Unit: 1 Management of Sporting Events

Management is essential for an organized life and necessary to run all types of organizations. Managing life
means getting things done to achieve life’s objectives and managing an organization means getting things done
with and through other people to achieve its objectives. There are basically five primary functions of
management. These are:
1. Planning,
2. Organizing
3. Staffing
4. Directing
5. Controlling
Planning: Planning is the process of thinking about the activities required to achieve a desired goal. It is the
first and foremost activity to achieve desired results. It involves the creation and maintenance of a plan, such as
psychological aspects that require conceptual skills.
Organising: Organising refers to the process through which various works/responsibilities related to a
programme are specified, classified, and then assigned to various people and committees. Organising refers to
the procedure of aligning the activities in a certain order. It contains designing the roles and directing the people
towards accomplishment of goals. Human efforts along with the resources are brought together and coordinated
under this function.
Staffing: Staffing is the process of hiring eligible candidates in the organization or company for specific
positions. In management, the meaning of staffing is an operation of recruiting the employees by evaluating
their skills, knowledge and then offering them specific job roles accordingly.
OR
Staffing refers to the continuous process of finding, selecting evaluating and developing a working relationship
with current or future employees. The main goal of staffing is to fill the various roles within the company with
suitable candidates. Staffing can be done within the company or by contractors at various levels of the staffing
process.
Directing: Directing refers to a process or technique of instructing, guiding, inspiring, counselling, overseeing
and leading people towards the accomplishment of organizational goals. Direction is an aspect of management
that deals directly with influencing, guiding, supervising, and motivating staff for the achievement of
organizational goals.
Controlling: Controlling refers to measuring the performance and taking the employees’ feedback to check the
compatibility and efficiency. It brings back the management cycle to planning and ensures the work according
to plan.

Various Committees and their responsibilities

Sports competitions are organised at various levels which include district, state, national and international
levels. Such events require careful planning and organization to be successful. Planning must be executed
properly for which different committees work together.
I. Organising committee: It is headed by chairman as overall in charge of conducting the event. All the aspects
of sporting events to be conducted are administered through this committee.
II. Finance committee: It is responsible for all financial receipts and expenditure, etc. They should work as per
budget plan. This committee makes all the payments. They must work as per the directions given by organizing
committee.
III. Publicity committee: The role of publicity committee is to give the sports event a wide publicity. All the
press releases, press conferences, results during the meet as well as publicity regarding dates, venues through
media, posters, and printing, etc. are done by this committee.
IV. Technical committee: It is responsible for the technical conduct of the event' This committee is
responsible for making draws and conducting the event smoothly. The officials are deputed well in advance.
This is the most important committee that will officiate the sports events.
V. Reception committee: The responsibility of reception committee is to see that special invitees are
welcomed and taken to the seats reserved for them. They plan to invite the guests well in advance and take care
of their reception. The outstation participating teams are received and proper arrangements are done till they
depart.
VI. Accommodation committee: This committee is responsible for deciding for the stay of players as well as
officials. The accommodation is booked well in advance as per expected strength of participants, coaches,
managers, and other dignitaries.
VII. Transport committee: It looks after the transportation of players and officials to the venue of sporting
activity and back to their accommodation. It takes care before, during and after the sports event. This committee
must have details of arrival and departure of participants so that everything is done on time.
VIII. Refreshment committee: It is formed to provide refreshment to the participants, officials and all those
involved in the entire programme. It must be ensured that everyone is welcomed and treated properly with
suitable soft drinks. This committee is also responsible for breakfast, lunch, and dinner at the place of stay.
Proper hygienic meals should be served'
IX. Purchase committee: This is a pre-meet work' The duty of purchasing of equipment and any other item
required in connection with the sporting event is assigned to this committee. This committee shall make
arrangement of laying out the field of international standard and fulfil the required demand of the game/sport.
X. Awards or prizes committee: The prizes are bought by this committee as per the number of expected
winners. The mementoes for officials are also obtained by this committee. They are completely responsible for
all the awards and prize distribution well on time.
XI. Medical and First Aid Committee: This committee is formed to provide medical assistance to participants
round the clock.
XII. Ground and Equipment Committee: This committee makes necessary arrangements of equipment
related to events.

Flow Chart: -

Administrative Director
Executive Committee
Organising committee
Finance committee Publicity committee Technical committee Reception committee

Accommodation Transport committee Refreshment committee Purchase committee

committee

Awards or prizes Medical and First Aid Ground and Equipment Announcement
committee: Committee Committee Committee
Pre-tournament responsibilities
Pre-tournament responsibilities are as follows: -
I. Prepare the budget of the tournament.
II. Prepare the schedule or program of the tournament.
III. Prepare sports ground.
IV. Purchase sports equipment.
V. Form the various committees.
VI. Send the information to the various teams about the date and venue of the tournament.
VII. Make arrangement of boarding and lodging of sports person and officials.
VIII. Arrange prize and certificate for the winners.
IX. Send the entry form to the teams those who want to participate in the competition

During Tournament responsibilities: -

During tournament responsibilities are as follows: -
I. Ensure proper arrangement
II. Check the sports ground and related sports equipment
III. Ensure that the sports are being organised as per schedule
IV. Check the arrangement of refreshment to the players and officials.
V. To make necessary announcement regarding the progress of tournament
VI. Provide the first aid to the injured athlete
VII. Prepare proper score sheet for records
VIII. Provide the update information to the electronic and print media

Post tournament responsibilities: -

Post tournament responsibilities are as follows: -
I. Give away the prices and certificates to the winners
II. Provide detailed results add other necessary information to the medias
III. Provide security refunds to the departing team
IV. Collect all the records related to the sports tournament
V. Make the payment to the officials and other concern person hey
VI. Prepare reports related to the expenditure of the tournament
VII Present momentous to the chief guest and guest of honour etc.
Tournaments:
It is a series of contests with several rounds in which many contestants compete, individually or as a team to
decide the winner. A tournament is a competition involving a relatively large number of competitors, all
participating in a sport or game. It depends on various factors i.e. - No. of participating teams, availability of
grounds and equipment’s, No. of days and funds.

Type of tournament:
1. Knock out: A single-elimination, knockout, or sudden death tournament is a type of elimination tournament
where the loser of each match-up is immediately eliminated from the tournament. Each winner will play
another in the next round, until the final match-up, whose winner becomes the tournament champion.

Advantages of Knock out tournament

I. Takes less time.
II. Take less manpower.
III. Require less amount of money.
IV. Require less resources.
V. Each team play seriously in each match.

Disadvantages of Knock out tournament

I. Losing team do not get 2nd chance.
II. It can be poor judgment of team's ability.
III. Due to the fear of elimination players play with the fear which is not good for his health & sports
performance.
IV. Talented players some time are not selected due to elimination of their team in early round.
V. It might prove more of a hassle for games in which draws frequent.

2. League: Round-robin tournament (or all-play-all tournament) is a competition in which each contestant
meets all other contestants in turn. A round-robin contrasts with an elimination tournament, in which
participants are eliminated after a certain number of losses. In single league tournament all participating teams
compete once, with each other, whereas in double league, each team play with every other team twice, without
any consideration of victory or defeat.
Advantages of league tournament
I. It decides the true winner.
II. Every team will get full opportunity to show its efficiency or performance.
III. It helps in ranking all the teams.
IV. Sports and games can be made popular through league tournament owing maximum number of matches.
V. A team need not wait for the competition of the other round as in single knock out tournament.
VI. Appropriate opportunities are available to the players and teams to improve their performance.
Disadvantages of league tournament
I. It requires more time.
II. It is expensive.
III. It requires more arrangement for sport officials and teams.
IV. There is no provision of seeding for outstanding teams.
V. Teams that get defeated often will lose interest in the game and that match become boring for the
participants, spectators and even for official.

Fixture: The meaning of fixture in physical education can be defined as the schedule or plan of the sports
activities/ matches which will be played against of team on a specific date or time. In simple words, it a
timetable for sports competition. The fixtures can include the names of the teams, name of the opponent team,
time of the match, venue of the match, etc.
Seeding: - The term seed can be termed same as an 'advantage' given to the team that has performed well in the
same competition in the previous session. Basically, it done to prevent the conflict of the two good teams in the
preliminary rounds and spoil the level of completion. Seeding is a procedure by which good teams are placed in
fixtures in such a way that stronger teams do not meet each other at the very start of a tournament.
Bye: - The advantage given to a team usually by drawing a lot and exempting it from playing a match in the
first round is known as Bye. These are given to a specific number of teams in the first round. The number of
byes is decided by subtracting the number of teams from the next higher number which is in power of two’s

The procedure of giving byes is as follows:

I. The first bye is given to last team of lower half.
II. The second bye is given to first team of upper half.
III. The third bye is given to first team of lower half.
IV. The fourth bye is given to last team of upper half.
V. The next bye or byes will be given in the same order as described above.

Methods of Preparing Fixtures for Knock-out Tournaments: -

1. Total number of teams participating in the tournament.
2. Total number of matches to be played in the tournament. Formula for calculating total number of matches is
n-1, where n is the total number of teams participating in the tournament.
3. Total number of rounds played in the tournament depends upon two things: -
I. The number of teams playing in the tournament.
II. The higher nearest number from the total number of teams of power of two’s = 2n
4. Method of determining the number of teams in upper half and lower half: -
I. If the number of teams is even, then equal number of teams will be divided in both halves i.e., n/2, where n is
the total number of teams.\
II. If the number of teams is odd, the following method is applied:
Number of teams in upper half = (n+1)/2, where n = number of teams.
Number of teams in lower half = (n-1)/2, where n = number of teams
5. The number of byes in knock-out tournament are decided by subtracting total number of teams from the next
higher nearest number in power of two’s (2n).

League Tournament: -
In this type of tournament each team plays with every other team once if it is a single league tournament and
each team plays with every other team twice if it is a double league tournament. Method to draw the fixture in
league tournament: -
(a) Cyclic method
In cyclic method, if the number of teams is in even number, the team number 1 is fixed on the top of right-hand
side and then other team numbers in ascending order consecutively downward and then upward on the left-hand
side and then from the next round teams will rotate in clockwise direction. If the number of teams is odd, then
the bye is fixed on the top of right-hand side and rest of the procedure will remain same. If the number of team
is even number than number of rounds will be (N-1). If the number of teams is odd number, then number of
rounds will be equal to number of teams.
Fixtures

Round-1 Round-2 Round-3 Round-4 Round-5

6-1 5-1 4-1 3-1 2-1
5-2 4-6 3-5 2-4 6-3
4-3 3-2 2-6 6-5 5-4

Stair-case Method: In stair-case method, the fixtures are made just like a ladder or a stair- case. In this method,
no bye is given to any team and there is no problem of even or odd number of teams.
Example: Draw a fixture of 9 teams on league basis according to stair-case method.

Fixture

1-2

1-3 2-3

1-4 2-4 3-4

1-5 2-5 3-5 4-5

1-6 2-6 3-6 4-6 5-6

1-7 2-7 3-7 4-7 5-7 6-7

1-8 2-8 3-8 4-8 5-8 6-8 7-8

1-9 2-9 3-9 4-9 5-9 6-9 7-9 8-9

Seeding: - The term seed can be termed same as an 'advantage' given to the team that has performed well in the
same competition in the previous session. Basically, it done to prevent the conflict of the two good teams in the
preliminary rounds and spoil the level of completion. Seeding is a procedure by which good teams are placed in
fixtures in such a way that stronger teams do not meet each other at the very start of a tournament.

Example: Draw a fixture of 11 teams, out of which 4 teams are seeded

Number of Teams = 11
Number of byes = 16-11 = 5
Special Seeding: A process to place the stronger team/teams at appropriate places in the fixture and to avoid
the elimination of such teams in the first round and give them a chance to participate in quarter-final or semi-
final is known as special seeding.