TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface. Chapter1 THE MORAL AGENT..... Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Chapter 2 FREEDOM AND MORALITY .... Lesson 1 Orientation of the Cours Rules and Its Importance... Why Do We Have Rules? Importance of Rules .. The Subject: Ethics. Branches of Ethic: Why Study Ethics? Test Yourself. ‘The Moral Agent Morality. Key Features of Moralit Man as a Moral Agen Aristotle and Moral Responsibility Test Yourself... Standards and Dilemmas... Differences Between Moral and Non-Moral Standards How Are Moral Standards Formed? Characteristics of Moral Standar Moral Dilemmas..... Moral Dilemmas in the Organization ... Moral Dilemmas in the Health Care Service The Philippine Health Care Dilemma... Test Yourself... Freedom and Moral Acts. Kant’s Morality and Freedom. What is Categorical Imperative? The Role of Freedom in Morality Freedom: The Foundation of Moral Act. Freedom and Free Will. ... Requirement of True Freedom. Human Acts vs Acts of Huma: Test Yourself. iiiChapter 3 UNIVERSAL VALUES viii Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Culture and Morality Test Yourself... Dynamics of Culture... Cultural Relativism ... Advantages and Disadvantages of Cultural Relativism. Test Yourself... The Filipino Way... The Filipino Customs and Traditions Characteristics of Filipino Culture Filipino Family Values Social Values of the Filipinos Weaknesses of the Filipino Character. Test Yourself... Basic Universal Values. What is Universal Value? Schwartz Concept of Universal Value: UN Charter on Universal Values Basic Universal Human Values Development of Moral Characte: What is Moral Character?.. Importance of Having a Strong Moral Character . Development of Moral Character. Some Good Character Traits to Practic Character Traits that Impact One’s Happiness (liveboldandbloom.com) Test Yourself. Stages of Moral Development. Kohlbergs’ Stages of Moral Development Arguments Against Kohlbergs’ Theory... Test Yourself......Chapter4 THEACT.... Lesson 1 Ethical Requirements Reason and Impartiality What is Reason? . Consequences of the Fundamental Principle of Impartiality Reasons and Impartiality as Requirement of Ethics. Reason and Feelings Ethics vs Feelings. Conclusion Steps in Moral Reasoning Model. The Difference Between Reason and Will. Test Yourself. Lesson 2 Moral Theories Moral Theories .. Test Yourself. Lesson 3 ‘The Framing Bias.. The Consequences of Beane with Blinders. Test Yourself. ChapterS THE EARLY PHILOSOPHERS AND THEIR WORKS... Lesson1 The Early Philosophers. Aristotle on Ethics. St. Thomas Aquinas on Virtw Kant on Good Will. Kant on Rights... Rights... Nature of Rights, Kinds 6f Rights. Distinction between Moral Rights and Legal Rights Explain the telos of Aristotle. What does it mean? Will there be legal sanction if one violates moral law? Test Yourself. 107 108 108 109 110 110 111 12 113 114 116 116 117 121 123 123 131 133 133 139Lesson 2 The Categorical Imperatives and Utilitarianism.. Categorical Imperative. 159 Utilitarianism .......... 160 Utilitarian Philosophy 163 Test Yourself... 167 Chapter 6 FRAMEWORK AND PRINCIPLES 169 Lesson 1 Righteousness and Equality 170 Justice and Faimess 171 Principles of Fairness 172 Principles of Justice .. 173 Different Kinds of Justice. 174 Test Yourself... 179 Lesson 2 Political Doctrines 181 Egalitarian Justice... 181 Types of Egalitarianism .. 182 Socialism (Socialist Justice) 183 Origins and Development. 184 Advantages... 184 Disadvantages 185 Capitalism, 185 Characteristics of Capitalism .. 185 Advantages. 186 Disadvantages 186 Capitalism and Private Property. 187 Test Yourself. 191 Lesson3 Taxation... 193 , Meaning of Taxation ... 193 Philosophical View of Taxation 194 Are Taxes Moral: 195 Legitimate Objective of Tax.. 196 Tax Evasion and Tax Avoidane 197 Benefits of Paying Taxes 198 Basie Principles of a Sound Tax System. 199 Essential Characteristics of Taxation . 199. Test Yourself. 208Chapter 7 GLOBALIZATION AND THE MILLENNIALS 205 Lesson 1 Origin and Nature of Globalization... 206 What is Globalization? 206 Reasons for Globalization. 207 Historical Background of Globalization: 208 Salient Features of Globalization: 209 Effect of Globalization on State Functioi 210 Test Yourself. 213 Lesson 2 Challenges to Globalization. 215 Positive Consequences of Globalization 215 Negative Impacts of Globalizatio 215 Ethical Issues on Globalization.. 216 Solutions to Ethical Problems of Globalization. 218 Ethical Challenges for Business Working ina Globalized World 218 Conclusion 219 Test Yourself Lesson3 Millennials and Fillennials .. 225 Millennials: Ethical Challenges and Responses 225 The Positive and Negative Characteristics of Millenni: 205 The Filipino Millennials (Fillennials| 226 The Generation Gap .. 228 Fillinnial Morality... 229 Loosening Values ee Fillenniala. 230 Reasons Why Fillennials are Brok 230 How to Overcome Them... 232 Chapter 8 ETHICS THROUGH THICK AND THIN .... Lesson 1 Ethics and Religion Ethics and Religion h The Inseparableness of Ethics and Religion Religion and Ethics in Decision-Maki Test Yourself... Lesson 2 Challenges to Ethical Behavior... 247 What is Ethical Behavior? .. 247 Ethical Behavior at Work 248 Creating Your Own Code of Ethics 248 How to Teach Employees Ethical Behavior... 249 xiLesson 3 References 250 250 Examples of Unethical Behavior Downfalls of Unethical Behavior.. Test Yourself. 255 Obstacles to Ethical Behavior Barriers of Ethical Behavior. 263