 + )
(c)
(d) = 24.2°

Solution θ = 48.4°
(a) θ = 48.4° and 205.4° are the solutions to the equation
, , for (c)

3 – 3t2 + 8t = 2(1 + t2)

2(1 – t2) + 3(2t) = 2(1 + t2)
3 – 3t2 + 8t = 2 + 2t2
2 – 2t2 + 6t = 2 + 2t2
5t2 – 8t – 1 = 0

189
Where R = and

Example I
Solve the equation 3cosθ + 4sinθ = 2 for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360°
t = -0.11652 Solution
t = 1.71652

For t = -0.11652, = -0.11652

By comparison
= 173.4 θ = 346.7°

tan = 1.71652 ……………………….. (i)

……………………….. (ii)
= 59.8° θ = 119.6°
Eqn (ii) ÷ Eqn (1);
119.6° and 346.7° are solutions to the above equation.

(d) 4cos θ sin θ + 15 cos2θ = 10

2 × 2sinθ cos θ + 15cos 2θ = 10
2sin 2θ + 15cos 2θ = 10
2sin 2θ + 15cos 2θ = 0
Let t = tan θ
and

4t + 15 – 15t2 = 10 + 10t2
25t2 – 4t – 5 = 0

θ – 53.1° = 66.4°, 293.6°

θ – 119.5°, 346.7°
t = 0.5343
t = -0.3743
Alternatively
3cos θ + 4sin θ = 2
For t = 0.5343
Rcos(θ – α) = 2
tan θ = 0.5343
θ = 28.1°
θ = 208.1°
For t = -0.3743, tan θ = -0.3743
θ = tan-1(0.3743)
θ = 159.5°, 200.5°
28.1°, 208.1°, 159.5° and 200.5° are the solutions
to the above equation

α = 53.1
The R- Formula 5cos(θ – 53.1) = 2
The R-formula is used to solve equations of the form
cos(θ – 53.1°) =

190
θ – 53.1° = 66.4°, 293.6° Example V
θ = 119.5°, 346.7° Solve cosθ + sinθ = secθ for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360°
Solution
Example II
sin θ + cosθ = 1 for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360
Solution
But cos 2θ = 2cos2θ – 1

Subsituting for cos2θ and sin θ cos θ in Eqn (i);

sin 2θ = 2sinθ cosθ
R sin(θ + α) = 1
sinθ cos θ = sin2θ
2sin(θ + 60°) = 1
sin(θ + 60°) =
θ + 60° = sin(½)
θ + 60° = 30, 150°
θ = -30, 90°
cos 2θ + sin 2θ = 1
θ = 90°, and 330°.
Rcos(2θ – α) = 1
Example III
cos θ – 7sin θ = 2 for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°
Solution
cos θ – 7sin θ = 2

θ = 45°, 180°, 225°

θ + 81. 9° = 73.6°, 286.4° Example VI

θ = -8.3°, 204.5° Solve the equation 4cosθ sinθ + 15cos 2θ = 10
θ = 204.5°, 351.7° Solution
4cosθ sinθ + 15cos 2θ = 10
Example IV 2(2sinθ cosθ) + 15cos2θ = 10
Solve: 5sinθ – 12cosθ = 6 2sin2θ +15cos2θ = 10
Solution R sin(2θ + α) = 10
Rsin(θ – α) = 6

sin(2θ + α) = 10

13sin(θ – 67.4) = 6
sin(2θ + 82.4°) = 10
sin(θ – 67.4) =
sin(2θ + 82.4°) =
θ – 67.4° = 27.5°, 152.5°
θ = 94.9°, 219.9°

191
For ymax, cos(θ – 61.9°) = 1
2θ + 82.4° = ymax = 17
θ – 61.9° = cos-1(1)
2θ + 82.4° = 41.4°, 138.6°, 401.4°, 498.4° θ – 61.9° = 0, 360°
θ = 339.5°, 28.1°, 159.5°, 208° θ = 61.9°
Example VII For ymin, cos(θ – 61.9) = -1
Show that 3cosθ + 2sinθ can be written as cos(θ – α). ymin = -17
Hence find the minimum and maximum values of the θ – 61.9° = cos-1(-1)
function, giving the corresponding values of θ from -180° θ – 61.9° = 180°
to 180° θ = 241.9°
Solution
3cosθ + 2sinθ (b) 4sinθ – 3cosθ
Rcos(θ – α)

R sin(θ – α)
5 sin(θ – α)

3cosθ + 2sinθ = R cos(θ – α) 5 sin(θ – 36.9°)

Let y = 5 sin(θ – 36.9°)
ymin = -5
Let y ymax = 5
For the maximum value of y, For ymin, sin(θ – 36.9°) = -1
θ – 36.9° = 270°
θ = 306.9°
And for minimum value of y, = -1
For ymax, sin(θ – 36.9°) = 1
θ – 36.9° = 90°
For ymax cos(θ – 33.7°) = 1, θ = 126.9°
θ – 33.7° = cos-1(1)
θ – 33.7° = 0, 360°. (c) sinθ – 6cosθ
θ = 33.7°
For ymin cos(θ – 33.7°) = -1,
θ – 33.7° = 180°. sin(θ – α)
θ = 213.7°

Example VII
Find the maximum and minimum values of the following y= sin(θ – 80.1)
expressions, stating the value of θ for which they occur ymax = and it occurs when sin(θ – 80.1) = 1
(from 0° to 360°) θ – 80.1° = 90°
(a) 8cosθ – 15sinθ θ = 170.5°
(b) 4sinθ – 3cosθ ymin = and it occurs when
(c) sinθ – 6cosθ sin(θ – 80.1) = -1
(d) cos(θ + 60) – cosθ θ – 80.1° = 270°
θ = 350.5°
Solution
(a) 8cosθ – 15sinθ (d) cos(θ + 60) – cosθ
R cos(θ – α) = cosθ cos 60 – sinθ sin60 – cosθ
= cosθ - sinθ − cosθ

=
17cos(θ – 61.9°)
Let y = 17cos(θ – 61.9°)

192
cos(θ + 51.3°)
y= Let y = cos(θ + 51.3°)
ymax = and it occurs when cos(θ + 51.3°) = 1
y=
θ + 51.3° = 0
θ = -51.3°
θ = 308.7° (00 < θ <3600)
4cosθ – 5sinθ = 2.2
y=
cos(θ + 51.3°) = 2.2
cos(θ + 51.3°) =
y = -[cos(θ – 60)]
ymin occurs when cos(θ – 60) = 1 θ + 51.3° = 69.9°, 290.1°
θ – 60° = 0, 360 θ = 18.6°, 238.8°
θ = 60°
Example XI (UNEB Question)
ymax = 1 and occurs when cos(θ - 60°) = -1
Express y = 8cosx + 6sin x in the form R cos (x –  )
θ – 60° = cos-1(-1)
where R is positive and  is acute . Hence find the
θ = 240°
1
maximum and minimum values of
Example VIII (UNEB Question) 8 cos x  6 sin x  15
Solve for 0 ≤ θ ≤ π Solution
Solution 8cosx + 6sin x = Rcos(x – α)
8cosx + 6sin x = R cos x cos α + R sin x sin α
R cos(θ – α) = 2
By comparison
Rcos α = 8 …............………………… (i)
2 cos(θ – α) = 2 Rsin α = 6……………............……….(ii)

Eqn (i)2 + Eqn (ii)2;

2 cos(θ – 60°) = 2 R2 = 82 + 62 = 100
cos(θ – 60°) = 1 R = 10
θ – 60° = cos-1(1) Eqn (ii)  Eqn (i)
θ – 60° = 0 6
θ = 60° tan  
8
  36.87 0
Hence 8cosx + 6sinx = 10cos(x − 36.870)
Since 180 = π radians, 1 1
Now 
8cos x  6sin x  5 10 cos  x  36.87   15

Example IX (UNEB Question) Note: For y to be maximum, the denominator must be

(a) Express 4cosθ – 5sinθ in the form R cos (θ + β), where R minimum and for y to be minimum, the
denominator must be maximum.
is a constant and β an acute angle.
1
Determine the maximum value of the expression and Let m 
10 cos  x  36.87   15
the value of θ for which it occurs
1
(b)Solve the equation 4 cos θ – 5 sin θ = 2.2, M max 
10   1  15
for 00 < θ <3600.
1 1
Solution    0.2
10  15 5
4cosθ – 5sinθ
1
Rcos(θ + β) M min 
10  1  15
β=
1
  0.04
25

193
1 = -2 sin x cos 30
The maximum and minimum values of (f) cos(x + 30) – cos(x – 30)
8 cos x  sin x  15 
are 0.2 and 0.04 respectively. = 2sin sin
= 2sinx sin30
Factor Formula (g) cos - cos = −2sin sin
1. sin P + sin Q = = 2sin x sin
2. sin P − sin Q =
(h) + cos 2θ
3. cos P + cos Q =
cos 60 + cos 2θ
4. cos P – cos Q = - = 2cos cos
= 2cos(30 + θ) cos(30 – θ)
(i) 1 + sin 2x
Application of the factor formula sin 90 + sin 2x
Example 1
2sin cos
Express the following in factors:
(a) sin 7θ + sin 5θ = 2sin(45 + x)cos(45 – x)
(b) sin 4x – sin 2x (j) sin2(x + 40) + sin2(x – 40)
(c) cos 7x + cos 5x = 2sin cos
(d) cos 3A – cos 5A = 2sin 2x cos 80
(e) sin(x + 30) + sin(x – 30)
(f) cos(x + 30) – cos(x – 30) Example II
(g) cos x – cos Solve the following equations from x = 0° to 360°
inclusive.
(h) + cos 2θ (a) cos x + cos 5x = 0
(i) 1 + sin 2x (b) sin 3x – sin x = 0
(j) Sin 2(x + 40) + sin 2(x – 40) (c) sin (x + 10) + sin x = 0
(d) cos(2x + 10) + cos(2x – 10) = 0
Solution (e) cos(x + 20) – cos(x – 70) = 0
(a) sin 7θ + sin 5θ
From sin P + sin Q = 2sin ( )cos ( ) Solution
(a) cos x + cos 5x = 0
sin 7θ + sin 5θ = 2sin ( )cos
2cos cos =0
= 2 sin 6θ cos θ −
2cos 3x cos 2x = 0
(b) sin 4x – sin 2x
2cos 3x cos 2x = 0
From sin P – sin Q = 2cos sin cos 3x cos 2x = 0
sin 4x – sin 2x = 2cos sin cos 2x = 0 OR
sin 4x – sin 2x = 2cos 3x sin x cos 3x = 0
(c) cos 7x + cos 5x For cos 2x = 0;
2x = cos−1(0)
From cos P + cos Q = 2cos cos 2x = 90°, 270°, 450°, 630°, 810°
Cos 7x + cos 5x = 2cos cos x = 45°, 135°, 225°, 315°.
= 2cos 6x cos x For cos 3x = 0;
(d) cos 3A – cos 5A 3x = cos−1(0)
From cos P – cos Q = -2sin sin 3x = 90°, 270°, 450°, 630°, 810°, 990°, 1170°
x = 30°, 90°, 150°, 210°, 270°, 330°.
cos 3A – cos 5A = -2 sin sin ∴ The solutions to the equation cosx + cos 5x = 0
−
= -2 sin 4A sin ( A) are 30°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 150°, 210°, 225°, 270°,
= 2 sin 4A sin A 315°, 330°.
(e) sin(x + 30) + sin(x – 30)
= -2sin cos (b) sin 3x – sin x = 0

194
2cos sin =0
(a)
2cos2x sin x = 0
cos2x sin x = 0
2x = cos−1(0)
2x = 90°, 270°, 450°, 630°, 810°, 990°
x = 45°, 135°, 225°, 315°
And for sin x = 0;
x = sin−1(0)
x = 0, 180°, 360°
The solutions to the equation sin 3x – sin x = 0 (b)
are 0, 45, 135, 180, 225, 315, 360.
(c) sin(x + 10) + sin x = 0
2sin cos =0
2sin(x + 5) (cos 5) = 0
sin (x + 5) = 0
x + 5 = sin−10)
x + 5 = 0, 180°, 360°
x = 355°, 175°.
x = 175°, 335° are solutions to the equation
sin(x + 10) + sin x = 0
(c)
(d) cos(2x + 10) + cos(2x – 10) = 0

2cos 2x cos 10 = 0
cos 2x = 0
2x = cos−1(0)
2x = 90°, 270°, 450°, 630°.
x = 45°, 135°, 225°, 315°
The solutions to the equation cos(2x + 20) + (d)
cos(2x – 10) = 0 are x = 45°, 135°, 225° and 315°

(f) cos(x + 20) – cos(x – 70) = 0

−2sin sin =0
−2sin(x – 25)sin 45 = 0
sin(x – 25) = 0
x – 25 = sin−1(0)
x – 25 = 0, 180°, 360°
Example IV
x = 25, 205°, 385°
Prove the following
(a) sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x = sin 2x(2cosx + 1)
Example II
(b) cos x + sin 2x – cos 3x = sin 2x(2sinx + 1)
Prove the following identities:
(c) cosθ – 2cos 3θ + cos 5θ = 2sinθ (sin 2θ – sin 4θ)
(a) (d) sin x – sin(x + 60) + sin(x + 120) = 0
(e) 1 + 2cos 2θ + cos 4θ = 4cos2θ cos 2θ
(b)
Solutions
(a) sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x
(c) = sin x + sin 3x + sin 2x
= 2sin cos + sin 2x
(d) = 2sin 2x cos(−x) + sin 2x
Solution = 2sin 2x cos x + sin 2x
= sin 2x(2cos x + 1)

195
sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x = sin 2x(2cos x + 1) θ = 30°, 90°, 150° (for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 180°)

(b) cos x + sin 2x – cos 3x For cos 2θ = − ;

= cos x – cos 3x + sin 2x
2θ = cos−1( )
= −2sin sin + sin 2x
2θ = 120°, 240°.
= −2sin 2x sin(-x) + sin 2x θ = 60°, 120°
= 2sin 2x sin x + sin 2x
= sin 2x[2sin x + 1] 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150° are the solutions to
cos x + sin 2x – cos 3x = sin 2x[2sin x + 1] the equation cos 3θ + cos 3θ + cos 5θ = 0

(c) cosθ − 2cos 3θ + cos 5θ (b) sin θ − 2sin 2θ + sin 3θ = 0

= cos θ − cos3θ + cos 5θ − cos 3θ sin θ + sin 3θ – 2sin 2θ = 0
= −2sin 2θ sin(-θ) + −2sin 4θ sin θ 2sin 2θ cos(-θ) – 2sin 2θ = 0
= 2sin 2θ sin θ – 2sin 4θ sinθ 2sin 2θ cos θ – 2sin 2θ = 0
= 2sin θ (sin 2θ – sin4θ) 2sin 2θ (cos θ – 1) = 0
cosθ − 2cos 3θ + cos 5θ = 2sin θ (sin 2θ – sin4θ)
Either sin 2θ = 0 OR cos θ = 1
(d) sin x – sin(x + 60) + sin(x + 120) For sin 2θ = 0;
= sin x + sin(x + 120) – sin(x + 60) 2θ = sin−10
= 2sin(x + 60)cos -60 – sin(x + 60) 2θ = 0°, 180°, 360°
= sin(x + 60) – sin(x + 60) θ = 0°, 90°, 180°
=0
sin x – sin(x + 60) + sin(x + 120) = 0 (c) sin θ + cos 2θ − sin 3θ = 0
sin θ – sin 3θ + cos 2θ = 0
(e) 1 + 2cos 2θ + cos 4θ 2cos 2θ sin -θ + cos 2θ = 0
Since cos 4θ = cos22θ − 1, cos 2θ(-2sin θ + 1) = 0
1 + 2cos 2θ + 2cos22θ – 1 cos 2θ = 0 OR sinθ =
= 2cos 2θ + 2cos22θ
= 2cos2θ [1 + cos 2θ] For cos 2θ = 0
= 2cos 2θ [1 + 2cos2θ – 1] 2θ = cos-10
= 4 cos2θ cos 2θ 2θ = 90°, 270°, 450°
1 + 2cos 2θ + cos 4θ = 4 cos2θ cos 2θ = 45°, 135°

Example V For sin θ = ;

Solve the following equations for values of θ from 0° to θ = sin-1( )
180° inclusive
(a) cos θ + cos 3θ + cos 5θ = 0 θ = 30°, 150°
(b) sin θ − 2sin 2θ + sin 3θ = 0
 30°, 45°, 135°, 150° are the solutions to the
(c) sin θ + cos 2θ − sin 3θ = 0 equation sin θ + cos 2θ − sin 3θ = 0
(d) sin 2θ + sin 4θ + sin 6θ = 0
(d) sin 2θ + sin 4θ + sin 6θ = 0
(e) cos θ + 2cos θ + cos θ = 0 (sin 2θ + sin 6θ) + sin 4θ = 0
Solution 2sin 4θ cos -2θ + sin 4θ = 0
(a) cos θ + cos 3θ + cos 5θ = 0 2sin 4θ cos 2θ + sin 4θ = 0
cos θ + cos 5θ + cos 3θ = 0 sin 4θ (2cos 2θ + 1) = 0
2cos3 θ cos−2 θ + cos3θ = 0
cos 3 θ(2cos2 θ + 1] = 0 For sin 4θ = 0;
Either cos 3θ = 0 OR 4θ = sin-10
4θ = 0, 180, 360, 540, 720
cos 2θ = −
= 0, 45, 90, 135, 180
For cos 3θ = 0;
3θ = cos−1(0) For 2cos 2θ + 1 = 0
3θ = 90°, 270°, 450°, 630°, 810°, 990° cos 2 θ =
θ = 30°, 90°, 150°, 210°, 270, 330°

196
2θ = 120°, 240° cos = cos
θ = 60°, 120°
 0°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 135°, 180° are the solutions
cos = cos(90 – B)
to the equation sin 2θ + sin 4θ + sin 6θ = 0 = cos 90 cos B + sin90 sin B
= sin B
(e) cos θ + 2cos θ + cos θ = 0
sin A + sin(B – C) = 2sin B cos C
cos θ + cos θ + 2cos θ =0
2cos cos(-θ) + 2cos =0 (c) sin A + sin B + sin C
= sin cos + sin C
2cos (cos θ + 1) = 0
= 2sin cos + 2sin cos
cos =0
But A + B + C = 180
= cos-1(0) C = 180 – (A + B)
= sin (90 - )
= 90, 270, 450
sin = sin 90 cos - cos 90 sin
θ = 60, 180
= cos
For (cosθ + 1) = 0; cos = cos(90 - )
cos θ = −1
cos = cos 90 cos + sin 90 sin
θ = cos-1(−1)
θ = 180 = sin
60, 180 are the solutions to the equation 2cos cos + 2cos cos
cos θ + 2cos θ + cos θ = 0 = 2cos cos +2cos cos

Example V =
Prove the following identities if A, B and C are taken to = 2cos [2cos cos ]
be angles of a triangle. = 4cos cos cos .
(a) sin A + sin(B – C) = 2sin B cos C sin A + sin B + sin C = 4cos cos cos .
(b) cos A – cos (B – C) = -2cos B cos C
(d) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C.
(c) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4cos cos cos = 2sin(A + B) cos(A – B) + 2sin C cos C
(d) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4sin A sin B sin C But A + B + C = 180
C = 180 – (A + B)
(e) cos A + cos B + cos C – 1 sin C = sin[180 – (A + B)]
= sin C = sin 180 cos (A + B) – cos 180 sin(A + B)
sin C = sin(A + B)
Solutions cos C = cos(180 – (A+B))
Sin A + sin(B – C) cos C = cos 180 cos(A + B) + sin 180 sin(A + B)
= 2sin cos = −cos(A + B)
2sin(A + B)cos(A – B) + 2sin C cos C
= 2sin cos = 2sin C cos (A – B) + 2sin C(-cos(A+B))
But A + B + C = 180 = 2sin C[cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)]
A + B + C – 2C = 180 – 2C = 2sin C[-2sin A sin –B]
A + B – C = 180 – 2C = 4sinA sin B sin C
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4sin A sin B sin C
= 90 – C
(e) cos A + cos B + cos C − 1
sin = sin(90 – C)
cos C = 2cos2 - 1
= sin 90 cos C – cos 90 sin C
= cos C cos C = 1 – 2sin2
A + B + C = 180 2sin2 = 1 – cos C
A + C + B – 2B = 180 – 2B
A + C – B = 180 – 2B cos A + cos B + cos C – 1 = cos A + cos B – 2sin2

197
= 2cos cos − 2sin2 Example VII (UNEB Question)
A + B + C = 180 Show that .
= 90 –
Solution
sin = sin (90 – )
sin = sin 90 cos - cos 90 sin
sin = cos
2cos cos - 2sin sin
= 2cos cos - 2sin cos
= 2sin cos - 2 sin cos
= 2sin [cos - cos ]
= 2sin [-2sin sin ]
= 2sin [2sin sin ]
A + B = 6θ …………………….. (i)
= 4sin sin sin
cos A + cos B + cos C – 1 = 4sin sin sin

Example VI (UNEB 2007) A – B = 6θ ……………………… (ii)

Solving Eqn (i) and Eqn (ii) simultaneously;
Show that A = 9θ, B = 3𝜃
Solution

Example VIII (UNEB Question)

But
If A, B, C are angles of the triangle, show that
cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = -1 − 4 cosA cos B cos C.

Solution
cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C
2cos(A + B) cos(A – B) + 2cos2C – 1
= -1 + 2cos(A + B) cos (A – B) + 2cos2C
A + B + C = 180
A + B = (180 – C)
cos(A + B) = cos(180 – C)
cos (A + B) = cos 180 cos C + sin 180 sin C
= -cos C

198
 -1 + 2cos(A + B) cos (A – B) + 2cos2A
= -1 – 2cos C cos(A – B) + 2cos2C
= -1 – 2cos C[cos(A – B) − cos C]
= -1 – 2cos C[cos(A – B) – cos C]
cos C = -cos(A + B)
= -1 – 2cos C[cos(A – B) + cos (A + B)
= -1 – 4cos A cos B cos C.
cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = -1 − 4 cosA cos B cos C.

Example IX (UNEB Question)

Use the factor formula to show that Example X (UNEB Question)
Solve sinx – sin 4x = sin2x – sin3x for

Solution
Solution sin x – sin 4x = sin 2x – sin 3x
sin 3x + sin x = sin 4x + sin 2x

= tan(A + B) Taking cos = 0

UNEB 2008 Taking sin 2x – sin 3x = 0

sin 3x – sin 2x = 0
(i) Prove that

(ii) Deduce that where A, B and C are

solution
Either
(i)

(ii) A + B + C = 1800
A + B =180 – C Or Sin

x = 0, are the solutions to the

equation

199
Relationship between sides of a triangle
In a triangle ABC with angles A, B and C, we denote the from figure I.
side opposite these angles by their corresponding small
letters a, b, and c respectively as shown in the figure …………………. (i)
below.
From figure II;
C
sin C =
C
b ……………………… (ii)
a

From figure III;

A B
A B
c
2R = …………………….. (iii)
The sine rule
Let O be the centre of the circle circumscribing the Equating equations (i), (ii), and (iii)
triangle ABC with radius, R.
A
Figure I
This is the sine rule
A D

c A The Cosine rule

b Consider a triangle ABC. Assume angle A is acute.
2R O
B

B a C

C a c
Figure II h
C D

b C
a
2R O A A
C b–x D x
Considering the right-angled triangle BDA,
A c B x2 + h2 = c2 …………………..…. (i)

from the right-angled triangle BCD,

a2 = (b – x)2 + h2
B
Figure III a2 = b2 – 2bx + x2 + h2 ………….. (ii)
D From Eqn (i);
B h2 = c2 – x2 …………………..…. (iii)
B
a
c Substituting Eqn (iii) in Eqn (ii)
2R O a2 = b2 – 2bx + x2 + c2 – x2
a2 = b2 – 2bx + c2 ……………….. (iv)
From triangle ABD;
C b A

From figure I, BCD = 90° x = c cos A …………..………….. (v)

Since this angle is subtended by the diameter, Substituting Eqn (v) into (iv)
a2 = b2 – 2bc cos A + c2

200
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A But from the sine rule;

Application of cosine and sine rules a = 2R sinA, b = 2R sin B, and c = 2R sin C

Example I

Prove that in a triangle ABC,

Solution
= tan B × cot C
From the sine rule;
= tanB cot C
a = 2R sin A, b = 2R sin B and c = 2R sin C
Example III
Prove that in any triangle ABC,
Solution

From the sine rule;

A + B + C = 180 a = 2R sin A, b = 2Rsin B, c = 2R sin C
C = 180 – (A + B)
sin C = sin(180 – (A + B)) =
sin C = sin 180 cos (A+B) – cos 180 sin (A+B)
= sin (A + B) =

But A + B + C = 180
A = 180 – (B + C)
=

cos = cos(90 – )
= cos 90 cos + sin 90 sin
= = sin
sin = sin(90 – )
Example II = sin 90 cos − cos 90 sin
= cos
Prove that in any triangle ABC, = tanB cot C
Solution
From the cosine rule;
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cosA ……………… (i)
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B ……………… (ii)
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C ……………… (iii)
Example IV
From Eqn (i); Prove that in any triangle ABC,
2ac cos B = a2 + c2 – b2
From Eqn (iii);
2ab cos C = a2 + b2 – c2 Solution
From the sine rule, = 2R
a = 2R sinA, b = 2R sin B, and c = 2R sin C

201
sin2 =

= sin2 =

=
sin2 =
=

= a + b + c = 2s
a + b – c = a + b + c – 2c
= = 2 s – 2c
= 2(s – c)
a + c – b = a + b + c – 2b
= = 2 s – 2b
= 2(s – b)
=

From triangle ABC;

A + B + C = 180
A = 180 – (B + C) From the cosine rule, a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
sin A = sin(180 – (B + C))
= sin 180 cos B + C – cos 180 sin(B + C) cos A =
= sin (B + C)
cos A = 2 cos2 −1

cos2 = (1 + cos A)

Area of a triangle
Let D denote the area of a triangle ABC, then
D=

a + b + c = 2s
D = bc sin cos b + c – a = a + b + c – 2a
= 2s – 2a
S= = 2(s – a)
Where S is the semi perimeter.
From the cosine rule, a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
cos A = From the area of a triangle D;
D = bc sin cos
cos A = 1 – 2 sin2

sin2 =

202
y = −3 cos 5x

(c) −4 sin x
The area of a triangle is
This is called the Heron formula named after the Greek y = −4 sin x
Mathematician Heron

Differentiation and integration of trigonometric functions

(d) sin x2
Function Differentiat Integrate y = sin x2
e
Sin x Cos x −cosx
cos x -sinx sin x (e) 2sin (x + 1)

Sin ax a cos ax y = 2sin (x + 1)

cos ax

cos ax -a sin ax
sin ax

sin 3x 3 cos 3x
cos 3x Example II

cos 3x −3 sin 3x Differentiate the following

sin 3x (a) sin2x
(b) 4cos2x
(c) cos3x
Differentiation of trigonometric functions (d) 2sin3x
(e) 3 sin42x
Example I (f)

Differentiate the following Solutions

(a) sin 6x (a) sin2x
y = sin2x
(b) −3 cos 5x
(c) −4 sin x
(d) sin x2 (b) 4cos2x
(e) 2sin (x + 1) y = 4cos2x

Solutions
(a) y = sin 6x

(b) −3 cos 5x (c) cos3x

203
y = cos3x (b) x sin 2x
y = x sin 2x
= x .2cos 2x + sin 2x.1

= 2x cos 2x + sin 2x
(d) 2sin3x
y = 2sin3x (c) x2sin x
y = x2sin x

x2cos x + (sin x) 2x
(e) 3 sin42x
y = 3 sin42x x2 cos x + 2x sin x

(d)

y=
(f)
y=

Example II

Differentiate the following

(a) x cos x
(b) x sin 2x
(c) x2sin x
(e)
(d)
y=
(e)
From y = ;
(f)

Solutions
(a) y = x cos x
From y = uv;

= x(-sinx) + cos x

= -x sin x + cos x
(f)

204
y= (iii) (sec x)

From y = ; =

=
= sec x tan x
Derivatives of tan x, cot x, sec x, and cosec x
(sec x) = sec x tan x

(i) (tan x) = sec2x

(sec x) = sec x tan x

(cot x) = -cosec2 x)

(cosec x) = -cosec x cot x

Proofs = -cot x cosec x

(tan x) = Example I
Differentiate the following
(a) tan 2x
=
(b) cot 3x
(c) 2cosec x
=
(d) –tan (2x + 1)

= (e) sec(3x – 2)

(f) tan
(tan x) = sec2x
Solution

(cot x) = (a) tan 2x

y = tan 2x
= 2sec22x

= (b) cot 3x
y = cot 3x
=
3(-cosec2 3x)
= -cosec2 x
= -3cosec23x
= -cosec x 2

(c) 2cosec x
y = 2cosec x

205
= sec3x + tan2xsec x.

(d) 3x cosec x
y = 3x cosec x
(d) –tan (2x + 1) = 3x(-cosec x cot x) + cosec 3
y = –tan (2x + 1)
= -2sec2(2x + 1) = -3x cosec x cot x + 3cosec x

(e) cosec x cot x

(e) sec(3x – 2) y = cosec x cot x

y= sec(3x – 2) = cosec x -cosec2x + (cot x)(-cot x cosec x)

= cosec3x – cot2xcosec x

= sec(3x – 2) tan(3x – 2) Example III

Differentiate the following
(a) tan2x
(f) tan (b) sec2x
y = tan (c) 3cosec2x
(d) –tan22x
(e) cot23x

(f)
(g) -2cosec4 x
Example II Solution
Differentiate the following: (a) tan2x
(a) x tan x y = tan2x
(b) sec x tan x
(c) x2cot x = 2tan x(sec2x)
(d) 3x cosec x
(e) cosec x cot x = 2sec2x tan x
(f)
(b) sec2x
Solutions y = sec2x
(a) x tan x = 2sec x(sec x tan x)
y = x tan x
= x sec2x + (tan x).1 = 2sec2x tan x

= x sec2x + tan x (c) 3cosec2x

y = 3cosec2x
(b) sec x tan x = 3 × 2cosec x(-cosec x cot x)
y = sec x tan x
= sec x sec2x + tan x (sec x tan x) = -6cosec2xcot x

206
(d) -tan22x
y = -tan22x
= -2(tan 2x)(2sec22x) =

= -4sec22x tan 2x

(e) cot23x (b) sin 3x + c

y= cot23x = cos 3x + c

= × 2 cot 3x(-3cosec23x) (c) sin(3x – 1) + c

= -3cosec23xcot 3x (d) dx = cos(2x + 1) + c

(f) (e) dx = dx

= +c

= sin 4x + c

(g) -2cosec4x Example

y = -2cosec4x Integrate the following
= -8cosec3x(-cosec x cot x) (a) sec22x
(b) 3sec x tan x
(c) –cosec2 x
= 8cosec4 x cot x
(d) cosec 3x cot 3x
(e) 2sec2x tan x
Integration of Trigonometric functions
(f)
Integration is the process of obtaining a function from its
derivative (g)

Note: sin (ax) + c

(h)

cos(ax) + c
Solution

Example I Note: (tan x) = sec2x

Integrate the following
(a) cos 3x = tan x + c
(b) sin 3x
(c) cos(3x – 1) = sec x tan x
(d) sin(2x + 1)
(e) 6 cos 4x = sec x + c

Solution = -cosec2x
(a) cos 3x
y = cos 3x = -(cot x) + c

207
= -cosec x cot x = cosec 3x + c

= -cosec x + c
(e)

(a) Consider (sec2x) = 2sec x(sec x tan x)

Let u = 2x
= 2 sec2x tan x
du = 2dx
= sec2x + c
dx =

(f)

= sec x + c
(g) =

(b) Let u = 2x
du = 2 dx

= 3 sec x + c

(c)

Let u =

dx = 2 du

(h)

(d)
Let u = 3x Let u = 2x
du = 3 dx du = 2 dx

= (-cosec u) + c

208
Example III
Evaluate the following
(a)

(b)

(c)

Solution
(a)

Example
A particle moves in a straight line such that its velocity in
m/s after passing through a fixed point O is 3cos t – 2sint.
Find:
(a) Its distance from O after s
(b) Its acceleration after π s
(c) The time when its velocity is first zero.
Solution
V = 3cos t – 2 sin t
(b)
= 3cos t – 2 sin t
dS = (3cos t – 2sin t) dt
S = 3 sin t + 2 cos t + c

When t = 0, S = 0
0 = 3 sin(0) + 2 cos (0) + c
-2 = c
S = 3 sin t + 2 cos t – 2.
When t = ,
S = 3sin + 2 cos -2
S=3–2
S=1m
(c) V = 3 cost – 2 sin t
From cos 2x = 1 – 2sin2 x
a= = -3 sin t – 2cos t
sin x =
2
(1 – cos 2x)
a= = -3 sin π – 2 cos π

= 2 m/s2
a = 2 m/s2
V = 3cos t – 2 sin t
3 cos t – 2 sin t = 0.
R = cos(t + α) = 0

R=

209
cos(t + α) = 0
(g) sin 2x =
cos(t + 33.7) = 0
(h) cos 2x =
cos(t + 33.7) = 0
t + 33.7 = cos-10
(i) sin(x + 20) =
t + 33.7 = 90
t = 56.3 (j) tan(x – 30) = 1
(k) 3(cos x – 1) = -1
t= (l) sin x (1 – 2cos x) = 0
(m) cos x(2sin x + cos x) = 0
t = 0.983 s (n) 2sin x cos x + sin x = 0
(o) 4sin x cos x = 3cos x
Revision Exercise (p) 4cos2x + cos x = 0
1. Solve the following for all values of x from 0° to 360°. (q) tan x = 4 sin x
(d) tan x = –1 (r) (2sin x – 1)(sin x + 1) = 0
(a) (s) 2sin2x – sin x – 1 = 0
(e) sin x = (t) 2tan2x – tanx – 6 = 0
(b)
(u) 2tan x – =1
(c) tan x = 1 (f) cos x =
Solve the following equations for all values of x from
2. Solve the following equations for values of x from -
-180° to 180°
180° to 180°
1. cos2x =
(a)
2. sin 2x = 2cos 2x
(b)
3. cos(x – 20) =

(c) 4. cos x(sin x – 1) = 0

5. 3sin2x = 2sin x cos x
(d) 6. 2cos2x – 5cos x + 2 = 0
7. Factorise the expression 6sinθ cosθ + 3cosθ + 4sinθ
(e) + 2. Hence solve 6sinθ cosθ + 3cosθ + 4sinθ + 2 = 0
for -180° ≤ 180°
(f) 8. Factorise the equation 3sinθ cosθ – 3sinθ + 2cosθ –
2. Hence solve 3sinθ cosθ – 3sinθ + 2cosθ = 2.
3. Solve the following equations for all values of x from
9. Without using tables or calculator, find the values
0° to 360°
of:
(a) (a) sec 45° (g) cosec 330°
(b) cot 45° (h) sec 240°
(b) cos x = -0.7
(c) cosec 30 (i) cot -135°
(c) tan x -0.75
(d) sec 60° (j) sec -60°
(d) cos2x = (e) cosec 135° (k) sec(-120°)
(f) sec 120° (l) cosec 315°
(e) sin x = 2cos x
10. Simplify the following expression:
(f) 2sin x – 3cos x = 0
(a)
(b) cosecθ tanθ

210
(e) x = 2 + sin, cos θ = 1 + y.
(c)
15. Solve the following equations for all values of θ
(d) cot from -180° to 180°.
(a) 4 – sin θ = 4cos2 θ
11. Prove the following identities
(b) sin2θ + cos θ + 1 = 0
(a) sinθ tanθ + cosθ = secθ
(c) 5 – 5cos θ = 3sin2θ
(b) cosecθ – sinθ = cotθ cosθ
(d) 8tan θ = 3cos θ
(c) (sinθ + cosθ)2 + (sinθ – cosθ)2θ = 2
(e) sin2θ + 5cos2θ = 0
(d) (sinθ + cosecθ)2 = sin2θ + cot2θ + 3θ
(f) 1 – cos2θ = -2sin θ cos θ
(e) cot4θ + cot2θ = cosec4θ – cosec2θ
16. Solve the following equations from 0° to 360°
(f) = cosecθ – cotθ (a) sec θ = 2

(b) cot 2θ =
(g) = 2cosecθ
(c) 3cot θ = tan θ
(h) = cotθ (d) 2sin θ = -3cot θ
(e) 2sec2θ – 3 + tan θ = 0
17. If A + B + C = 180°, prove that
(i) = tanθ
cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 – cosAcosBcosC
18. Prove that sin 3A = 4sinAsin(60 + A)sin(60 – A)
(j) = 2cosecθ
19. Show that in a triangle ABC, if 2S = a + b + c, then
(k) cos4x – sin4x = cos2x
1 – tan + tan =
(l) cos A + cos(B + C) = 0
20. Prove that in any triangle ABC,
(m) = 2cosθ
(a + b + c)(tan + tan ) = 2c cot .
12. Prove the following identities: 21. Prove that in any triangle
(a) 2cosec 2θ = cosecθ secθ
ABC, = tan tan
(b) tan A + cot A = 2coesec 2A
22. From a point A, a light wind due to north of A has an
(c) = sec 2A
elevation α from a point B, due west of A. The angle
(d) cot 2A = cosec 2A – tan A of elevation is β. Prove that the angle of elevation
from the midpoint of AB. is
(e) = cotθ

(f) tanθ – cotθ = -2cot 2θ

13. Prove the following identities:
23. Solve: 4cos α – 3sin α = 2
(a) = tan2θ 24. Solve the equation 15cos2θ + 20sin2θ + 7 = 0
25. Find all the possible values of x that satisfy
(b) tan 3θ =

(c) = tan θ
26. Prove that
14. Eliminate θ from each of the following pairs of
relationships 27. Solve the equation = 0
(a) x = sin θ , y = cos θ for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
(b) x = 3sin θ , y = cosec θ
28. Solve cos4x + sin4x = for 0 ≤ x ≤ .
(c) 5x = sin θ, y = 2cos θ
(d) x = 3 + sin θ, y = cos θ

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29. Find the value of x for 3cos2x – 8cosx + 4 = 0

30. Show that

31. Prove that

32. Solve the equation cos x – cos 4x = cos 2x – cos 3x

for –π ≤ x ≤ π.
33. Given that y = 4cos x – 6sin x. Express y in the form
Rcos(x + α), where R is a constant. Find the
maximum and minimum value of y.
34. Express (45° + x) in terms of tan x. Hence or
otherwise express tam 75° in the form a + b .

35. Given sin x = , where 180° ≤ x ≤ 270, find

without using tables or calculator the value of tan 3x.

36. Show that:

(a)

(b)

(c) cos-1x + sin-1x =

37. Solve the equation

(a) tan-1(2x + 1) + tan-1(2x – 1) = tan-12
(b) tan-1(1 + x) + tan-1(1 – x) = 32

(c) cos-1x + cos-1x =

(d)

38. Without using tables or calculator, evaluate

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