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Web Technologies MCQs

This document contains a quiz on web technologies and Python with multiple choice questions and answers. Some key points: - It addresses topics like HTML tags, CSS, JavaScript, and other web development topics. - There are 30 questions in total, testing knowledge of tags, properties, functions, and other concepts. - The questions have a multiple choice format with a single correct answer provided for each.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

132 views

Web Technologies MCQs

Uploaded by

Rahul Sharma

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Web Technologies / Python Questionaries

1. A much better approach to establish the base URL is to use__________

HEAD element
BASE element
Both (a) and (b)
None
Answer: BASE element

2. Symbol used at the beginning of the HREF text is_________

3. From which tag descriptive list starts?

<DS>
<DD>
<LL>
<DL>
Answer: <DL>

4. Which method of the Component class is used to set the position and size of a component
in JSP?
setSize()
setBounds() method
setPosition()
setPositionSize()
Answer: setBounds() method

5. What are Empty elements and is it valid?

No, it is not valid to use Empty Element
Empty elements are element with no data
No, there are no such terms as Empty Element
None
Answer: Empty elements are element with no data

6. Which of the following is a container?

<SELECT>
<BODY>
<INPUT>
Both (a) and (b)
Answer: Both (a) and (b)
7. How can you open a link in a new browser window?
< a href = “url” target = “new”>
<a href = “url” target= “_blank”>
<a href = “url” target =”open”>
<a href = “url”.new>
Answer: <a href = “url” target= “_blank”>

8. The tag used to create a hypertext relationship between current document and another
URL is___________
<LINK>
<A>
<ISINDEX>
None
Answer: <LINK>

9. Which of the following statement is not true regarding JavaScript?

A JavaScript embedded in an HTML document is compiled and executed by the client
browser
JavaScript is an object-based language
JavaScript is a loosely typed language
JavaScript is event driven
Answer: A JavaScript embedded in an HTML document is compiled and executed by the
client browser

10. Which tag creates a number/order list?

<UL>
<OT>
<OL>
None
Answer: <OL>

11. Markup tags tell the web browser___________

How to display the page
How to display message box on page
How to organize the page
None
Answer: How to display the page

12. The map definition file is generally stored in____________

BIN
RECYCLE-BIN
CGI-BIN
All of the above
Answer: CGI-BIN
13. The attribute, which define the relationship between current document and HREF’ed
URL is
REL
URL
REV
All of the above
Answer: REV

14. Which of the following options is correct with regard to HTML?

It is a DTP language
It is a modeling language
It is used to structure documents
It is a partial programming language
Answer: It is used to structure documents

15. How can you make an e-mail link?

<a href =”mail to: [email protected]”>
<a href = “[email protected]”>
<mail href +”[email protected]”>
None
Answer: <a href =”mail to: [email protected]”>

16. Web pages starts with which of the following tag?

<Title>
<Form>
<Body>
<HTML>
Answer: <HTML>

17. Correct HTML tag for the largest heading is_______________

<h6>
<heading>
<head>
<h1>
Answer: <h1>

18. Correct HTML to left align the content inside a table cell is____________
<td leftalign>
<td align = “left”>
<td raligh = “left” >
<tdleft>
Answer: <td align = “left”>

19. In ASP the function which returns an expression formatted as a date or time
is_________
FormatDateOrTime()
FormatTimeDate()
FormatDateTime()
FormatDateAndTime()
Answer: FormatDateTime()

20. What i s the correct HTML for adding a background color?

<body color = “Green”>
<body bg color = “Green”>
<background>green<Background>
<body bg =“green”>
Answer: <body bgcolor = “green”>

21. What method is used to specify a container’s layout in JSP?

setContainerLayout()
Layout()
setLayout()
ContainerLayout()
Answer: setLayout()

22. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding multimedia on the web?
The MPEG, AU and MIDI are cross-platform formats
The SND format has a relatively low fidelity
The MPEG, AIFF and WAV are cross-platform formats
VRML can be used to model and display 3D interactive graphics
Answer: The MPEG, AIFF and WAV are cross-platform formats

23. The web standard allows programmers on many different computer platforms to
dispersed format and display the information server. These programs are
called___________
Internet Explorer
Web Browsers
HTML
None
Answer: Web Browsers

24. What value does readLine() return when it has reached the end of a file in JSP?
False
Null
EOF
Last character in the file
Answer: Null

25. In JSP, the classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as objects are known
as________
Object classes
Primitive classes
Wrapper classes
Boxing classes
Answer: Wrapper classes

26. HTML is a subset of

SGMT
SGML
SGMD
None
Answer: SGML

27. HTML stands for?

Hyper Tabular Markup Language
Hyper Text Markup Language
High Text Markup Language
None
Answer: Hypertext Markup Language

28. Any part of the graphic that is not included in another hot zone is considered to be part
of__________
Point
default
Rect
Polygon
Answer: Default

29. The latest HTML standard is________

XML
HTML 4.0
SGML
HTML 5.0
Answer: HTML 5.0

30. www is based on which model?

Client-server
Local-server
3-tier
None
Answer: Client-server

Basic CSS Interview Questions

1. Name some CSS frameworks.
CSS frameworks are libraries that make web page styling easier. Some of them are Foundation,
Bootstrap, Gumby, Ukit, Semantic UI, etc.
2. What do you understand by the universal sector?
A universal selector is a selector that matches any element type's name instead of selecting
elements of a particular type.
Example:
<style>
*{
color: blue;
font-size: 10px;
}
</style>

3. Tell us about the use of the ruleset.

The ruleset is used for the identification of selectors, which can be attached with other selectors.
The two parts of a ruleset are:
 Declaration block: contains one or more semicolon-separated declarations
 Sector: indicates the HTML element needed to be styled

4. What are the elements of the CSS Box Model?

The CSS box model defines the layout and design of CSS elements. The elements are content
(like text and images, padding (the area around content), border (the area around padding), and
margin (the area around the border).

5. Differentiate between CSS3 and CSS2.

The main difference between CSS3 and CSS2 is that CSS divides different sections into modules
and supports many browsers. It also contains new General Sibling Combinators responsible for
matching similar elements.

6. How can CSS be integrated into an HTML page?

There are three ways of integrating CSS into HTML: using style tags in the head section, using
inline-styling, writing CSS in a separate file, and linking into the HTML page by the link tag.

7. Explain a few advantages of CSS.

With CSS, different documents can be controlled using a single site, styles can be grouped in
complex situations using selectors and grouping methods, and multiple HTML elements can
have classes.

8. What is meant by RGB stream?

RGB represents colors in CSS. The three streams are namely Red, Green, and Blue. The
intensity of colors is represented using numbers 0 to 256. This allows CSS to have a spectrum of
visible colors.
9. What was the purpose of developing CSS?
CSS was developed to define the visual appearances of websites. It allows developers to separate
the structure and content of a website that was not possible before.

10. What is the difference between a class and an ID?

Ans. Class is a way of using HTML elements for styling. They are not unique and have multiple
elements. Whereas ID is unique and it can be assigned to a single element.

Intermediate CSS Interview Questions

1. Define z-index.
This is one of the most frequently asked CSS interview questions. Z-index is used to specify the
stack order of elements that overlap each other. Its default value is zero and can take both
negative and positive values. A higher z-index value is stacked above the lower index element. It
takes the following values- auto, number, initial, and inherit.

2. What are the benefits of CSS Sprites?

With CSS sprites, loading multiple images is not an issue.
 Blinking is not seen.
 Advanced downloading of assets does not take place until needed.

3. How can you target h3 and h2 with the same styling?

Multiple elements can be targeted by separating with a comma:
h2, h3 {color: red;}

4. Name media types allowed by CSS.

The different media types allowed by CSS are:
 speech
 audio
 visual
 tactile media
 continuous or paged media
 grip media or bitmap
 interactive media

5. How can you use CSS to control image repetition?

The background-repeat property is used to control the image. Example:
h3 {
background-repeat: none;
}
6. Tell us about the property used for image scroll controlling?
The background-attachment property is used to set whether the background image is fixed or it
scrolls with the rest of the page. Example for a fixed background-image:
body {
background-image: url(‘url_of_image’);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-attachment: fixed;
}

7. Name some font-related CSS attributes.

The font-related attributes are Font- style, variant, weight, family, size, etc.

8. Define contextual selectors.

In CSS, contextual selectors allow developers to specify styles of different parts of the document.
Styles can be assigned directly to specific HTML tags or create independent classes and assign
tags to them.

9. Explain responsive web design.

Responsive Design is a web page creation approach that uses flexible images, flexible layouts,
and CSS media queries. This design approach aims to build web pages that detect the orientation
and screen size of the visitors so that the layout can be changed accordingly.

10. Tell us about the general CSS nomenclature.

In CSS, the styling commands are written in value and property fashion. CSS includes a system
terminator- semicolon. The entire style is wrapped in curly braces and attached to the selector.
This creates a style sheet that can be applied to an HTML page.

Advanced CSS Interview Questions

1. When should you use translate () instead of absolute positioning?
Translate is a CSS transform value. On changing opacity or transform, browser reflow or repaint
is not triggered. Transform requires the browser to create a GPU layer for elements but using the
CPU changes absolutes positioning properties. Translate () is more efficient and results in shorter
paint times. On using translate (), element occupies original space, unlike in changing absolute
positioning.

2. Name different ways to position some aspects in CSS.

The positioning property specifies the positioning method type. The five different position values
are fixed, static, absolute, sticky, and relative. The elements are positioned using top, left, right,
and bottom properties. These properties need to be set first, and they work depending on position
value.
3. What are mixins?
A mixin is similar to a function block of code returning a single value—mixin output lines of
Sass code that directly compiles into CSS styles. At the same time, the function returns a value
that becomes the value for a CSS property or something that can be passed to another mixin.

4. How can you optimize the webpage for prints?

Identify and control 'content areas' of the website. A website generally has a footer, header,
sidebar, navbar, and main content area. Most of the work is done by controlling the content area.
So, conquer print media without changing the website's integrity by using page breaks, creating a
stylesheet for print, size your page for print, and avoid unnecessary HTML tables.

5. What is meant by CSS working under the hood?

When a browser displays a document, it combines style information and document content. The
document is processed in two stages:
 Conversion of HTML and CSS into Document Object Model
 DOM displays contents of browser

6. Differentiate between the use of ID selector and class selector.

ID Selector:
<style>
#right {
text-align: right;
color: blue;
}
</style>
CSS class Selector:
<style>
.right {
text-align: right;
color: blue;
}
</style>

7. Tell us about CSS float property.

The float property of CSS positions an image to the right or left as needed, including text
wrapping around it. All properties of elements used before it remain unchanged.
8. What do you understand by pseudo-elements?
Pseudo-elements provide special effects to some selectors. CSS finds use in applying styles in
HTML markups. If additional markup or style is not feasible for a document, the pseudo-
elements help by allowing extra markup without interfering with the original document.

9. Differentiate between logical and physical tags.

Logical tags mainly focus on content and are older as compared to physical ones. Logical ones
do not find much usage in presentation and terms of aesthetics. At the same time, physical ones
find application in presentation.

10. How media types in CSS work?

The four types of media properties are print, speech, and screen. Example of using print-media
type:
@media print {
h2 {
background-color: blue;
}
}

Basic JavaScript Interview Questions

1. List the different data types of JavaScript.

JavaScript variables can be categorized as primitive types and non-primitive types.
The primitive JavaScript data types are:
 String: A string is represented with a series of characters and written in quotes. We can
represent a string either using a single or double quote.
 Number: The number data type represents numbers. We can write Number data types
with or without decimals.
 Biglnt: This data type is used for storing numbers above the limitation of the Number
data type. The Biglnt data type is represented by adding an ‘n’ to the integer literal. It can
also represent large integers.
 Boolean: This data type represents a logical entity that has only two values—true and
false. This data type is employed mainly for conditional testing.
 Undefined: In cases where a specific variable is not assigned but declared, it carries the
undefined value. The type of such variables is also undefined.
 Null: This data type represents either an invalid or a non-existing value.
 Symbol: This data type is used for storing an anonymous or unique value. It is a new data
type introduced in the current ES6 JavaScript version.
While primitive data types are used only for storing single values, non-primitive data types can
be used to store complex and multiple values. The non-primitive JavaScript data type is:
 Object: This data type is employed for storing a collection of data.

2. State the difference between the operators “==” and “===”.

“==” and “===” are comparison operators. The “==” operator is used to compare values, and the
“===” operator is used to compare values and types.

3. What is implicit type coercion?

In JavaScript, the implicit type of coercion is the automatic conversion of values from one data
type to another. This happens when different types of operations are present in an expression.
The different coercion types are:
 String Coercion: The string coercion can be employed by using the operator “+”. When
adding a number to a string, the number type gets transformed into a string type. When
this operation is used for adding up numbers, the result is a number.
 Boolean Coercion: Boolean coercion is employed for ternary operators, loop checks,
logical operators, and if statements.
 Logical operators: Unlike other programming languages, the logical operators in
JavaScript do not give the result as true or false. They return one of the operands. In the
OR operator, if the first value is true, then it is returned. Otherwise, the second value gets
returned all the time. If all values are true in the AND operator, the second value is
returned. If the first value is false, that is returned. Similarly, when the second value is
false, it is returned.
 Equality Coercion: The equality coercion takes place while using the ‘==’ operator. This
operator is used for comparing values and not types. It converts the operands to a similar
type for comparing them.

4. What is the call, apply and bind methods?

Call: This is a predefined method that leads to method function by stating the owner object. It
also permits an object to use another object's method. Further, it also accepts arguments.
Apply: This method is like the call method. The only difference is that it takes the arguments as
an array instead of the call method, which takes the arguments separately.
Bind: The blind method returns a new function. In the new function, the value of the ‘this’
function is bound with the owner object (provided as a parameter).

5. What is the scope and scope chain?

In JavaScript, scope directs the accessibility of functions and variables at different parts of the
code. Scope helps the viewer understand which variables and functions are accessible and which
are not at any given part of the code. There are primarily three kinds of scope in JavaScript:
 Global scope: All the functions and variables have global scope and can be accessed
from every place inside the code.
 Function scope: All the functions and variables have only local scope and can be
accessed from within the function.
 Block scope: This scope is connected to variables with let and const. All the variables
and functions declared inside a block scope can be accessed only inside the box.
If the JavaScript engine fails to find the variable in the local scope, it attempts to find it in the
outer scope. Further, if the variable is not found even in the outer scope, the engine looks for it in
the global scope. If the variable goes unidentified even in the global scope, a reference error
comes up. This is known as the scope chain.

6. Do we identify JavaScript as a dynamically typed language or a statically typed

language?
JavaScript falls in the category of dynamically typed language. In a dynamically typed language,
the variable type is checked during run time, and in a statically typed language, it is checked
during compile time.
Besides these elementary JavaScript interview questions, let us study some of the more advanced
interview questions on JavaScript, which will test your detailed knowledge of the subject.

Advanced JavaScript Interview Questions

1. Explain the spread operator and rest parameter.
The spread operator and rest parameter got launched as a part of the ES6 version.
 Spread operator: This operator is used for spreading an array and object literals. There
is an additional use of this operator when we expect one or more arguments in any
function call.
 Rest parameter: It gives us an enhanced way to handle any function’s parameters. This
parameter is employed for creating functions capable of taking a variable number of
arguments. It is possible to convert multiple arguments to an array with the help of this
parameter. We can also extract only a part of any argument with the rest parameter. To
use the rest parameter, one must put three dots before any parameter.
The main difference between the spread operator and the rest parameter is that while the rest
parameter takes multiple variables to turn into an array, the spread operator takes an array to
spread it. Furthermore, while the spread operator is employed in the case of function calls, the
rest parameter is employed in the function declaration.

2. Explain the role of promises in JavaScript.

We use promises for handling asynchronous operations. However, before them, callbacks were
employed for the same purpose. But due to their limitations, operating multiple callbacks for
handling asynchronous data could result in unmanageable code. There are four different states of
a promise object:
 Pending state: The initial state of promise represents that a promise is pending, neither
fulfilled nor rejected.
 Fulfilled state: This state of promise represents that it has already been fulfilled, with the
async operation complete.
 Rejected state: This promise represents that it has been rejected with the async operation
failed.
 Settled state: This state of promise represents that it has either been fulfilled or rejected.
A promise constructor that allows a callback instruction of reject and resolve is used for creating
these promises.

3. What is Weak Set in JavaScript?

The Set represents a collective of ordered and unique elements. Similar to Set, Weak Set is a
collection of different ordered and unique elements with some exceptions like:
 It consists of only objects and nothing else.
 The objects inside Weak Set have a poor reference, which means they will be garbage
collected if they do not have any reference.
 There are only three methods of Weak Set, namely add, has, and delete.

4. What is Weak Map in JavaScript?

We use maps for storing the key-value pairs. These pairs are other primitive or non-primitive
types. The only factors that differentiate Weak Map from other maps are:
 All values and keys in the Weak Map must be an object.
 If no reference is provided for the object, it will be garbage collected.

Python
1. What is Python? What are the benefits of using Python.
Python is a high-level, interpreted, general-purpose programming language. Being a general-
purpose language, it can be used to build almost any type of application with the right
tools/libraries. Additionally, python supports objects, modules, threads, exception-handling, and
automatic memory management which help in modelling real-world problems and building
applications to solve these problems.
Benefits of using Python:
 Python is a general-purpose programming language that has a simple, easy-to-learn syntax that
emphasizes readability and therefore reduces the cost of program maintenance. Moreover, the
language is capable of scripting, is completely open-source, and supports third-party packages
encouraging modularity and code reuse.
 Its high-level data structures, combined with dynamic typing and dynamic binding, attract a huge
community of developers for Rapid Application Development and deployment.
2. What is a dynamically typed language?
Before we understand a dynamically typed language, we should learn about what typing
is. Typing refers to type-checking in programming languages. In a strongly-typed language,
such as Python, "1" + 2 will result in a type error since these languages don't allow for "type-
coercion" (implicit conversion of data types). On the other hand, a weakly-typed language, such
as Javascript, will simply output "12" as result.
Type-checking can be done at two stages -
 Static - Data Types are checked before execution.
 Dynamic - Data Types are checked during execution.
Python is an interpreted language, executes each statement line by line and thus type-checking is
done on the fly, during execution. Hence, Python is a Dynamically Typed Language.

3. What is an Interpreted language?

An Interpreted language executes its statements line by line. Languages such as Python,
Javascript, R, PHP, and Ruby are prime examples of Interpreted languages. Programs written in
an interpreted language runs directly from the source code, with no intermediary compilation
step.

4. What is PEP 8 and why is it important?

PEP stands for Python Enhancement Proposal. A PEP is an official design document providing
information to the Python community, or describing a new feature for Python or its
processes. PEP 8 is especially important since it documents the style guidelines for Python
Code. Apparently contributing to the Python open-source community requires you to follow
these style guidelines sincerely and strictly.

5. What is Scope in Python?

Every object in Python functions within a scope. A scope is a block of code where an object in
Python remains relevant. Namespaces uniquely identify all the objects inside a program.
However, these namespaces also have a scope defined for them where you could use their
objects without any prefix. A few examples of scope created during code execution in Python are
as follows:

 A local scope refers to the local objects available in the current function.
 A global scope refers to the objects available throughout the code execution since their
inception.
 A module-level scope refers to the global objects of the current module accessible in the
program.
 An outermost scope refers to all the built-in names callable in the program. The objects in this
scope are searched last to find the name referenced.
Note: Local scope objects can be synced with global scope objects using keywords such
as global.

6. What are lists and tuples? What is the key difference between the two?
Lists and Tuples are both sequence data types that can store a collection of objects in Python.
The objects stored in both sequences can have different data types. Lists are represented
with square brackets ['sara', 6, 0.19], while tuples are represented with parantheses ('ansh', 5,
0.97).
But what is the real difference between the two? The key difference between the two is that
while lists are mutable, tuples on the other hand are immutable objects. This means that lists
can be modified, appended or sliced on the go but tuples remain constant and cannot be modified
in any manner. You can run the following example on Python IDLE to confirm the difference:
my_tuple = ('sara', 6, 5, 0.97)
my_list = ['sara', 6, 5, 0.97]
print(my_tuple[0]) # output => 'sara'
print(my_list[0]) # output => 'sara'
my_tuple[0] = 'ansh' # modifying tuple => throws an error
my_list[0] = 'ansh' # modifying list => list modified
print(my_tuple[0]) # output => 'sara'
print(my_list[0]) # output => 'ansh'

7. What are the common built-in data types in Python?

There are several built-in data types in Python. Although, Python doesn't require data types to be
defined explicitly during variable declarations type errors are likely to occur if the knowledge of
data types and their compatibility with each other are neglected. Python
provides type() and isinstance() functions to check the type of these variables. These data types
can be grouped into the following categories-

None Type:
None keyword represents the null values in Python. Boolean equality operation can be performed
using these NoneType objects.

Class Name Description

NoneType Represents the NULL values in Python.

 Numeric Types:
There are three distinct numeric types - integers, floating-point numbers, and complex
numbers. Additionally, booleans are a sub-type of integers.
Class Name Description

int Stores integer literals including hex, octal and binary numbers as integers

Stores literals containing decimal values and/or exponent signs as floating-point

float
numbers

complex Stores complex numbers in the form (A + Bj) and has attributes: real and imag

bool Stores boolean value (True or False).

Note: The standard library also includes fractions to store rational numbers and decimal to store
floating-point numbers with user-defined precision.

 Sequence Types:
According to Python Docs, there are three basic Sequence Types - lists,
tuples, and range objects. Sequence types have the in and not in operators defined for their
traversing their elements. These operators share the same priority as the comparison operations.

Class Name Description

list Mutable sequence used to store collection of items.

tuple Immutable sequence used to store collection of items.

range Represents an immutable sequence of numbers generated during execution.

str Immutable sequence of Unicode code points to store textual data.

Note: The standard library also includes additional types for processing:
1. Binary data such as bytearray bytes memoryview , and
2. Text strings such as str.

 Mapping Types:

A mapping object can map hashable values to random objects in Python. Mappings objects are
mutable and there is currently only one standard mapping type, the dictionary.

Class Name Description

dict Stores comma-separated list of key: value pairs

 Set Types:
Currently, Python has two built-in set types - set and frozenset. set type is mutable and supports
methods like add() and remove(). frozenset type is immutable and can't be modified after
creation.

Class Name Description

set Mutable unordered collection of distinct hashable objects.

frozenset Immutable collection of distinct hashable objects.

Note: set is mutable and thus cannot be used as key for a dictionary. On the other
hand, frozenset is immutable and thus, hashable, and can be used as a dictionary key or as an
element of another set.

 Modules:
Module is an additional built-in type supported by the Python Interpreter. It supports one special
operation, i.e., attribute access: mymod.myobj, where mymod is a module
and myobj references a name defined in m's symbol table. The module's symbol table resides in
a very special attribute of the module __dict__, but direct assignment to this module is neither
possible nor recommended.
 Callable Types:
Callable types are the types to which function call can be applied. They can be user-defined
functions, instance methods, generator functions, and some other built-in functions,
methods and classes.
Refer to the documentation at docs.python.org for a detailed view of the callable types.

8. What is pass in Python?

The pass keyword represents a null operation in Python. It is generally used for the purpose of
filling up empty blocks of code which may execute during runtime but has yet to be written.
Without the pass statement in the following code, we may run into some errors during code
execution.

def myEmptyFunc():
# do nothing
pass
myEmptyFunc() # nothing happens
## Without the pass keyword
# File "<stdin>", line 3
# IndentationError: expected an indented block

9. What are modules and packages in Python?

Python packages and Python modules are two mechanisms that allow for modular
programming in Python. Modularizing has several advantages -

 Simplicity: Working on a single module helps you focus on a relatively small portion of the
problem at hand. This makes development easier and less error-prone.
 Maintainability: Modules are designed to enforce logical boundaries between different problem
domains. If they are written in a manner that reduces interdependency, it is less likely that
modifications in a module might impact other parts of the program.
 Reusability: Functions defined in a module can be easily reused by other parts of the
application.
 Scoping: Modules typically define a separate namespace, which helps avoid confusion between
identifiers from other parts of the program.

Modules, in general, are simply Python files with a .py extension and can have a set of
functions, classes, or variables defined and implemented. They can be imported and initialized
once using the import statement. If partial functionality is needed, import the requisite classes or
functions using from foo import bar.

Packages allow for hierarchial structuring of the module namespace using dot notation.
As, modules help avoid clashes between global variable names, in a similar
manner, packages help avoid clashes between module names.
Creating a package is easy since it makes use of the system's inherent file structure. So just stuff
the modules into a folder and there you have it, the folder name as the package name. Importing
a module or its contents from this package requires the package name as prefix to the module
name joined by a dot.

Note: You can technically import the package as well, but alas, it doesn't import the modules
within the package to the local namespace, thus, it is practically useless.

10. What are global, protected and private attributes in Python?

 Global variables are public variables that are defined in the global scope. To use the variable in
the global scope inside a function, we use the global keyword.
 Protected attributes are attributes defined with an underscore prefixed to their identifier eg.
_sara. They can still be accessed and modified from outside the class they are defined in but a
responsible developer should refrain from doing so.
 Private attributes are attributes with double underscore prefixed to their identifier eg. __ansh.
They cannot be accessed or modified from the outside directly and will result in an
AttributeError if such an attempt is made.

11. What is the use of self in Python?

Self is used to represent the instance of the class. With this keyword, you can access the
attributes and methods of the class in python. It binds the attributes with the given arguments.
self is used in different places and often thought to be a keyword. But unlike in C++, self is not a
keyword in Python.

12. What is init?

__init__ is a contructor method in Python and is automatically called to allocate memory when a
new object/instance is created. All classes have a __init__ method associated with them. It helps
in distinguishing methods and attributes of a class from local variables.

# class definition
class Student:
def __init__(self, fname, lname, age, section):
self.firstname = fname
self.lastname = lname
self.age = age
self.section = section
# creating a new object
stu1 = Student("Sara", "Ansh", 22, "A2")

13. What is break, continue and pass in Python?

Break The break statement terminates the loop immediately and the control flows to the
statement after the body of the loop.

Continue The continue statement terminates the current iteration of the statement, skips the rest
of the code in the current iteration and the control flows to the next iteration of the
loop.

Pass As explained above, the pass keyword in Python is generally used to fill up empty
blocks and is similar to an empty statement represented by a semi-colon in languages
such as Java, C++, Javascript, etc.

pat = [1, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 1, 0, 1, 3]
for p in pat:
pass
if (p == 0):
current = p
break
elif (p % 2 == 0):
continue
print(p) # output => 1 3 1 3 1
print(current) # output => 0

14. What are unit tests in Python?

 Unit test is a unit testing framework of Python.
 Unit testing means testing different components of software separately. Can you think about why
unit testing is important? Imagine a scenario, you are building software that uses three
components namely A, B, and C. Now, suppose your software breaks at a point time. How will
you find which component was responsible for breaking the software? Maybe it was component
A that failed, which in turn failed component B, and this actually failed the software. There can
be many such combinations.
 This is why it is necessary to test each and every component properly so that we know which
component might be highly responsible for the failure of the software.

15. What is docstring in Python?

 Documentation string or docstring is a multiline string used to document a specific code
segment.
 The docstring should describe what the function or method does.

16. What is slicing in Python?

 As the name suggests, ‘slicing’ is taking parts of.
 Syntax for slicing is [start : stop : step]
 start is the starting index from where to slice a list or tuple
 stop is the ending index or where to sop.
 step is the number of steps to jump.
 Default value for start is 0, stop is number of items, step is 1.
 Slicing can be done on strings, arrays, lists, and tuples.

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

print(numbers[1 : : 2]) #output : [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

17. Explain how can you make a Python Script executable on Unix?
 Script file must begin with #!/usr/bin/env python

18. What is the difference between Python Arrays and lists?

 Arrays in python can only contain elements of same data types i.e., data type of array should be
homogeneous. It is a thin wrapper around C language arrays and consumes far less memory than
lists.
 Lists in python can contain elements of different data types i.e., data type of lists can be
heterogeneous. It has the disadvantage of consuming large memory.

import array
a = array.array('i', [1, 2, 3])
for i in a:
print(i, end=' ') #OUTPUT: 1 2 3
a = array.array('i', [1, 2, 'string']) #OUTPUT: TypeError: an integer is required (got type str)
a = [1, 2, 'string']
for i in a:
print(i, end=' ') #OUTPUT: 1 2 string

19. How is memory managed in Python?

 Memory management in Python is handled by the Python Memory Manager. The memory
allocated by the manager is in form of a private heap space dedicated to Python. All Python
objects are stored in this heap and being private, it is inaccessible to the programmer. Though,
python does provide some core API functions to work upon the private heap space.
 Additionally, Python has an in-built garbage collection to recycle the unused memory for the
private heap space.

20. What are Python namespaces? Why are they used?

A namespace in Python ensures that object names in a program are unique and can be used
without any conflict. Python implements these namespaces as dictionaries with 'name as key'
mapped to a corresponding 'object as value'. This allows for multiple namespaces to use the same
name and map it to a separate object. A few examples of namespaces are as follows:

 Local Namespace includes local names inside a function. the namespace is temporarily created
for a function call and gets cleared when the function returns.
 Global Namespace includes names from various imported packages/ modules that are being
used in the current project. This namespace is created when the package is imported in the script
and lasts until the execution of the script.
 Built-in Namespace includes built-in functions of core Python and built-in names for various
types of exceptions.

The lifecycle of a namespace depends upon the scope of objects they are mapped to. If the scope
of an object ends, the lifecycle of that namespace comes to an end. Hence, it isn't possible to
access inner namespace objects from an outer namespace.

21. What is Scope Resolution in Python?

Sometimes objects within the same scope have the same name but function differently. In such
cases, scope resolution comes into play in Python automatically. A few examples of such
behavior are:
 Python modules namely 'math' and 'cmath' have a lot of functions that are common to both of
them - log10(), acos(), exp() etc. To resolve this ambiguity, it is necessary to prefix them with
their respective module, like math.exp() and cmath.exp().
 Consider the code below, an object temp has been initialized to 10 globally and then to 20 on
function call. However, the function call didn't change the value of the temp globally. Here, we
can observe that Python draws a clear line between global and local variables, treating their
namespaces as separate identities.
temp = 10 # global-scope variable
def func():
temp = 20 # local-scope variable
print(temp)
print(temp) # output => 10
func() # output => 20
print(temp) # output => 10
This behavior can be overridden using the global keyword inside the function, as shown in the
following example:
temp = 10 # global-scope variable
def func():
global temp
temp = 20 # local-scope variable
print(temp)
print(temp) # output => 10
func() # output => 20
print(temp) # output => 20
22. What are decorators in Python?
Decorators in Python are essentially functions that add functionality to an existing function in
Python without changing the structure of the function itself. They are represented
the @decorator_name in Python and are called in a bottom-up fashion. For example:
# decorator function to convert to lowercase
def lowercase_decorator(function):
def wrapper():
func = function()
string_lowercase = func.lower()
return string_lowercase
return wrapper
# decorator function to split words
def splitter_decorator(function):
def wrapper():
func = function()
string_split = func.split()
return string_split
return wrapper
@splitter_decorator # this is executed next
@lowercase_decorator # this is executed first
def hello():
return 'Hello World'
hello() # output => [ 'hello' , 'world' ]
The beauty of the decorators lies in the fact that besides adding functionality to the output of the
method, they can even accept arguments for functions and can further modify those arguments
before passing it to the function itself. The inner nested function, i.e. 'wrapper' function, plays a
significant role here. It is implemented to enforce encapsulation and thus, keep itself hidden
from the global scope.
# decorator function to capitalize names
def names_decorator(function):
def wrapper(arg1, arg2):
arg1 = arg1.capitalize()
arg2 = arg2.capitalize()
string_hello = function(arg1, arg2)
return string_hello
return wrapper
@names_decorator
def say_hello(name1, name2):
return 'Hello ' + name1 + '! Hello ' + name2 + '!'
say_hello('sara', 'ansh') # output => 'Hello Sara! Hello Ansh!'
23. What are Dict and List comprehensions?
Python comprehensions, like decorators, are syntactic sugar constructs that help build
altered and filtered lists, dictionaries, or sets from a given list, dictionary, or set. Using
comprehensions saves a lot of time and code that might be considerably more verbose
(containing more lines of code). Let's check out some examples, where comprehensions can be
truly beneficial:
 Performing mathematical operations on the entire list
my_list = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
squared_list = [x**2 for x in my_list] # list comprehension
# output => [4 , 9 , 25 , 49 , 121]
squared_dict = {x:x**2 for x in my_list} # dict comprehension
# output => {11: 121, 2: 4 , 3: 9 , 5: 25 , 7: 49}
 Performing conditional filtering operations on the entire list
my_list = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
squared_list = [x**2 for x in my_list if x%2 != 0] # list comprehension
# output => [9 , 25 , 49 , 121]
squared_dict = {x:x**2 for x in my_list if x%2 != 0} # dict comprehension
# output => {11: 121, 3: 9 , 5: 25 , 7: 49}
 Combining multiple lists into one
Comprehensions allow for multiple iterators and hence, can be used to combine multiple lists
into one.
a = [1, 2, 3]
b = [7, 8, 9]
[(x + y) for (x,y) in zip(a,b)] # parallel iterators
# output => [8, 10, 12]
[(x,y) for x in a for y in b] # nested iterators
# output => [(1, 7), (1, 8), (1, 9), (2, 7), (2, 8), (2, 9), (3, 7), (3, 8), (3, 9)]
 Flattening a multi-dimensional list
A similar approach of nested iterators (as above) can be applied to flatten a multi-dimensional
list or work upon its inner elements.
my_list = [[10,20,30],[40,50,60],[70,80,90]]
flattened = [x for temp in my_list for x in temp]
# output => [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90]
Note: List comprehensions have the same effect as the map method in other languages. They
follow the mathematical set builder notation rather than map and filter functions in Python.
24. What is lambda in Python? Why is it used?
Lambda is an anonymous function in Python, that can accept any number of arguments, but can
only have a single expression. It is generally used in situations requiring an anonymous function
for a short time period. Lambda functions can be used in either of the two ways:
 Assigning lambda functions to a variable:
mul = lambda a, b : a * b
print(mul(2, 5)) # output => 10
 Wrapping lambda functions inside another function:
def myWrapper(n):
return lambda a : a * n
mulFive = myWrapper(5)
print(mulFive(2)) # output => 10

25. How do you copy an object in Python?

In Python, the assignment statement (= operator) does not copy objects. Instead, it creates a
binding between the existing object and the target variable name. To create copies of an object in
Python, we need to use the copy module. Moreover, there are two ways of creating copies for the
given object using the copy module -
Shallow Copy is a bit-wise copy of an object. The copied object created has an exact copy of the
values in the original object. If either of the values is a reference to other objects, just the
reference addresses for the same are copied.
Deep Copy copies all values recursively from source to target object, i.e. it even duplicates the
objects referenced by the source object.
from copy import copy, deepcopy
list_1 = [1, 2, [3, 5], 4]
## shallow copy
list_2 = copy(list_1)
list_2[3] = 7
list_2[2].append(6)
list_2 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6], 7]
list_1 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6], 4]
## deep copy
list_3 = deepcopy(list_1)
list_3[3] = 8
list_3[2].append(7)
list_3 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6, 7], 8]
list_1 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6], 4]

26. What is the difference between xrange and range in Python?

xrange() and range() are quite similar in terms of functionality. They both generate a sequence
of integers, with the only difference that range() returns a Python list, whereas, xrange() returns
an xrange object.
So how does that make a difference? It sure does, because unlike range(), xrange() doesn't
generate a static list, it creates the value on the go. This technique is commonly used with an
object-type generator and has been termed as "yielding".
Yielding is crucial in applications where memory is a constraint. Creating a static list as in
range() can lead to a Memory Error in such conditions, while, xrange() can handle it optimally
by using just enough memory for the generator (significantly less in comparison).
for i in xrange(10): # numbers from o to 9
print i # output => 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
for i in xrange(1,10): # numbers from 1 to 9
print i # output => 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
for i in xrange(1, 10, 2): # skip by two for next
print i # output => 1 3 5 7 9
Note: xrange has been deprecated as of Python 3.x. Now range does exactly the same as
what xrange used to do in Python 2.x, since it was way better to use xrange() than the original
range() function in Python 2.x.

27. What is pickling and unpickling?

Python library offers a feature - serialization out of the box. Serializing an object refers to
transforming it into a format that can be stored, so as to be able to deserialize it, later on, to
obtain the original object. Here, the pickle module comes into play.
Pickling:
 Pickling is the name of the serialization process in Python. Any object in Python can be
serialized into a byte stream and dumped as a file in the memory. The process of pickling is
compact but pickle objects can be compressed further. Moreover, pickle keeps track of the
objects it has serialized and the serialization is portable across versions.
 The function used for the above process is pickle.dump().
Unpickling:
 Unpickling is the complete inverse of pickling. It deserializes the byte stream to recreate the
objects stored in the file and loads the object to memory.
 The function used for the above process is pickle.load().
Note: Python has another, more primitive, serialization module called marshall, which exists
primarily to support .pyc files in Python and differs significantly from the pickle.
28. What are generators in Python?
Generators are functions that return an iterable collection of items, one at a time, in a set manner.
Generators, in general, are used to create iterators with a different approach. They employ the
use of yield keyword rather than return to return a generator object.
Let's try and build a generator for fibonacci numbers -
## generate fibonacci numbers upto n
def fib(n):
p, q = 0, 1
while(p < n):
yield p
p, q = q, p + q
x = fib(10) # create generator object

## iterating using next(), for Python2, use next()

x.__next__() # output => 0
x.__next__() # output => 1
x.__next__() # output => 1
x.__next__() # output => 2
x.__next__() # output => 3
x.__next__() # output => 5
x.__next__() # output => 8
x.__next__() # error

## iterating using loop

for i in fib(10):
print(i) # output => 0 1 1 2 3 5 8

29. What is PYTHONPATH in Python?

PYTHONPATH is an environment variable which you can set to add additional directories
where Python will look for modules and packages. This is especially useful in maintaining
Python libraries that you do not wish to install in the global default location.
30. What is the use of help() and dir() functions?
help() function in Python is used to display the documentation of modules, classes, functions,
keywords, etc. If no parameter is passed to the help() function, then an interactive help utility is
launched on the console.
dir() function tries to return a valid list of attributes and methods of the object it is called upon. It
behaves differently with different objects, as it aims to produce the most relevant data, rather
than the complete information.
 For Modules/Library objects, it returns a list of all attributes, contained in that module.
 For Class Objects, it returns a list of all valid attributes and base attributes.
 With no arguments passed, it returns a list of attributes in the current scope.

31. What is the difference between .py and .pyc files?

 .py files contain the source code of a program. Whereas, .pyc file contains the bytecode of your
program. We get bytecode after compilation of .py file (source code). .pyc files are not created
for all the files that you run. It is only created for the files that you import.
 Before executing a python program python interpreter checks for the compiled files. If the file is
present, the virtual machine executes it. If not found, it checks for .py file. If found, compiles it
to .pyc file and then python virtual machine executes it.
 Having .pyc file saves you the compilation time.

32. How Python is interpreted?

 Python as a language is not interpreted or compiled. Interpreted or compiled is the property of
the implementation. Python is a bytecode(set of interpreter readable instructions) interpreted
generally.
 Source code is a file with .py extension.
 Python compiles the source code to a set of instructions for a virtual machine. The Python
interpreter is an implementation of that virtual machine. This intermediate format is called
“bytecode”.
 .py source code is first compiled to give .pyc which is bytecode. This bytecode can be then
interpreted by the official CPython or JIT(Just in Time compiler) compiled by PyPy.

33. How are arguments passed by value or by reference in python?

 Pass by value: Copy of the actual object is passed. Changing the value of the copy of the object
will not change the value of the original object.
 Pass by reference: Reference to the actual object is passed. Changing the value of the new
object will change the value of the original object.
In Python, arguments are passed by reference, i.e., reference to the actual object is passed.
def appendNumber(arr):
arr.append(4)
arr = [1, 2, 3]
print(arr) #Output: => [1, 2, 3]
appendNumber(arr)
print(arr) #Output: => [1, 2, 3, 4]

34. What are iterators in Python?

 An iterator is an object.
 It remembers its state i.e., where it is during iteration (see code below to see how)
 __iter__() method initializes an iterator.
 It has a __next__() method which returns the next item in iteration and points to the next
element. Upon reaching the end of iterable object __next__() must return StopIteration
exception.
 It is also self-iterable.
 Iterators are objects with which we can iterate over iterable objects like lists, strings, etc.
class ArrayList:
def __init__(self, number_list):
self.numbers = number_list
def __iter__(self):
self.pos = 0
return self
def __next__(self):
if(self.pos < len(self.numbers)):
self.pos += 1
return self.numbers[self.pos - 1]
else:
raise StopIteration
array_obj = ArrayList([1, 2, 3])
it = iter(array_obj)
print(next(it)) #output: 2
print(next(it)) #output: 3
print(next(it))
#Throws Exception
#Traceback (most recent call last):
#...
#StopIteration

35. Explain how to delete a file in Python?

Use command os.remove(file_name)
import os
os.remove("ChangedFile.csv")
print("File Removed!")

36. Explain split() and join() functions in Python?

 You can use split() function to split a string based on a delimiter to a list of strings.
 You can use join() function to join a list of strings based on a delimiter to give a single string.
string = "This is a string."
string_list = string.split(' ') #delimiter is ‘space’ character or ‘ ‘
print(string_list) #output: ['This', 'is', 'a', 'string.']
print(' '.join(string_list)) #output: This is a string.
37. What does *args and **kwargs mean?
*args
 *args is a special syntax used in the function definition to pass variable-length arguments.
 “*” means variable length and “args” is the name used by convention. You can use any other.
def multiply(a, b, *argv):
mul = a * b
for num in argv:
mul *= num
return mul
print(multiply(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) #output: 120
**kwargs
 **kwargs is a special syntax used in the function definition to pass variable-length keyworded
arguments.
 Here, also, “kwargs” is used just by convention. You can use any other name.
 Keyworded argument means a variable that has a name when passed to a function.
 It is actually a dictionary of the variable names and its value.
def tellArguments(**kwargs):
for key, value in kwargs.items():
print(key + ": " + value)
tellArguments(arg1 = "argument 1", arg2 = "argument 2", arg3 = "argument 3")
#output:
# arg1: argument 1
# arg2: argument 2
# arg3: argument 3

38. What are negative indexes and why are they used?
 Negative indexes are the indexes from the end of the list or tuple or string.
 Arr[-1] means the last element of array Arr[]
arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
#get the last element
print(arr[-1]) #output 6
#get the second last element
print(arr[-2]) #output 5
Python OOPS Interview Questions

39. How do you create a class in Python?

To create a class in python, we use the keyword “class” as shown in the example below:
class InterviewbitEmployee:
def __init__(self, emp_name):
self.emp_name = emp_name
To instantiate or create an object from the class created above, we do the following:
emp_1=InterviewbitEmployee("Mr. Employee")
To access the name attribute, we just call the attribute using the dot operator as shown below:
print(emp_1.emp_name)
# Prints Mr. Employee
To create methods inside the class, we include the methods under the scope of the class as shown
below:
class InterviewbitEmployee:
def __init__(self, emp_name):
self.emp_name = emp_name

def introduce(self):
print("Hello I am " + self.emp_name)
The self parameter in the init and introduce functions represent the reference to the current class
instance which is used for accessing attributes and methods of that class. The self parameter has
to be the first parameter of any method defined inside the class. The method of the class
InterviewbitEmployee can be accessed as shown below:
emp_1.introduce()
The overall program would look like this:
class InterviewbitEmployee:
def __init__(self, emp_name):
self.emp_name = emp_name

def introduce(self):
print("Hello I am " + self.emp_name)

# create an object of InterviewbitEmployee class

emp_1 = InterviewbitEmployee("Mr Employee")
print(emp_1.emp_name) #print employee name
emp_1.introduce() #introduce the employee

40. How does inheritance work in python? Explain it with an example.

Inheritance gives the power to a class to access all attributes and methods of another class. It aids
in code reusability and helps the developer to maintain applications without redundant code. The
class inheriting from another class is a child class or also called a derived class. The class from
which a child class derives the members are called parent class or superclass.
Python supports different kinds of inheritance, they are:
 Single Inheritance: Child class derives members of one parent class.
# Parent class
class ParentClass:
def par_func(self):
print("I am parent class function")

# Child class
class ChildClass(ParentClass):
def child_func(self):
print("I am child class function")

# Driver code
obj1 = ChildClass()
obj1.par_func()
obj1.child_func()

 Multi-level Inheritance: The members of the parent class, A, are inherited by child class which
is then inherited by another child class, B. The features of the base class and the derived class are
further inherited into the new derived class, C. Here, A is the grandfather class of class C.
# Parent class
class A:
def __init__(self, a_name):
self.a_name = a_name

# Intermediate class
class B(A):
def __init__(self, b_name, a_name):
self.b_name = b_name
# invoke constructor of class A
A.__init__(self, a_name)

# Child class
class C(B):
def __init__(self,c_name, b_name, a_name):
self.c_name = c_name
# invoke constructor of class B
B.__init__(self, b_name, a_name)

def display_names(self):
print("A name : ", self.a_name)
print("B name : ", self.b_name)
print("C name : ", self.c_name)

# Driver code
obj1 = C('child', 'intermediate', 'parent')
print(obj1.a_name)
obj1.display_names()

 Multiple Inheritance: This is achieved when one child class derives members from more than
one parent class. All features of parent classes are inherited in the child class.
# Parent class1
class Parent1:
def parent1_func(self):
print("Hi I am first Parent")

# Parent class2
class Parent2:
def parent2_func(self):
print("Hi I am second Parent")

# Child class
class Child(Parent1, Parent2):
def child_func(self):
self.parent1_func()
self.parent2_func()

# Driver's code
obj1 = Child()
obj1.child_func()
 Hierarchical Inheritance: When a parent class is derived by more than one child class, it is
called hierarchical inheritance.

# Base class
class A:
def a_func(self):
print("I am from the parent class.")

# 1st Derived class

class B(A):
def b_func(self):
print("I am from the first child.")

# 2nd Derived class

class C(A):
def c_func(self):
print("I am from the second child.")

# Driver's code
obj1 = B()
obj2 = C()
obj1.a_func()
obj1.b_func() #child 1 method
obj2.a_func()
obj2.c_func() #child 2 method

41. How do you access parent members in the child class?

Following are the ways using which you can access parent class members within a child class:
 By using Parent class name: You can use the name of the parent class to access the attributes as
shown in the example below:
class Parent(object):
# Constructor
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name

class Child(Parent):
# Constructor
def __init__(self, name, age):
Parent.name = name
self.age = age

def display(self):
print(Parent.name, self.age)

# Driver Code
obj = Child("Interviewbit", 6)
obj.display()
 By using super(): The parent class members can be accessed in child class using the super
keyword.
class Parent(object):
# Constructor
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name

class Child(Parent):
# Constructor
def __init__(self, name, age):
'''
In Python 3.x, we can also use super().__init__(name)
'''
super(Child, self).__init__(name)
self.age = age

def display(self):
# Note that Parent.name cant be used
# here since super() is used in the constructor
print(self.name, self.age)

# Driver Code
obj = Child("Interviewbit", 6)
obj.display()

42. Are access specifiers used in python?

Python does not make use of access specifiers specifically like private, public, protected, etc.
However, it does not derive this from any variables. It has the concept of imitating the behaviour
of variables by making use of a single (protected) or double underscore (private) as prefixed to
the variable names. By default, the variables without prefixed underscores are public.
Example:
# to demonstrate access specifiers
class InterviewbitEmployee:

# protected members
_emp_name = None
_age = None

# private members
__branch = None

# constructor
def __init__(self, emp_name, age, branch):
self._emp_name = emp_name
self._age = age
self.__branch = branch

#public member
def display():
print(self._emp_name +" "+self._age+" "+self.__branch)

43. Is it possible to call parent class without its instance creation?

Yes, it is possible if the base class is instantiated by other child classes or if the base class is a
static method.

44. How is an empty class created in python?

An empty class does not have any members defined in it. It is created by using the pass keyword
(the pass command does nothing in python). We can create objects for this class outside the
class.
For example-
class EmptyClassDemo:
pass
obj=EmptyClassDemo()
obj.name="Interviewbit"
print("Name created= ",obj.name)
Output:
Name created = Interviewbit

45. Differentiate between new and override modifiers.

The new modifier is used to instruct the compiler to use the new implementation and not the base
class function. The Override modifier is useful for overriding a base class function inside the
child class.

46. Why is finalize used?

Finalize method is used for freeing up the unmanaged resources and clean up before the garbage
collection method is invoked. This helps in performing memory management tasks.

47. What is init method in python?

The init method works similarly to the constructors in Java. The method is run as soon as an
object is instantiated. It is useful for initializing any attributes or default behaviour of the object
at the time of instantiation.
For example:
class InterviewbitEmployee:

# init method / constructor

def __init__(self, emp_name):
self.emp_name = emp_name

# introduce method
def introduce(self):
print('Hello, I am ', self.emp_name)

emp = InterviewbitEmployee('Mr Employee') # init method is called here and initializes

the object name with "Mr Employee"
emp.introduce()

48. How will you check if a class is a child of another class?

This is done by using a method called issubclass() provided by python. The method tells us if
any class is a child of another class by returning true or false accordingly.
For example:
class Parent(object):
pass

class Child(Parent):
pass

# Driver Code
print(issubclass(Child, Parent)) #True
print(issubclass(Parent, Child)) #False
 We can check if an object is an instance of a class by making use of isinstance() method:
obj1 = Child()
obj2 = Parent()
print(isinstance(obj2, Child)) #False
print(isinstance(obj2, Parent)) #True
Python Pandas Interview Questions

49. What do you know about pandas?

 Pandas is an open-source, python-based library used in data manipulation applications requiring
high performance. The name is derived from “Panel Data” having multidimensional data. This
was developed in 2008 by Wes McKinney and was developed for data analysis.
 Pandas are useful in performing 5 major steps of data analysis - Load the data, clean/manipulate
it, prepare it, model it, and analyze the data.
50. Define pandas dataframe.
A dataframe is a 2D mutable and tabular structure for representing data labelled with axes - rows
and columns.
The syntax for creating dataframe:
import pandas as pd
dataframe = pd.DataFrame( data, index, columns, dtype)
where:
 data - Represents various forms like series, map, ndarray, lists, dict etc.
 index - Optional argument that represents an index to row labels.
 columns - Optional argument for column labels.
 Dtype - the data type of each column. Again optional.

51. How will you combine different pandas dataframes?

The dataframes can be combines using the below approaches:
 append() method: This is used to stack the dataframes horizontally. Syntax:
df1.append(df2)
 concat() method: This is used to stack dataframes vertically. This is best used when the
dataframes have the same columns and similar fields. Syntax:
pd.concat([df1, df2])
 join() method: This is used for extracting data from various dataframes having one or more
common columns.
df1.join(df2)

52. Can you create a series from the dictionary object in pandas?
One dimensional array capable of storing different data types is called a series. We can create
pandas series from a dictionary object as shown below:
import pandas as pd
dict_info = {'key1' : 2.0, 'key2' : 3.1, 'key3' : 2.2}
series_obj = pd.Series(dict_info)
print (series_obj)
Output:
x 2.0
y 3.1
z 2.2
dtype: float64
If an index is not specified in the input method, then the keys of the dictionaries are sorted in
ascending order for constructing the index. In case the index is passed, then values of the index
label will be extracted from the dictionary.
53. How will you identify and deal with missing values in a dataframe?
We can identify if a dataframe has missing values by using the isnull() and isna() methods.
missing_data_count=df.isnull().sum()
We can handle missing values by either replacing the values in the column with 0 as follows:
df[‘column_name’].fillna(0)
Or by replacing it with the mean value of the column
df[‘column_name’] = df[‘column_name’].fillna((df[‘column_name’].mean()))

54. What do you understand by reindexing in pandas?

Reindexing is the process of conforming a dataframe to a new index with optional filling logic. If
the values are missing in the previous index, then NaN/NA is placed in the location. A new
object is returned unless a new index is produced that is equivalent to the current one. The copy
value is set to False. This is also used for changing the index of rows and columns in the
dataframe.

55. How to add new column to pandas dataframe?

A new column can be added to a pandas dataframe as follows:
import pandas as pd
data_info = {'first' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3], index=['a', 'b', 'c']),
'second' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])}

df = pd.DataFrame(data_info)
#To add new column third
df['third']=pd.Series([10,20,30],index=['a','b','c'])
print (df)
#To add new column fourth
df['fourth']=df['first']+info['third']
print (df)

56. How will you delete indices, rows and columns from a dataframe?
To delete an Index:
 Execute del df.index.name for removing the index by name.
 Alternatively, the df.index.name can be assigned to None.
 For example, if you have the below dataframe:
Column 1
Names
John 1
Jack 2
Judy 3
Jim 4
 To drop the index name “Names”:
df.index.name = None
# Or run the below:
# del df.index.name
print(df)
Column 1
John 1
Jack 2
Judy 3
Jim 4
To delete row/column from dataframe:
 drop() method is used to delete row/column from dataframe.
 The axis argument is passed to the drop method where if the value is 0, it indicates to drop/delete
a row and if 1 it has to drop the column.
 Additionally, we can try to delete the rows/columns in place by setting the value of inplace to
True. This makes sure that the job is done without the need for reassignment.
 The duplicate values from the row/column can be deleted by using the drop_duplicates() method.

57. Can you get items of series A that are not available in another series B?
This can be achieved by using the ~ (not/negation symbol) and isin() method as shown below.
import pandas as pd
df1 = pd.Series([2, 4, 8, 10, 12])
df2 = pd.Series([8, 12, 10, 15, 16])
df1=df1[~df1.isin(df2)]
print(df1)
"""
Output:
0 2
1 4
dtype: int64
"""

58. How will you get the items that are not common to both the given series A and B?
We can achieve this by first performing the union of both series, then taking the intersection of
both series. Then we follow the approach of getting items of union that are not there in the list of
the intersection.

The following code demonstrates this:

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
df1 = pd.Series([2, 4, 5, 8, 10])
df2 = pd.Series([8, 10, 13, 15, 17])
p_union = pd.Series(np.union1d(df1, df2)) # union of series
p_intersect = pd.Series(np.intersect1d(df1, df2)) # intersection of series
unique_elements = p_union[~p_union.isin(p_intersect)]
print(unique_elements)
"""
Output:
0 2
1 4
2 5
5 13
6 15
7 17
dtype: int64
"""
59. While importing data from different sources, can the pandas library recognize dates?
Yes, they can, but with some bit of help. We need to add the parse_dates argument while we are
reading data from the sources. Consider an example where we read data from a CSV file, we
may encounter different date-time formats that are not readable by the pandas library. In this
case, pandas provide flexibility to build our custom date parser with the help of lambda functions
as shown below:
import pandas as pd
from datetime import datetime
dateparser = lambda date_val: datetime.strptime(date_val, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
df = pd.read_csv("some_file.csv", parse_dates=['datetime_column'], date_parser=dateparser)
Numpy Interview Questions
60. What do you understand by NumPy?
NumPy is one of the most popular, easy-to-use, versatile, open-source, python-based, general-
purpose package that is used for processing arrays. NumPy is short for NUMerical PYthon. This
is very famous for its highly optimized tools that result in high performance and powerful N-
Dimensional array processing feature that is designed explicitly to work on complex arrays. Due
to its popularity and powerful performance and its flexibility to perform various operations like
trigonometric operations, algebraic and statistical computations, it is most commonly used in
performing scientific computations and various broadcasting functions. The following image
shows the applications of NumPy:
61. How are NumPy arrays advantageous over python lists?
 The list data structure of python is very highly efficient and is capable of performing various
functions. But, they have severe limitations when it comes to the computation of vectorized
operations which deals with element-wise multiplication and addition. The python lists also
require the information regarding the type of every element which results in overhead as type
dispatching code gets executes every time any operation is performed on any element. This is
where the NumPy arrays come into the picture as all the limitations of python lists are handled in
NumPy arrays.
 Additionally, as the size of the NumPy arrays increases, NumPy becomes around 30x times
faster than the Python List. This is because the Numpy arrays are densely packed in the memory
due to their homogenous nature. This ensures the memory free up is also faster.

62. What are the steps to create 1D, 2D and 3D arrays?

 1D array creation:
import numpy as np
one_dimensional_list = [1,2,4]
one_dimensional_arr = np.array(one_dimensional_list)
print("1D array is : ",one_dimensional_arr)
 2D array creation:
import numpy as np
two_dimensional_list=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]
two_dimensional_arr = np.array(two_dimensional_list)
print("2D array is : ",two_dimensional_arr)
 3D array creation:
import numpy as np
three_dimensional_list=[[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]]
three_dimensional_arr = np.array(three_dimensional_list)
print("3D array is : ",three_dimensional_arr)
 ND array creation: This can be achieved by giving the ndmin attribute. The below example
demonstrates the creation of a 6D array:
import numpy as np
ndArray = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4], ndmin=6)
print(ndArray)
print('Dimensions of array:', ndArray.ndim)

63. You are given a numpy array and a new column as inputs. How will you delete the
second column and replace the column with a new column value?
Example:
Given array:
[[35 53 63]
[72 12 22]
[43 84 56]]
New Column values:
[
20
30
40
]
Solution:
import numpy as np
#inputs
inputArray = np.array([[35,53,63],[72,12,22],[43,84,56]])
new_col = np.array([[20,30,40]])
# delete 2nd column
arr = np.delete(inputArray , 1, axis = 1)
#insert new_col to array
arr = np.insert(arr , 1, new_col, axis = 1)
print (arr)

64. How will you efficiently load data from a text file?
We can use the method numpy.loadtxt() which can automatically read the file’s header and
footer lines and the comments if any.
This method is highly efficient and even if this method feels less efficient, then the data should
be represented in a more efficient format such as CSV etc. Various alternatives can be
considered depending on the version of NumPy used.
Following are the file formats that are supported:
 Text files: These files are generally very slow, huge but portable and are human-readable.
 Raw binary: This file does not have any metadata and is not portable. But they are fast.
 Pickle: These are borderline slow and portable but depends on the NumPy versions.
 HDF5: This is known as the High-Powered Kitchen Sink format which supports both PyTables
and h5py format.
 .npy: This is NumPy's native binary data format which is extremely simple, efficient and
portable.

65. How will you read CSV data into an array in NumPy?
This can be achieved by using the genfromtxt() method by setting the delimiter as a comma.
from numpy import genfromtxt
csv_data = genfromtxt('sample_file.csv', delimiter=',')
66. How will you sort the array based on the Nth column?
For example, consider an array arr.
arr = np.array([[8, 3, 2],
[3, 6, 5],
[6, 1, 4]])
Let us try to sort the rows by the 2nd column so that we get:
[[6, 1, 4],
[8, 3, 2],
[3, 6, 5]]
We can do this by using the sort() method in numpy as:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([[8, 3, 2],
[3, 6, 5],
[6, 1, 4]])
#sort the array using np.sort
arr = np.sort(arr.view('i8,i8,i8'),
order=['f1'],
axis=0).view(np.int)
We can also perform sorting and that too inplace sorting by doing:
arr.view('i8,i8,i8').sort(order=['f1'], axis=0)

67. How will you find the nearest value in a given numpy array?
We can use the argmin() method of numpy as shown below:
import numpy as np
def find_nearest_value(arr, value):
arr = np.asarray(arr)
idx = (np.abs(arr - value)).argmin()
return arr[idx]
#Driver code
arr = np.array([ 0.21169, 0.61391, 0.6341, 0.0131, 0.16541, 0.5645, 0.5742])
value = 0.52
print(find_nearest_value(arr, value)) # Prints 0.5645

68. How will you reverse the numpy array using one line of code?
This can be done as shown in the following:
reversed_array = arr[::-1]
where arr = original given array, reverse_array is the resultant after reversing all elements in the
input.

69. How will you find the shape of any given NumPy array?
We can use the shape attribute of the numpy array to find the shape. It returns the shape of the
array in terms of row count and column count of the array.
import numpy as np
arr_two_dim = np.array([("x1","x2", "x3","x4"),
("x5","x6", "x7","x8" )])
arr_one_dim = np.array([3,2,4,5,6])
# find and print shape
print("2-D Array Shape: ", arr_two_dim.shape)
print("1-D Array Shape: ", arr_one_dim.shape)
"""
Output:
2-D Array Shape: (2, 4)
1-D Array Shape: (5,)
"""
Python Libraries Interview Questions

70. Differentiate between a package and a module in python.

The module is a single python file. A module can import other modules (other python files) as
objects. Whereas, a package is the folder/directory where different sub-packages and the
modules reside.
A python module is created by saving a file with the extension of .py. This file will have classes
and functions that are reusable in the code as well as across modules.
A python package is created by following the below steps:
 Create a directory and give a valid name that represents its operation.
 Place modules of one kind in this directory.
 Create __init__.py file in this directory. This lets python know the directory we created is a
package. The contents of this package can be imported across different modules in other
packages to reuse the functionality.

71. What are some of the most commonly used built-in modules in Python?
Python modules are the files having python code which can be functions, variables or classes.
These go by .py extension. The most commonly available built-in modules are:
 os
 math
 sys
 random
 re
 datetime
 JSON
72. What are lambda functions?
Lambda functions are generally inline, anonymous functions represented by a single expression.
They are used for creating function objects during runtime. They can accept any number of
parameters. They are usually used where functions are required only for a short period. They can
be used as:
mul_func = lambda x,y : x*y
print(mul_func(6, 4))
# Output: 24

73. How can you generate random numbers?

Python provides a module called random using which we can generate random numbers.
 We have to import a random module and call the random() method as shown below:
o The random() method generates float values lying between 0 and 1 randomly.
import random
print(random.random())
 To generate customised random numbers between specified ranges, we can use
the randrange() method
Syntax: randrange(beginning, end, step)
For example:
import random
print(random.randrange(5,100,2))

74. Can you easily check if all characters in the given string is alphanumeric?
This can be easily done by making use of the isalnum() method that returns true in case the string
has only alphanumeric characters.
For Example -
"abdc1321".isalnum() #Output: True
"xyz@123$".isalnum() #Output: False
Another way is to use match() method from the re (regex) module as shown:
import re
print(bool(re.match('[A-Za-z0-9]+$','abdc1321'))) # Output: True
print(bool(re.match('[A-Za-z0-9]+$','xyz@123$'))) # Output: False

75. What are the differences between pickling and unpickling?

Pickling is the conversion of python objects to binary form. Whereas, unpickling is the
conversion of binary form data to python objects. The pickled objects are used for storing in
disks or external memory locations. Unpickled objects are used for getting the data back as
python objects upon which processing can be done in python.
Python provides a pickle module for achieving this. Pickling uses the pickle.dump() method to
dump python objects into disks. Unpickling uses the pickle.load() method to get back the data as
python objects.

76. Define GIL.

GIL stands for Global Interpreter Lock. This is a mutex used for limiting access to python
objects and aids in effective thread synchronization by avoiding deadlocks. GIL helps in
achieving multitasking (and not parallel computing). The following diagram represents how GIL
works.

Based on the above diagram, there are three threads. First Thread acquires the GIL first and starts
the I/O execution. When the I/O operations are done, thread 1 releases the acquired GIL which is
then taken up by the second thread. The process repeats and the GIL are used by different threads
alternatively until the threads have completed their execution. The threads not having the GIL
lock goes into the waiting state and resumes execution only when it acquires the lock.

77. Define PYTHONPATH.

It is an environment variable used for incorporating additional directories during the import of a
module or a package. PYTHONPATH is used for checking if the imported packages or modules
are available in the existing directories. Not just that, the interpreter uses this environment
variable to identify which module needs to be loaded.

78. Define PIP.

PIP stands for Python Installer Package. As the name indicates, it is used for installing different
python modules. It is a command-line tool providing a seamless interface for installing different
python modules. It searches over the internet for the package and installs them into the working
directory without the need for any interaction with the user. The syntax for this is:
pip install <package_name>

79. Are there any tools for identifying bugs and performing static analysis in python?
Yes, there are tools like PyChecker and Pylint which are used as static analysis and linting tools
respectively. PyChecker helps find bugs in python source code files and raises alerts for code
issues and their complexity. Pylint checks for the module’s coding standards and supports
different plugins to enable custom features to meet this requirement.
80. Differentiate between deep and shallow copies.
 Shallow copy does the task of creating new objects storing references of original elements. This
does not undergo recursion to create copies of nested objects. It just copies the reference details
of nested objects.
 Deep copy creates an independent and new copy of an object and even copies all the nested
objects of the original element recursively.
81. What is main function in python? How do you invoke it?
In the world of programming languages, the main is considered as an entry point of execution for
a program. But in python, it is known that the interpreter serially interprets the file line-by-line.
This means that python does not provide main() function explicitly. But this doesn't mean that
we cannot simulate the execution of main. This can be done by defining user-
defined main() function and by using the __name__ property of python file.
This __name__ variable is a special built-in variable that points to the name of the current
module. This can be done as shown below:
def main():
print("Hi Interviewbit!")
if __name__=="__main__":
main()

82. Write python function which takes a variable number of arguments.

A function that takes variable arguments is called a function prototype. Syntax:
def function_name(*arg_list)
For example:
def func(*var):
for i in var:
print(i)
func(1)
func(20,1,6)
The * in the function argument represents variable arguments in the function.

83. WAP (Write a program) which takes a sequence of numbers and check if all numbers
are unique.
You can do this by converting the list to set by using set() method and comparing the length of
this set with the length of the original list. If found equal, return True.
def check_distinct(data_list):
if len(data_list) == len(set(data_list)):
return True
else:
return False;
print(check_distinct([1,6,5,8])) #Prints True
print(check_distinct([2,2,5,5,7,8])) #Prints False

84. Write a program for counting the number of every character of a given text file.
The idea is to use collections and pprint module as shown below:
import collections
import pprint
with open("sample_file.txt", 'r') as data:
count_data = collections.Counter(data.read().upper())
count_value = pprint.pformat(count_data)
print(count_value)

85. Write a program to check and return the pairs of a given array A whose sum value is
equal to a target value N.
This can be done easily by using the phenomenon of hashing. We can use a hash map to check
for the current value of the array, x. If the map has the value of (N-x), then there is our pair.
def print_pairs(arr, N):
# hash set
hash_set = set()

for i in range(0, len(arr)):

val = N-arr[i]
if (val in hash_set): #check if N-x is there in set, print the pair
print("Pairs " + str(arr[i]) + ", " + str(val))
hash_set.add(arr[i])
# driver code
arr = [1, 2, 40, 3, 9, 4]
N=3
print_pairs(arr, N)

86. Write a Program to add two integers >0 without using the plus operator.
We can use bitwise operators to achieve this.
def add_nums(num1, num2):
while num2 != 0:
data = num1 & num2
num1 = num1 ^ num2
num2 = data << 1
return num1
print(add_nums(2, 10))

87. Write a Program to solve the given equation assuming that a,b,c,m,n,o are constants:
ax + by = c
mx + ny = o

By solving the equation, we get:

a, b, c, m, n, o = 5, 9, 4, 7, 9, 4
temp = a*n - b*m
if n != 0:
x = (c*n - b*o) / temp
y = (a*o - m*c) / temp
print(str(x), str(y))

88. Write a Program to match a string that has the letter ‘a’ followed by 4 to 8 'b’s.
We can use the re module of python to perform regex pattern comparison here.
import re
def match_text(txt_data):
pattern = 'ab{4,8}'
if re.search(pattern, txt_data): #search for pattern in txt_data
return 'Match found'
else:
return('Match not found')
print(match_text("abc")) #prints Match not found
print(match_text("aabbbbbc")) #prints Match found
89. Write a Program to convert date from yyyy-mm-dd format to dd-mm-yyyy format.
We can again use the re module to convert the date string as shown below:
import re
def transform_date_format(date):
return re.sub(r'(\d{4})-(\d{1,2})-(\d{1,2})', '\\3-\\2-\\1', date)
date_input = "2021-08-01"
print(transform_date_format(date_input))

You can also use the datetime module as shown below:

from datetime import datetime
new_date = datetime.strptime("2021-08-01", "%Y-%m-%d").strftime("%d:%m:%Y")
print(new_data)

90. Write a Program to combine two different dictionaries. While combining, if you find
the same keys, you can add the values of these same keys. Output the new dictionary.
We can use the Counter method from the collections module
from collections import Counter
d1 = {'key1': 50, 'key2': 100, 'key3':200}
d2 = {'key1': 200, 'key2': 100, 'key4':300}
new_dict = Counter(d1) + Counter(d2)
print(new_dict)

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