E-ISSN: 2528-388X INERSIA

P-ISSN: 0213-762X Vol. 18, No. 2, December 2022

Surface Runoff Analysis Using SCS-CN Method in Summarecon

Serpong Area
Bella Koes Paulina Cantik a*, Elenora Gita Alamanda Sapan b, Muhammad Luthfi Aziz b, Muhammad Ravi
Yuvhendmindo b, Muhammad Razzaaq Al Ghiffari b
a
Study Program of Civil Engineering, Pradita University, Tangerang, 15810, Indonesia
b
National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia

ABSTRACT
Keywords: The increasing population is definitely in line with the rising demand for housing. One area
Land cover with many residents is Tangerang Regency, Banten, with a population growth rate of 5.85%
SCS-CN per year. PT. Summarecon Agung Tbk. becomes one of the developers of an integrated area in
Surface Runoff Tangerang Regency in fulfilling housing needs. However, the wider the development of an area,
it is parallel with the changes in land cover that significantly impact surface runoff. Therefore,
determining surface runoff in the Summarecon Serpong area is essential to predict the
inundation potential. The method used is the Secondary Data Analysis (SDA) approach which
requires several data: rainfall, land cover, and soil type. These data were processed using
Frequency Analysis to obtain design rainfall and continued to the SCS-CN Method to obtain
surface runoff with the return period at two years, five years, ten years, 20 years, and 100 years.
Most of The Summarecon Serpong area was covered by buildings with Hydrologic Soil Groups
C and D. Based on the analysis result, the Composite Curve Number (CNk) for this area is
88,89. While the calculation of direct runoff using the SCS CN Method with a return period of
two years, five years, ten years, 20 years, and 100 years respectively, were 77 mm, 121 mm,
154 mm, 188 mm, and 275 mm. The lowest surface runoff occurred on land cover in the form
of green open land with Hydrologic Soil Group C, and the highest surface runoff occurred on
land cover in the form of water bodies. This analysis indicates that focusing on the green open
land in the Summarecon Serpong area can reduce surface runoff while increasing infiltration to
maintain the hydrologic sustainability system.

This is an open access article under the CC–BY license.

1. Introduction population will lead to increased development activities in

various sectors, accompanied by increased land demand
Tangerang Regency is one part of the satellite city of the [3]. The increasing land demand makes the Tangerang
Special Capital District of Jakarta, which is Regency Government need to develop land use planning
administratively located in Banten Province. This district to anticipate a significant increase in land clearing. The
is located in the west of Jakarta and has an area of ± 959.61 amount is for a specific purpose, but it can be utilized to
km2 [1]. Based on statistical data from 2020, Tangerang the maximum extent possible to use the existing land in
Regency has a population growth rate of 5.85%; this value order to be able to create a safe and comfortable area for
is classified as high because from 2010 to 2020, the the community.
average population growth rate of Indonesia was only
1.25% per year, influenced by factors of birth, death, and In land use planning in an area, it is necessary to use
migration [2]. surface runoff with a return period as a consideration.
Surface runoff determines the percentage of water that
One of the reasons for the high rate of population growth runs off in an area. The amount of surface runoff can be a
in Tangerang Regency is its strategic location and as a parameter in optimizing soil absorption. Surface runoff is
buffer zone for DKI Jakarta. The rapid increase in rainfall that is not retained on the surface or absorbed into

*Corresponding author.
E-mail: [email protected]

https://dx.doi.org/10.21831/inersia.v18i2.53248
Received 13 September 2022; Revised 31 October 2022; Accepted 10 November 2022
Available online 31 December 2022
Bella Koes P. C., et al. INERSIA, Vol. 18, No. 2, December 2022

the ground or can also be interpreted as rainwater that 2. Method

directly overflows [4].
The research method used to determine the value of
Surface runoff is part of the rainfall that flows over the surface runoff in the Summarecon Serpong area is the
land to rivers, lakes, and oceans. In general, rainwater that Descriptive Quantitative Method using a Secondary Data
falls to the ground surface can be divided into two where Analysis approach, which is a research method with
the first is rainwater that is directly absorbed into the soil analysis results based on processed secondary data.
or called infiltration, and secondly, rainwater that is not Primary data is not used as part of the analysis because it
absorbed into the ground will flow over the ground to a does not require directly experimental in the laboratory.
lower elevation or trapped in the ground which is called
surface runoff. [5]. This study uses secondary rainfall data from Serpong
Station, Summarecon Serpong Masterplan, Google Earth,
Since 2004, PT. Summarecon Agung Tbk. has and soil types data in the Summarecon Serpong area. The
participated in developing an integrated area in Tangerang rainfall data used in this study is 31 years of maximum
Regency by combining residential and business concepts daily rainfall data at Serpong Station. Meanwhile, the
in one integrated area. The concept of an integrated area is Masterplan and Summarecon Serpong soil type data were
made to combine certain functions needed in one area so obtained directly from PT. Summarecon Agung Tbk.,
that it can make it easier for people living in the area to which is located in Serpong. The master plan contains the
carry out activities and activities. The integrated area Summarecon Serpong development area, covering several
developed by PT. Summarecon Agung Tbk. in Tangerang land covers, such as housing, water bodies, and others. As
Regency is called the Summarecon Serpong area, located for the Google Earth data obtained from internet searches.
in Kelapa Dua District. Based on the Tangerang Regency
population data in 2020, 160,803 people lived in the sub- After secondary data collection, then the data is processed
district, the highest population among the districts in for further analysis. The initial analysis contained in this
Tangerang Regency. study is Frequency Analysis, with the main secondary data
used is rain data from Serpong Station. The rainfall data is
To answer the need for housing and the times' useful for knowing the design rainfall with a specific
development, Summarecon Serpong continues to develop return period that can be found in the Frequency Analysis
by utilizing the available land. Until now, Summarecon process. The direct runoff value requires the value of the
Serpong is still in the development stage of the residential periodic redesign of rainfall and the value of the Curve
and industrial areas. Land use management and planning Number (CN). The CN value is commonly calculated
need to be considered because the Summarecon Serpong using effective rainfall method. This method relies on
area is planned to be an independent city where there are heavy rainfall data at the closest station to the area to be
residential and industrial areas that are combined and studied, namely the Soil Conservation Service Curve
integrated. Number (SCS-CN) Method.

Research on surface runoff with a specific return period The SCS-CN Method is generally used to calculate
has never been carried out in the Summarecon Serpong surface runoff, influenced by several variables, such as
area. Surface runoff with a specific return period is needed land use change, with the analysis using monthly and daily
in planning land use to maximize the future area's rainfall data [6]. This method calculates the surface runoff
development in Summarecon Serpong. by the Curve Number map based on the secondary data
that has been collected and then the determination of
This study aimed to determine the distribution of surface design rainfall with a return period of 2 years, 5 years, 10
runoff that occurred in the Summarecon Serpong area. In years, 20 years, and 100 years through Frequency
addition, the results of this study can be used as a reference Analysis. The flow chart in this study can be seen in
value in the design of regional expansion plans in the Figure 1.
Summarecon Serpong area to help optimize the future
development of the Summarecon Serpong area.

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Figure 1. Research Flow Chart

2.1 Research Location than 15,000 housing units, 1,100 apartment units, 2,000
shop houses, a shopping center covering an area of
This research takes a case study in the Summarecon 100,000 m2, a modern market, an open-air dining center,
Serpong area, developed by PT. Summarecon Agung Tbk. an automotive buying and selling center, an office tower,
This area is administratively located in Tangerang a golf course, recreation club, the green educational park
Regency, Banten Province, with UTM coordinate and facilities, and hospital with the best standard and
boundaries X: 676481-682689 m and Y: 9311341- covered with technological features as well as the
9304525 m (Zone 48S). PT Summarecon Agung Tbk, development of a beautiful and nature-oriented area.
participated in developing several integrated cities as
satellite cities that will support the development of the The population growth in Tangerang Regency, especially
Special Capital District of Jakarta. Located about 21 in the Summarecon Serpong area, is increasing yearly.
kilometers west of Jakarta, Summarecon developed an Therefore, the necessity of living and commercial areas to
area of 750 hectares previously known as Gading Serpong. support living is increasing rapidly, resulting in changes
in land use which can affect surface runoff. This research
Since 2004, Summarecon Serpong has successfully focuses on several development areas of Summarecon
developed over 50 residential and commercial Serpong, with most land use in residential areas (clusters).
development clusters on approximately 350 hectares. The research location can be seen in Figure 2.
Summarecon Serpong has succeeded in building more

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Figure 2. Research Location

2.2 Frequency Analysis value, standard deviation value, variance value, and
coefficient of variance, which can be seen in Equation 2
Frequency Analysis in this study is needed in the process to Equation 6.
of processing data from maximum daily rainfall to design
rainfall using a probability distribution. Frequency 1 (2)
𝑥 = 𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥
Analysis produces design rainfall values with certain
return periods ranging from 2 years to 100 years. 1 (3)
𝑠=√ ∑𝑛 (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥 )2
𝑛−1 𝑖=1
𝑠 (4)
The return period used in the Frequency Analysis 𝐶𝑣 =
𝑥
estimates the amount of discharge or design rainfall that 𝑛
∑𝑛 3 (5)
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖−𝑥 )
will be equaled or exceeded once in the selected time 𝐶𝑠 = (𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
𝑠3
during the return period. This return period is not related 𝑛2 (6)
𝐶𝑘 = ∑𝑛 (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥 )4
to the resulting discharge. It will be repeated in each ( 𝑛−1 𝑛−2)(𝑛−3)𝑠4 𝑖=1
)(
period to show the probability of discharge or rainfall
generated in the calculated return period. where 𝑥̅ is the mean value (mm), 𝑥𝑖 is data i, S is standard
deviation, Cv is the coefficient of variation, Cs is the
The return period that has been determined in the coefficient of skewness, Ck is the coefficient of kurtosis,
Frequency Analysis shows the time interval between rain and n is total data.
events based on the rain series data that has been taken.
The return period is related to the probability, so the return After all the statistical parameters have been calculated,
period in relation to probability is an event or events that the probability distribution can be determined. There are
will occur in one year by using Equation 1 [7]. several distributions to choose from, but the selected
distribution is a distribution with properties that match the
𝑃(𝑄 ≥ 𝑄𝑇) = 1/𝑇 (1) calculated statistical parameters, namely the Normal
Distribution, Log-Normal Distribution, Gumbel
where P is the probability, Q is the discharge, and QT is Distribution, and Log Pearson Type III Distribution. Each
the discharge with return period of T years. distribution has its conditions to be chosen, which can be
seen in Table 1 [7].
The rainfall data is processed into a data arrangement by
producing several statistical parameters, such as the mean

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Table 1. Probability Distribution Requirements (𝑃−0,2𝑆)2 (7)

Requirements
𝑃𝑒 =
Probability 𝑃+0,8𝑆
No 25400
Distribution Cs Ck 𝑆= − 254 (8)
0 3,00 𝐶𝑁
1 Normal
Cs = 3 Cv
2 Log-Normal where Pe is the depth of effective rainfall or surface runoff
Cs > 0
3 Gumbel Cs = 1,3966 5,4002 (mm), P is the total rain depth (mm), S is the maximum
The Cs and Ck values do potential retention by groundwater (mm), and CN is the
4 Log Pearson Type III not match the three Curve Number.
distributions above

After the statistical parameters have been calculated, it is Several parameters that are a function of watershed
then adjusted to the conditions of the probability characteristics in calculating the CN value are soil type,
distribution. The selected probability distribution must be cover crops, land cover [10], humidity, and soil working
readjusted with the hydrological data set obtained in the methods. The resulting CN value can indicate the amount
secondary data. Therefore, the secondary data is described of surface runoff and maximum potential water retention
in the selected distribution probability paper. The by the soil in the area under consideration. If the
distribution of rain data points on probability paper can be relationship between effective rainfall or direct runoff
ordered from the smallest to the largest value or vice versa. with cumulative rainfall is at various CN values, then the
After the rain point is plotted on probability paper, a graph will form Equation 6. Variations in the CN value are
theoretical line can be drawn. determined from the function parameters mentioned
above [7].
The selected distribution affects the calculation process
for the design rainfall with a specific return period. The In addition, the SCS-CN Method has determined the CN
distribution suitability test is also carried out using the value based on land cover and Hydrology Soil Group. The
Chi-Square and Smirnov-Kolmogorov tests. The Chi- soil groups based on hydrological aspects are divided into
Square test is carried out by considering several four groups [7]:
parameters, such as the frequency or number of 1. Group A, soils with grain sizes of coarse sand, gravel,
observations of the expected rain data according to the and little silt/clay, have high infiltration rates and low
class division and the frequency of the rain data read in the potential for surface runoff.
same class. While the Smirnov-Kolmogorov test pays 2. Group B, soils with medium grain size, medium
more attention to the curve of data depiction on probability infiltration rates, and a relatively low potential for
paper. Because from the distribution of points on the surface runoff.
probability paper, the distance of the largest deviation 3. Group C, soil with fine sand grain size, silt or clay,
from each rain data point to the curve [7]. low infiltration rate, and a relatively high potential for
surface runoff.
2.3 SCS-CN Method 4. Group D, soil with grain size dominated by silt or
clay, has a very low infiltration rate and a high runoff
The SCS-CN Method is an empirical approach to potential.
estimating runoff in an area [8]. This method considers
several parameters, including rain, land cover, and soil Antecedent Moisture Condition (AMC) is one-factor
hydrology group [9]. In [7], the CN value ranges from 0 affecting surface runoff [11]. There are three types of
to 100, where the higher the CN value, the location is AMC: AMC I, AMC II, and AMC III. AMC II is for
impermeable/saturated with water which causes the higher normal humidity conditions, AMC class I is for dry
surface runoff that occurs. conditions, and AMC III is for wet conditions [12]. In this
study, AMC II is used, which is normal humidity
Surface runoff can be defined as the amount of rain that conditions.
becomes surface runoff into rivers, which no longer
considers water losses, such as evaporation and retention 3. Results and Discussion
in basins. The calculation formula for effective rain using 3.1 Distribution of Hydrologic Soil Group
the SCS-CN method can be seen in the Equation 7 and
Equation 8 [7]. The soil type in each area will vary based on the
weathering results of the rock. Soil can affect the amount
of infiltration and surface water runoff. Based on grain

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size, coarse-grained soils tend to have better infiltration the entire area. The type of land cover for the Summarecon
capabilities than fine-grained soils. So fine-grained soils Serpong area can be seen in Figure 4.
will cause more significant surface runoff [13]. The The
research area consists of two types of soil, the northern Figure 4 shows that buildings dominate the land cover.
part is dominated by sandy loam and silty sand, and the The building domination is in line with the fact that
southern part is silty clay. Refers to the soil hydrology Summarecon Serpong is one of the developers of the area,
group, the research area is divided into group C (sand type with the majority of its construction intended for cluster
of clay and silty sand) and group D (type of silty clay soil). buildings or housing, shophouses, and other public places.
A map of soil types in the research area can be seen in In addition, several extensive green open lands are seen,
Figure 3. followed by bodies of water. The parks in several
Summarecon Clusters are grouped into green open land,
3.2 Land Cover
while for water bodies, there are several retention ponds
Land cover and soil type are essential parameters in built in the campus and cluster areas. In addition to land
determining the CN value and are used in the surface cover, soil type and soil type also affect the calculation of
runoff calculation analysis. In this study, land cover and effective rainfall. The percentage of area for each land
soil type were identified in the Summarecon Serpong area cover, soil type, and soil type in the entire Summarecon
to determine the proportion of land cover and soil type in Serpong area can be seen in Table 3.
.

Figure 3. Soil Type Map in Summarecon Serpong Area

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3.3 Curve Number Value

Although from Figure 4, the area is dominated by building
The composite Curve Number (CN) value in this study land for housing, the Summarecon Serpong area is still
was influenced by land cover, hydrologic soil group, and provided with water bodies and green areas, where the
area [10]. In determining the CN value of the Summarecon percentage of each land cover of water bodies and green
Serpong area, the CN value for each land cover and areas affects the calculation of direct runoff. The
hydrologic soil group is determined according to Table 2, proportion of land cover distribution can be seen in Table
and then multiplied by the percentage of the area. The 2, while the Composite CN value calculation results can
analysis of determining the CN value can be seen in Table be seen in Table 3.
4.

Figure 4. Land Cover Map in Summarecon Serpong Area

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Table 2. Land Cover and Soil Type in Summarecon Serpong Area

No. Land Cover Soil Type Hydrologic Soil Group Area (km2) Area Percentage (%)
1 Water Body Silt clay D 0.16 1.63
Sandy clay
2 Water Body C 0.70 7.03
Silt sand
3 Building Silt clay D 1.82 18.37
Sandy clay
4 Building C 5.78 58.36
Silt sand
Sandy clay
5 Green Areas C 1.45 14.60
Silt sand
TOTAL 9.9 100

Table 3. CN Composite and CN Values

Hydrologic Soil Group Land Cover %A CN %CN CN Composite

Waterbody 7 100 703
C Building 58 90 5253
Green area 15 74 1081
88.89
Waterbody 2 100 163
D Building 18 92 1690
Green area 0 80 0

3.4 Design Rainfall addition, tests were also carried out using Chi-Square and
Smirnov Kolmogorov.
In this study, the calculations of the design rainfall used
the maximum daily rainfall data for 31 years obtained In the Chi-Square test, the number of classes used is 6, and
from the Serpong Station. Figure 5 below shows the the value of degrees of freedom is 3. The Chi-Square test
maximum daily rainfall for the Serpong Station. In results show that only the Pearson III log distribution is
determining the design rainfall, it is necessary to calculate accepted. In addition to the Smirnov Kolmogorov test, all
the frequency analysis to determine the type of probability distributions are accepted, but the best probability
distribution by matching the data parameters with the distribution is the Log Pearson III distribution which has
conditions for each distribution. The calculation results the smallest maximum delta value. Design rainfall with a
show the Cs value of 1.77 and the Ck value of 3.45. Based specific return period from the Log Pearson III
on Table 1, it can be concluded that the probability distribution can be seen in Table 4.
distribution used is the Log Pearson III distribution. In

350

300
Maximum Rainfall (mm)

250

200

150

100

50

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Years

Figure 5. Secondary Data: Maximum Daily Rainfall

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Figure 6. Surface Runoff in the Summarecon Serpong Area

Table 4. Design Rainfall In addition, the lowest surface runoff occurred on land
cover in green open land with Hydrologic Soil Group C,
Return Period (years) Design Rainfall (mm) and the highest runoff height occurred on land cover in
2 107.9 water bodies. The height of surface runoff on green open
5 153.9 land is generally lower because of the ability to absorb
10 187.5 water into the soil. The percentage of surface runoff that
20 222.2 occurs on green open land is 38%-70%. The high
100 310.3 percentage shows that green open land has an essential
role in the development of the Summarecon area, where
3.5 Surface Runoff the land cover can reduce the runoff rate. The surface
runoff height of the Summarecon Serpong area can be
The results of the calculation of design rainfall with a seen in Figure 6.
specific return period can be seen in Table 4. The
calculation of the surface runoff value for the entire 4. Conclusions
Summarecon area using Equation 6 and composite CN.
From the analysis results, the surface runoff height for Several things can be concluded based on the analysis of
the entire Summarecon Serpong area at the 2, 5, 10, 20, surface runoff calculations in the Summarecon Serpong
and 100 year return periods can be seen in Table 5. area. Based on the identification of soil types, there are
two (2) soil groups in the Summarecon Serpong area:
Table 5. Surface Runoff
Group C with sandy loam and silty sand types, and
Return Period (years) Surface Runoff (mm) Group D with silty clay soil types. Meanwhile, the types
2 77 of land cover in the Summarecon Serpong area are
5 121 buildings, water bodies, and green open land.
10 154
20 188 The percentage distribution for each land cover, land
100 275 group, and area resulted in a Composite CN value

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representing all CN values at Summarecon Serpong is [5] C. Asdak, Hidrologi dan Pengelolaan Daerah
about 88.89. Frequency analysis shows that the type of Aliran Sungai. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada
probability used in this study is the Pearson III Log University Press, 2010.
Distribution. In addition, the design rainfall values are
also generated with a return period of 2 years, 5 years, [6] B. F. H. Sumaryatno, “Penggunaan Metode
10 years, 20 years, and 100 years with values of 107.9 Soil Conservation Service–Curve Number
mm, 153.9 mm, 187.5 mm, 222.2, and 310.3 mm. (SCS–CN) dalam Menduga Limpasan
Results on surface runoff value from the SCS-CN Permukaan di DAS Ciliwung,” Institut
Method with a return period of 2 years, 5 years, 10 years, Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, 2014.
20 years, and 100 years respectively, with values of 77 [7] B. Triatmodjo, Hidrologi Terapan.
mm, 121 mm, 154 mm, 188 mm, and 275 mm. The Yogyakarta: Beta Offset, 2008.
distribution of surface runoff shows that the lowest
runoff value occurs in the green area covered with [8] A. K. Sentosa, C. Asdak, and E. Suryadi,
Hydrologic Soil Group C. In contrast, the highest “Estimasi Volume Limpasan dan Debit Puncak
surface runoff value occurs in water bodies. Sub DAS Cikeruh Menggunakan Metode SCS-
CN (Soil Conservation Service-Curve
Number),” Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian Tropis
Acknowledgments dan Biosistem, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 90–98, Apr.
2021, doi: 10.21776/ub.jkptb.2021.009.01.10.
Acknowledgments are given to PT. Summarecon Agung
Tbk. who have shared issues that can be raised in this [9] K. Lin, F. Lv, L. Chen, V. P. Singh, Q. Zhang,
research and have also provided related data so that this and X. Chen, “Xinanjiang model combined
research can be carried out properly without any data with Curve Number to simulate the effect of
limitations. In addition, thanks are also given to all other land use change on environmental flow,” J
parties who have helped the smooth running of this Hydrol (Amst), vol. 519, pp. 3142–3152, Nov.
research so that the ideas and suggestions contained in 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.049.
this paper are expected to become written information
[10] K. X. Soulis and J. D. Valiantzas, “SCS-CN
based on research for readers, especially PT. parameter determination using rainfall-runoff
Summarecon Agung Tbk. in consideration of planning data in heterogeneous watersheds – the two-CN
the expansion of the development area. system approach,” Hydrol Earth Syst Sci, vol.
16, no. 3, pp. 1001–1015, Mar. 2012, doi:
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