Mathematics In The Modern World

Module #1
Topic: THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS is:
 the study of pattern and structure.
 a useful way to think about nature and our world.
 a tool to quantify, organize and control our world, predict phenomena and make life
easier for us.
MATHEMATICS is
 in many patterns and occurrences that exists in nature, in our world, and in our life.
Mathematics gives sense to these patterns and occurrences.
ROLES THAT MATHEMATICS PLAY IN OUR WORLD
A. Mathematics helps organize patterns and regularities in our world like:
1. Patterns can be observed even in stars which move in circles across the sky each
day.
2. The weather season cycle each year. All snowflakes contains sixfold symmetry
which no two are exactly the same.

3. Patterns can be seen in fish patterns like spotted trunkfish, spotted puffer, blue
spotted stingray, spotted moral eel, coral grouper, redlion fish, yellow boxfish and
angel fish. These animals and fish stripes and spots attest to mathematical regularities
in biological growth and form.

4. Zebras, tigers, cats and snakes are covered in patterns of stripes; leopards and hyenas
are covered in pattern of spots and giraffes are covered in pattern of blotches.
5. Natural patterns like the intricate waves across the oceans; sand dunes on deserts;
formation of typhoon; water drop with ripple and others. These serves as clues to the
rules that govern the flow of water, sand and air.

6. Other patterns in nature can also be seen in the ball of mackerel, the v-formation of
geese in the sky and the tornado formation
of starlings.

B. Mathematics helps predict the behavior of nature and phenomena in the

world.
Mathematics is all around us. As we discover more about our environment, we can
mathematically describe nature. The beauty of a flower, the majestic tree, even the rock
formation exhibits nature’s sense of symmetry.
TYPES OF PATTERNS
1. SYMMETRY – a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion of balance or an object
is invariant to any various transformations (reflection, rotation or scaling.)
a.) Bilateral Symmetry: a symmetry in which the left and right sides of the organism can
be divided into approximately mirror image of each other along the midline.
Symmetry exists in living things such as in insects, animals, plants, flowers and others.
Animals have mainly bilateral or vertical symmetry, even leaves of plants and some
flowers such as orchids.
b.) Radial Symmetry (or rotational symmetry): a symmetry around a fixed point known as
the center and it can be classified as either cyclic or dihedral. Plants often have radial
or rotational symmetry, as to flowers and some group of animals. A five-fold symmetry
is found in the echinoderms, the group in which includes starfish (dihedral-D5
symmetry), sea urchins and sea lilies. Radial symmetry suits organism like sea
anemones whose adults do not move and jellyfish (dihedral-D4 symmetry). Radial
symmetry is also evident in different kinds of flowers.
2. FRACTALS – a curve or geometric figure, each part of which has the same statistical
character as the whole. A fractal is a never- ending pattern found in nature. The exact
same shape is replicated in a process called “self-similarity.” The pattern repeats itself
over and over again at different scales. For example, a tree grows by repetitive branching.
This same kind of branching can be seen in lightning bolts and the veins in your body.
Examine a single fern or an aerial view of an entire river system and you’ll see fractal
patterns.

3. SPIRALS - A logarithmic spiral or growth spiral is a self-similar spiral curve which

often appears in nature. It was first describe by Rene Descartes and was later investigated
by Jacob Bernoulli. A spiral is a curved pattern that focuses on a center point and a series
of circular shapes that revolve around it. Examples of spirals are pine cones, pineapples,
hurricanes. The reason for why plants use a spiral form is because they are constantly
trying to grow but stay secure.

FIBONACCI NUMBERS IN NATURE

Flower petals exhibit the Fibonacci number, white calla lily contains 1 petal, euphorbia
contains 2 petals, trillium contains 3 petals, columbine contains 5 petals, bloodroot contains 8
petals, black-eyed susan contains 13 petals, shasta daisies 21 petals, field daisies contains
34 petals and other types of daisies contain 55 and 89
petals.

FIBONACCI SEQUENCE IN NATURE

The sunflower seed conveys the Fibonacci sequence. The pattern of two spirals goes
in opposing directions (clockwise and counter-clockwise). The number of clockwise spirals
and counter clockwise spirals are consecutive Fibonacci numbers and usually contains 34 and
55 seeds.

The Fibonacci sequence can also be seen in the way tree branches form or split. A
main trunk will grow until it produces a branch, which creates two growth points. Then, one
of the new stems branches into two, while the other one lies dormant. This pattern of
branching is repeated for each of the new stems. A good example is the sneezewort. Root
systems and even algae exhibit this pattern.
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers where a number is found by adding up
the two numbers before it. Starting with 0 and 1, the sequence goes 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,
34, and so forth. Written as rule, the expression is
𝑿𝒏 = 𝑿𝒏−𝟏 + 𝑿𝒏−𝟐

From the discussion above, we are able to recognize patterns. In mathematics, we can
generate patterns by performing one or several mathematical operations repeatedly. WE call
these ordered lists of numbers a sequence.

The sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, …
is called the Fibonacci sequence and its terms are the Fibonacci numbers.

D. Mathematics helps control nature and occurrences in the world for our own ends.
E. Mathematics has numerous applications in the world making it indispensable.

GOLDEN RATIO
Nature of Mathematics – (Ppt. Presentation) see attached fil
CHAPTER 1 PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN NATURE AND
MATHEMATICS IN OUR WORLD THE WORLD
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO): Patterns in nature are visible
1. Identify patterns in nature and regularities of form found in the natural world
regularities in the world. and can also be seen in the universe.
2. Articulate the importance of
mathematics in one’s life. Nature patterns which are not just to be
3. Argue about the nature of admired, they are vital clues to the rules that
mathematics, what is it, how it is govern natural processes.
expressed, represented and used.
4. Express appreciation for mathematics Check out examples of some of these patterns
as a human endeavor. and you may be able to spot a few the next
time you go for a walk.
1. Patterns can be observed even in stars
WHAT IS MATHEMATICS? which move in circles across the sky
 Mathematics is the study of pattern and each day.
structure. Mathematics is fundamental 2. The weather season cycle each year. All
to the physical and biological sciences, snowflakes contains sixfold symmetry
engineering and information which no two are exactly the same.
technology, to economics and
increasingly to the social sciences.
 Mathematics is a useful way to think
about nature and our world.
 Mathematics is a tool to quantify,
organize and control our world, predict
phenomena and make life easier for us.

WHERE IS MATHEMATICS? 3. Patterns can be seen in fish patterns like

 Many patterns and occurrences exists in spotted trunkfish, spotted puffer, blue
nature, in our world, in our life. spotted stingray, spotted moral eel,
Mathematics helps make sense of these coral grouper, redlion fish, yellow
patterns and occurrences. boxfish and angel fish. These animals
and fish stripes and spots attest to
WHAT ROLE DOES MATHEMATICS PLAY IN mathematical regularities in biological
OUR WORLD? growth and form.
 Mathematics helps organize patterns
and regularities in our world.
 Mathematics helps predict the behavior
of nature and phenomena in the world.
 Mathematics helps control nature and
occurrences in the world for our own
ends.
4. Zebras, tigers, cats and snakes are
 Mathematics has numerous
covered in patterns of stripes; leopards
applications in the world making it
and hyenas are covered in pattern of
indispensable.
spots and giraffes are covered in
pattern of blotches.
an object is invariant to any various
transformations (reflection, rotation or
scaling.)
a.) Bilateral Symmetry: a symmetry in
which the left and right sides of the
organism can be divided into approximately
mirror image of each other along the
midline. Symmetry exists in living things
such as in insects, animals, plants, flowers
5. Natural patterns like the intricate waves and others. Animals have mainly bilateral or
across the oceans; sand dunes on vertical symmetry, even leaves of plants
deserts; formation of typhoon; water and some flowers such as orchids.
drop with ripple and others. These
serves as clues to the rules that govern
the flow of water, sand and air.

6. Other patterns in nature can also be seen in a.) Radial Symmetry ( or rotational
the ball of mackerel, the v-formation of symmetry ): a symmetry around a fixed
geese in the sky and the tornado formation point known as the center and it can be
of starlings. classified as either cyclic or dihedral. Plants
often have radial or rotational symmetry, as
to flowers and some group of animals. A
five-fold symmetry is found in the
echinoderms, the group in which includes
starfish (dihedral-D5 symmetry), sea urchins
and sea lilies. Radial symmetry suits
organism like sea anemones whose adults
do not move and jellyfish(dihedral-D4
PATTERNS AND REGULARITIES
symmetry). Radial symmetry is also evident
Mathematics is all around us. As we
in different kinds of flowers.
discover more about our environment, we can
mathematically describe nature. The beauty of
a flower, the majestic tree, even the rock
formation exhibits nature’s sense of symmetry.
Have you ever thought about how
nature likes to arrange itself in patterns in
order to act efficiently? Nothing in nature
happens without a reason, all of these patterns
have an important reason to exist and they
also happen to be beautiful to watch.

TYPES OF PATTERNS
1. SYMMETRY – a sense of harmonious
and beautiful proportion of balance or
X n=X n−1 + X n−2
2. FRACTALS – a curve or geometric figure,
each part of which has the same statistical Named after Fibonacci, also known as
character as the whole. A fractal is a never- Leonardo of Pisa or Leonardo Pisano, Fibonacci
ending pattern found in nature. The exact numbers were first introduced in his Liber
same shape is replicated in a process called Abbaci (Book of Calculation) in 1202. The son
“self similarity.” The pattern repeats itself of a Pisan merchant, Fibonacci traveled widely
over and over again at different scales. For and traded extensively. Mathematics was
example, a tree grows by repetitive incredibly important to those in the trading
branching. This same kind of branching can industry, and his passion for numbers was
be seen in lightning bolts and the veins in cultivated in his youth.
your body. Examine a single fern or an
aerial view of an entire river system and THE HABBIT RABBIT
you’ll see fractal patterns. One of the book’s exercises which is
written like this “A man put a pair of rabbits in a
place surrounded on all sides by a wall. How
many pairs of rabbits are produced from that
pair in a year, if it supposed that every month
each pair produces a new pair, which from the
second month onwards becomes productive?”
This is best understood in this diagram:
3. SPIRALS - A logarithmic spiral or growth
spiral is a self-similar spiral curve which
often appears in nature. It was first describe
by Rene Descartes and was later
investigated by Jacob Bernoulli. A spiral is a
curved pattern that focuses on a center
point and a series of circular shapes that
revolve around it. Examples of spirals are
pine cones, pineapples, hurricanes. The
reason for why plants use a spiral form is
because they are constantly trying to grow
but stay secure.

GROWTH OF RABBIT COLONY

ADULT YOUNG
MONTHS TOTAL
PAIRS PAIRS
1 1 1 2
2 2 1 3
3 3 2 5
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE 4 5 3 8
The Fibonacci sequence is a series of 5 8 5 13
numbers where a number is found by adding 6 13 8 21
up the two numbers before it. Starting with 0 7 21 13 34
and 1, the sequence goes 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 8 34 21 55
21, 34, and so forth. Written as a rule, the 9 55 34 89
expression is 10 89 55 144
11 144 89 233
12 233 144 377
The sequence encountered in the rabbit
problem 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144,
233, 377, …. is called the Fibonacci sequence
and its terms the Fibonacci numbers.
GOLDEN RECTANGLE
Leonardo of Pisa also known as
Fibonacci discovered a sequence of numbers
that created an interesting numbers that FIBONACCI SEQUENCE IN NATURE
created an interesting pattern the sequence 1, The sunflower seed conveys the
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34… each number is Fibonacci sequence. The pattern of two spirals
obtained by adding the last two numbers of the goes in opposing directions (clockwise and
sequence forms what is known as golden counter-clockwise ). The number of clockwise
rectangle a perfect rectangle. A golden spirals and counter clockwise spirals are
rectangle can be broken down into squares the consecutive Fibonacci numbers and usually
size of the next Fibonacci number down and contains 34 and 55 seeds.
below. If we were to take a golden rectangle,
break it down to smaller squares based from
Fibonacci sequence and divide each with an arc,
the pattern begin to take shapes, we begin with
Fibonacci spiral in which we can see in nature.

FIBONACCI NUMBERS IN NATURE The Fibonacci sequence can also be

Flower petals exhibit the Fibonacci seen in the way tree branches form or split. A
number, white calla lily contains 1 petal, main trunk will grow until it produces a
euphorbia contains 2 petals, trillium contains 3 branch, which creates two growth points.
petals, columbine contains 5 petals, bloodroot Then, one of the new stems branches into two,
contains 8 petals, black-eyed susan contains 13 while the other one lies dormant. This pattern
petals, shasta daisies 21 petals, field daisies of branching is repeated for each of the new
contains 34 petals and other types of daisies stems. A good example is the sneezewort.
contain 55 and 89 petals. Root systems and even algae exhibit this
pattern.
3 5 1.666666666…
5 8 1.6
8 13 1.625
13 21 1.615384615...
21 34 1.61905
34 55 1.61765
. . .
. . .
144 233 1.618055556...
233 377 1.618025751...
GOLDEN RATIO
Fibonacci discovery of Fibonacci
GOLDEN TRIANGLE
sequence happened to approach the ratio
Golden ratio can be deduced in an
asymptotically. He found the interesting and
isosceles triangle. If we take the isosceles
mysterious properties of the Fibonacci
triangle that has the two base angles of 72
sequence that the series has a deep relationship
degrees and we bisect one of the base angles,
with the golden ratio.
we should see that we get another golden
The golden ratio was first called as the
triangle that is similar to the golden rectangle. If
Divine Proportion in the early 1500s in
we apply the same manner as the golden
Leonardo da Vinci’s work which was explored
rectangle, we should get a set of whirling
by Luca Pacioli entitled “De Divina
triangles. With these whirling triangles, we are
Proportione” in 1509. This contains the
able to draw a logarithmic spiral that will
drawings of the five platonic solids and it was
converge at the intersection of the two lines.
probably da Vinci who first called it “section
The spiral converges at the intersection of the
aurea” which is Latin for Golden Secion.
two lines and this ratio of the lengths of these
In mathematics, two quantities are in
two lines is in the Golden Ratio.
the Golden ratio if their ratio is the same of
their sum to the larger of the two quantities.
The Golden Ratio is the relationship between
numbers on the Fibonacci sequence where
plotting the relationships on scales results in a
spiral shape. In simple terms, golden ratio is
expressed as an equation, where a is larger than
b, (a+b) divided by a is equal to a divided by b,
which is equal to 1.618033987…and
represented by φ (phi).

a+b a
φ= = =1.618033987 ….
a b GOLDEN RATIO IN NATURE
It is often said that math contains the
b a a/b answers to most of universe’s questions. Math
2 3 1.5 manifests itself everywhere. One such example
is the Golden Ratio. This famous Fibonacci Spiral galaxies are the most common galaxy
sequence has fascinated mathematicians, shape. The Milky Way has several spiral arms,
scientist and artists for many hundreds of each of them a logarithmic spiral of about 12
years. The Golden Ratio manifests itself in degrees.
many places across the universe, including 8. Hurricanes
right here on Earth, it is part of Earth’s nature It’s amazing how closely the powerful swirls of
and it is part of us. hurricane match the Fibonacci sequence.

1. Flower petals
number of petals in a flower is often one of the
following numbers: 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 or 55. For
example, the lily has three petals, buttercups
have five of them, the chicory has 21 of them,
the daisy has often 34 or 55 petals, etc. GOLDEN RATIO IN ARTS
2. Faces The golden ratio can be used to achieve
Faces, both human and nonhuman, abound beauty, balance and harmony in art,
with examples of the Golden Ratio. The mouth architecture and design. It can be used as a tool
and nose are each positioned at golden sections in art and design to achieve balance in the
of the distance between the eyes and the composition. Check out some examples of
bottom of the chin. Similar proportions can golden ratio in arts.
been seen from the side, and even the eye and 1. The exterior dimension of the
ear itself. Pathernon in Athens, Greece embodies
3. Body parts the golden ratio.
The Golden Section is manifested in the
structure of the human body. The human body
is based on Phi and the number 5.The number 5
appendages to the torso, in the arms, leg and
head. 5 appendages on each of these, in the
fingers and toes and 5 openings on the face.
Animal bodies exhibit similar tendencies.
4. Seed heads
Typically, seeds are produced at the center, and
then migrate towards the outside to fill all the
space. Sunflowers provide a great example of 2. In “Timaeus” Plato describes five
these spiraling patterns. possible regular solids that relate to the
5. Fruits, Vegetables and Trees golden ratio which is now known as
Spiraling patterns can be found on pineapples Platonic Solids. He also considers the
and cauliflower. Fibonacci numbers are seen in golden ratio to be the most bringing of
the branching of trees or the number of leaves all mathematical relationships.
on a floral stem; numbers like 4 are not. 3’s and
5’s, however, are abundant in nature.
6. Shells
Snail shells and nautilus shells follow the
logarithmic spiral, as does the cochlea of the
inner ear. It can also be seen in the horns of
certain goats, and the shape of certain spider’s
webs.
7. Spiral Galaxies
3. Euclid was the first to give definition of can be seen on the ceiling of the Sistine
the golden ratio as “a dividing line in Chapel. His painting used the golden
the extreme and mean ratio” in his ratio showing how God’s finger and
book the “Elements”. He proved the Adam’s finger meet precisely at the
link of the numbers to the construction golden ratio point of the weight and the
of the pentagram, which is now known height of the area that contains them.
as golden ratio. Each intersections to
the other edges of a pentagram is a
golden ratio. Also the ratio of the length
of the shorter segment to the segment
bounded by the two intersecting lines is
a golden ratio.
6. Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino or more
popularly known as Raphael was also a
painter and architect from the
Rennaisance. In his painting “The School
of Athens,”, the division between the
figures in the painting and their
proportions are distributed using the
golden ration. The golden triangle and
pentagram can also be found in
Raphael’s painting “Crucifixion”.

4. Leonardo da Vinci was into many

interests such as invention, painting,
sculpting, architecture, science, music,
mathematics, engineering, literature,
anatomy, geology, botany, writing,
history and cartography. He used the
golden ratio to define the fundamental
portions in his works. He incorporated
the golden ratio in his own paintings 7. The golden ratio can also be found in
such as the Vitruvian Man, The Last the works of other renowned painters
Supper, Monalisa and St. Jerome in the such as
Wilderness. a.) Sandro Botticelli (Birth of Venus);
b.) George-Pierre Surat (“Bathers at
Assinieres”, “Bridge of Courbevoie”
and “A Sunday on La Grande
Jette”), and
c.) Salvador Dali (“The Sacrament of
the Last Supper”).

5. Michaelangelo di Lodovico Simon was

considered the greatest living artists of
his time. He used golden ratio in his
painting “The Creation of Adam” which
6. The Eiffel Tower in Paris, France,
erected in 1889 is an iron lattice. The
base is broader while it narrows down
the top, perfectly following the golden
ratio.

7. The CN Tower in Toronto, the tallest

tower and freestanding structure in the
world, contains the golden ratio in its
design. The ratio of observation deck at
342 meters to the total height of 553.33
GOLDEN RATIO IN ARCHITECTURE is 0.618 or phi, the reciprocal of phi.
Some of the architectural structures
that exhibit the application of the Golden ratio
are the following:
1. The Great Pyramid of Giza built 4700
BC in Ahmes Papyrus of Egypt is with
proportion according to a “Golden
Ratio”. The length of each side of the
base is 756 feet with a height of 481
feet. The ratio of the base to the height
is roughly 1.5717, which is close to the
Golden ratio.

2. Notre Dame is a Gothic Cathedral in

Paris, which was built in between 1163
and 1250. It appears to have a golden
ratio in a number of its key proportions
of designs.

3. The Taj Mahal in India used the golden

ratio in its construction and was
completed in 1648. The order and
proportion of the arches of the Taj
Mahal on the main structure keep
reducing proportionately following the
golden ratio.

4. The Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres

in Paris, France also exhibits the Golden
ratio.

5. In the United Nation Building, the

window configuration reveal golden
proportion.
4. The nautilus shell has natural pattern
which contains a spiral shape called
logarithmic spiral.

5. Age of the trees can be

determined
BEHAVIOR OF NATURE by applying
Behavior of nature can be observed around
us.
Natural regularities of nature:
dendrochronology which is a scientific method
Symmetry Fractals
of dating based on the amount of rings found in
Spirals
Trees Meanders the core of a tree.
Waves 6. Turtles have growth rings called “scutes”
Foams Tessellations which are hexagonal.
Cracks Scutes estimates the age of the turtle.
Stripes Spots Smallest scute is in the center and is the oldest
one, while the largest ones on the outside are
Golden Ratio can be found in the the newer ones.
beauty of nature, the growth patterns of 7. Lightning during storms creates fractals.
many plants, insects, and the universe. Foam bubbles formed by trapping pockets of
gas in a liquid or solid.
1. Honeycombs of the bees show specific
regular repeating hexagons. It uses the
least amount of wax to store the
honey giving a strong structure with no
gaps.
2. Zebra’s coat, the alternating pattern of
blacks and white are due to
mathematical rules that govern the
pigmentation chemicals of its skin.

3. Spider 8. Cracks can also be found on the barks of

pattern. The trees which show some sort of
spider weakness in the bark.
creates a The meander is one of a series of
structure by regular sinuous curves, bends, loops,
performing turns, or windings in the channel of the
innate steps. body of water.
4. In Information Technology, modern
computer are invented through the
help of mathematics. An important area
of applications of mathematics in the
development of formal mathematical
theories related to the development of
computer science. Computer science
development includes logic, relations,
APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICS IN THE functions, basic set theory, counting
WORLD techniques, graph theory,
In our daily life, we use mathematics combinatorics, discrete probability,
directly or indirectly in various fields. The recursion, recurrence relations and
application of mathematical methods in number theory, computer-oriented
different fields such as science, engineering, numerical analysis and Operation
business, computer science and industry is a Research techniques.
combination of mathematical science and
specialized knowledge. For example, 5. Cryptography is a combination of both
statistics, combinatorics, and graph theory mathematics and computer science and
are used by investigators to solve crimes. is affiliated closely with information
Other applications of mathematics are theory, computer security and
in forensic science, medicine, engineering, engineering. It is used in applications
information technology, cryptography, present in technologically advanced
archaeology, social sciences, political societies, examples include the security
science and other fields. of ATM cards, computer passwords and
1. In forensic, mathematics is applied electronic commerce.
specifically the differential and integral
calculus to clarify the blurred image to 6. In archaeology, archaeologists use a
clear image. Another application of variety of mathematical and statistical
calculus is optimization (maximize or techniques to present the data from
minimize) surface areas, volumes, profit archaeological surveys and try to find
and cost analysis, projectile motion, etc. patterns to shed on past human
2. In medical field, much of a function of a behavior an in carbon dating artifacts.
protein is determined by its shape and
how the pieces move. Many drugs are 7. In Social Sciences such as economics,
designed to change the shape or sociology, psychology and linguistics all
motions of a protein by modeling using now make extensive use of
geometry and related areas. mathematical models, using the tools of
Mathematics is also being applied in the calculus, probability, game theory, and
development of medicine to cure network theory.
diseases.
8. In Economics, mathematics such as
3. In fluid dynamics, engineers use
matrices, probability and statistics are
numerical analysis in phenomena
used. The models may be stochastic or
involving heat, electricity and
deterministic, linear or non-linear, static
magnetism, relativistic mechanics,
or dynamic, continuous or discrete and
quantum mechanics and other
all types of algebraic, differential,
theoretical constructs.
difference and integral equations arise
for the solution of these models.

9. In political Science, political analysts

study past election results to see
changes in voting patterns and the
influence of various factors on voting
behavior or switching of votes among
political parties and mathematical
models for Conflict Resolution using
Game Theory and Statistics.

10. In music and arts, the rhythm that we

find in all music notes is the result of
innumerable permutations and
combinations. Music theorists
understand musical structure and
communicate new ways of hearing
music by applying set theory, abstract
algebra, and number theory.
Module #2
THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS
Mathematical Patterns
1. Fibonacci Sequence
2. Arithmetic Progression
3. Geometric Progression
 Fibonacci Sequence - is a sequence of numbers in which each successive number in the
sequence is obtained by adding the two previous numbers in the sequence.
Finding different ways to find the Fibonacci Number:
√𝟓 +𝟏 (𝒏−𝒌)
a.) 𝒇 ≈ 𝑭 ∗ [ ] where : 𝒇 = nth Fibonacci number
𝒏 𝒌 𝟐 𝒏
𝑭𝒌= any known F. number

Example 1: Find the 20th Fibonacci number:

Fibonacci Numbers are:
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, …
Use 𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 144; (𝒏 − 𝒌) = 20 – 12 =8 Substituting to
the above equation:
𝟓 +𝟏 (𝟖)
𝒇 ≈ 𝑭 ∗ [√ ] ≈ 𝟏𝟒𝟒 ∗ (𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟑)𝟖
𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟐 𝟐
≈ 6764.93 ≈ 6,765
b.) Finding the nth term of the Fibonacci Sequence
(𝟏 + √𝟓) 𝒏− (𝟏− √𝟓) 𝒏
𝑭𝒏 =
√𝟓∗𝟐𝒏

 Arithmetic Progression - is a sequence of numbers such that the difference of any

two successive members is a constant.
Finding the nth term of the Arithmetic Series
𝒕𝒏 = 𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅

Finding the Sum of𝒏terms in the Arithmetic Series

𝑺 = [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅]
𝒏 𝟐

where: 𝑡𝑛 = nth term of the series n = no. of terms

𝑎 = first term
𝑑 = common difference between terms
𝑆𝑛 = sum of terms
Exercise: An arithmetic series contains 17 terms. If the first term is 2 and the sum is – 170. What
is the common difference? (ans. -3/2)

 Geometric sequence is a sequence such that any element after the first is obtained by
multiplying the preceding element by a constant called the common ratio.
𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛)
𝑆𝑛 = where: 𝑆 = sum of terms
1−𝑟
𝒓 = the common ratio
𝒂 = first term
n = number of terms Example: 1. Find the
succeeding terms of 4, 2, 1, … ratio = 1/2
4, 2, 1, ½, ¼ , 1/8 …
2. Find the sum of the first 6 terms of the above series
6
𝑎(1−𝑟 ) 2
𝑛 7 1) ]
4 [1−(
Using 𝑆 = 𝑛= = 7 =1 7.875
1−𝑟 1−( ) 8
2

Exercise: Find the first three terms of a geometric progression whose sum is 42 and
whose product is 512. Let the first three terms of a geometric progression be
a/r, a, ar
𝑎 𝑎
Given: + 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 = 42; ∗ 𝑎 ∗ 𝑎𝑟 = 512
𝑟 𝑟
Solution:
𝑎
∗ 𝑎 ∗ 𝑎𝑟 = 512 ≫ 𝑎3 = 512 ≫ 𝑎 = 8
𝑟
𝑎
Substitute value of 𝑎 = 8 to + 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 = 42
8 𝟏𝑟
+ 8 + 8𝑟 = 42; 𝒓 = ; 𝒓=𝟒
𝑟 𝟒
𝟏 𝑎
For 𝒓 = , Then the three terms , 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟
𝟒 𝑟
≫ 32, 8, 2
𝑎
For 𝒓 = 𝟒 , Then the three terms , 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟
𝑟
≫ 2, 8, 32

Lesson Proper
A. The characteristics of a mathematical language:
1. Precise - able to make very fine distinctions
2. Concise - able to say things briefly
3. Powerful - able to express complex thoughts with relative ease Like any language,

mathematics has its own symbols, syntax and rules

 Expression or mathematical expression is a finite combination of symbols that is well-

formed according to rules that depend on the context.
Mathematical symbols can designate numbers, operations, functions,

brackets, punctuation, and grouping to help determine order of operations, and other
aspects of logical syntax.

Examples:
 Sentences or Statements
Kinds of Mathematical Sentences:
a. A universal statement – says that a certain property is true for all elements in a set. Ex
1. All positive numbers are greater than zero.

b. A conditional statement – says that if one thing is true then some other thing also has
to be true. Ex 2. If 378 is divisible by 18, then 378 is divisible by 6.

c. An existential statement – says that there is at least one thing for which the property is
true. Ex 3. There is a prime number that is even.

Exercises: Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statements” For all real numbers x,
if x is nonzero then x2 is positive.
1. If a real number is nonzero, then it’s square is _.
2. For all nonzero real numbers x, _
3. If x then _ _
4. The square of any nonzero real number is _.
5. All nonzero real numbers have .

1. Is positive
2
2. x is positive
3. is a nonzero real number , x 2 is positive
4. Positive
5. Positive squares (or. Squares that are positive)
Purposive Communication

Name: Namias, Jhon Keneth Ryan B. Class: BSCS 1A

Activity #2 Fibonacci/Arithmetic/Geometric Progression

I. FIBONACCI NUMBER
1. Determine:
a) F25

75025
b) 𝐹25 +𝐹36 + 𝐹10 ÷ 11

𝐹25 = 75025
𝐹36 = 14930352
𝐹10 = 55

(75025 + 14930352 + 55) / 11=

1364130.18182

c) (𝐹7 +𝐹8 +⋯+ 𝐹16) ÷ 11= 𝐹𝑛 what is n?

F7 = 13
F8 = 21
F9 = 34
F10 = 55
F11 = 89
F12 = 144
F13 = 233
F14 = 377
F15 = 610
F16 = 987
(𝐹7 +𝐹8 +⋯+ 𝐹16) = 2563

2563 / 11= 233

F13
2. Suppose a pair of rabbits will produce a new pair of rabbits in their second month and
thereafter will produce a new pair every month. The new rabbit will do exactly the same.
Start with one pair. How many pairs will there be in 10 months?

1) 2
2) 4
3) 8
4) 16
5) 32
6) 64
7) 128
8) 256
9) 512
10) 1024

1024 rabbits

II. Classify the given sequences as to arithmetic, geometric, Fibonacci-type, or none of the
above. Find the next term for each sequence.
a. 15, 30, 60, 120…
240
b. 15, 30, 45, 60 …
75
c. 15, 30, 45, 75 …
120
d. 15, 20, 26, 33…
41
e. 15, 30, 90, 360 …
1800

III. Find the fifth and the nth term of the geometric sequence whose initial term a and common
ratio r are given: a = 3; r = 2

93
IV. Find the 𝑆100 for the arithmetic sequence with the given values for a and d

𝑎1=3; 𝑑=3
6 Operation
2
6. Involation - 5

7. Evlolution - √ 25

8. M/D

9. A/S

Number Sets
Divisibility Rules
Divisibility Rule of 1
Every number is divisible by 1. Divisibility rule for 1 doesn’t have any condition. Any number
divided by 1 will give the number itself, irrespective of how large the number is. For example, 3 is
divisible by 1 and 3000 is also divisible by 1 completely.

Divisibility Rule of 2
If a number is even or a number whose last digit is an even number i.e. 2,4,6,8 including 0, it is
always completely divisible by 2.

Example: 508 is an even number and is divisible by 2 but 509 is not an even number, hence it is not
divisible by 2. Procedure to check whether 508 is divisible by 2 or not is as follows:

Consider the number 508

Just take the last digit 8 and divide it by 2
If the last digit 8 is divisible by 2 then the number 508 is also divisible by 2.
Divisibility Rules for 3
Divisibility rule for 3 states that a number is completely divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is
divisible by 3.

Consider a number, 308. To check whether 308 is divisible by 3 or not, take sum of the digits (i.e.
3+0+8= 11). Now check whether the sum is divisible by 3 or not. If the sum is a multiple of 3, then
the original number is also divisible by 3. Here, since 11 is not divisible by 3, 308 is also not
divisible by 3.

Similarly, 516 is divisible by 3 completely as the sum of its digits i.e. 5+1+6=12, is a multiple of 3.

Divisibility Rule of 4
If the last two digits of a number are divisible by 4, then that number is a multiple of 4 and is
divisible by 4 completely.

Example: Take the number 2308. Consider the last two digits i.e. 08. As 08 is divisible by 4, the
original number 2308 is also divisible by 4.

Divisibility Rule of 5
Numbers, which last with digits, 0 or 5 are always divisible by 5.
Example: 10, 10000, 10000005, 595, 396524850, etc.

Divisibility Rule of 6
Numbers which are divisible by both 2 and 3 are divisible by 6. That is, if the last digit of the given
number is even and the sum of its digits is a multiple of 3, then the given number is also a multiple
of 6.

Example: 630, the number is divisible by 2 as the last digit is 0.

The sum of digits is 6+3+0 = 9, which is also divisible by 3.
Hence, 630 is divisible by 6.

Divisibility Rules for 7

The rule for divisibility by 7 is a bit complicated which can be understood by the steps given below:

Divisibility rule of 7
Example: Is 1073 divisible by 7?

From the rule stated remove 3 from the number and double it, which becomes 6.
Remaining number becomes 107, so 107-6 = 101.
Repeating the process one more time, we have 1 x 2 = 2.
Remaining number 10 – 2 = 8.
As 8 is not divisible by 7, hence the number 1073 is not divisible by 7.

Divisibility Rule of 8
If the last three digits of a number are divisible by 8, then the number is completely divisible by 8.

Example: Take number 24344. Consider the last two digits i.e. 344. As 344 is divisible by 8, the
original number 24344 is also divisible by 8.

Divisibility Rule of 9
The rule for divisibility by 9 is similar to divisibility rule for 3. That is, if the sum of digits of the
number is divisible by 9, then the number itself is divisible by 9.

Example: Consider 78532, as the sum of its digits (7+8+5+3+2) is 25, which is not divisible by 9,
hence 78532 is not divisible by 9.

Divisibility Rule of 10
Divisibility rule for 10 states that any number whose last digit is 0, is divisible by 10.

Example: 10, 20, 30, 1000, 5000, 60000, etc.

Divisibility Rules for 11

If the difference of the sum of alternative digits of a number is divisible by 11, then that number is
divisible by 11 completely.

In order to check whether a number like 2143 is divisible by 11, below is the following procedure.

Group the alternative digits i.e. digits which are in odd places together and digits in even places
together. Here 24 and 13 are two groups.
Take the sum of the digits of each group i.e. 2+4=6 and 1+3= 4
Now find the difference of the sums; 6-4=2
If the difference is divisible by 11, then the original number is also divisible by 11. Here 2 is the
difference which is not divisible by 11.
Therefore, 2143 is not divisible by 11.

A few more conditions are there to test the divisibility of a number by 11. They are explained here
with the help of examples:

If the number of digits of a number is even, then add the first digit and subtract the last digit from
the rest of the number.

Example: 3784

Number of digits = 4

Now, 78 + 3 – 4 = 77 = 7 × 11

Thus, 3784 is divisible by 11.

If the number of digits of a number is odd, then subtract the first and the last digits from the rest
of the number.

Example: 82907

Number of digits = 5

Now, 290 – 8 – 7 = 275 × 11

Thus, 82907 is divisible by 11.

Form the groups of two digits from the right end digit to the left end of the number and add the
resultant groups. If the sum is a multiple of 11, then the number is divisible by 11.

Example: 3774 := 37 + 74 = 111 := 1 + 11 = 12

3774 is not divisible by 11.

253 := 2 + 53 = 55 = 5 × 11

253 is divisible by 11.

Subtract the last digit of the number from the rest of the number. If the resultant value is a
multiple of 11, then the original number will be divisible by 11.

Example: 9647

9647 := 964 – 7 = 957

957 := 95 – 7 = 88 = 8 × 11

Thus, 9647 is divisible by 11.

Divisibility Rule of 12
If the number is divisible by both 3 and 4, then the number is divisible by 12 exactly.

Example: 5864

Sum of the digits = 5 + 8 + 6 + 4 = 23 (not a multiple of 3)

Last two digits = 64 (divisible by 4)

The given number 5864 is divisible by 4 but not by 3; hence, it is not divisible by 12.

Divisibility Rules for 13

For any given number, to check if it is divisible by 13, we have to add four times of the last digit of
the number to the remaining number and repeat the process until you get a two-digit number.
Now check if that two-digit number is divisible by 13 or not. If it is divisible, then the given number
is divisible by 13.

For example: 2795 → 279 + (5 x 4)

→ 279 + (20)

→ 299

→ 29 + (9 x 4)

→ 29 + 36
→65

Number 65 is divisible by 13, 13 x 5 = 65.

Convert English sentence/expressions to Mathematical Symbols.

A.
2x=14 1. Twice a number equals fourteen.
3(2x-1) = 4 2. Thrice the difference of twice a number and one is four.
2( x+1)
3. The ratio of twice the sum of a number and one, and three is equal to
3
five.
2x-5 4. Five less than twice a number.
x+y=10 5. The sum of two numbers is 10. Represent the two numbers in symbols.
X,x+1, x+2, 6. Give the representation of three consecutive integers.
X, x+2,x+4,x+6,x+8 7. Give the representation of four consecutive odd integers.

8. Jess is twice as old as Dan, and Dan is four times as old as Jun. Express each of their ages in terms of
X.
Let x = Jun’s age
4x = Dan
2(4x) = Jess

9. The perimeter and area of a rectangle if one side is 8 feet longer than twice the other side. Express
their area and perimeter in terms of X.

10. Jun had 5 centavo and 10 centavo coins with a total of 100 coins. How many pieces of 5 and 10
centavo coins are there. Express answers in terms of X.
EXERCISE #1

A. Convert English sentence/expressions to Mathematical Symbols.

1. Twice a number equals fourteen.
2x = 14
2. Thrice the difference of twice a number and one is four.
3(2x+1) = 4
3. The ratio of twice the sum of a number and one, and three is equal to five.
(2x+1)/3=5
4. Five less than twice a number.
2x-5
5. The sum of two numbers is 10. Represent the two numbers in symbols.
X+y = 10
6. Give the representation of three consecutive integers.
X, x+1, x+2
7. Give the representation of four consecutive odd integers.
X, x+2, x+4, x+6

B. Represent the problems:

8. Jess is twice as old as Dan, and Dan is four times as old as Jun. Express each of their ages
in terms of X .
jun = x
dan = 4x
jexx = 2(4x)
9. The perimeter and area of a rectangle if one side is 8 feet longer than twice the other side.
Express their area and perimeter in terms of X.
Let legth = x
8+2x
10. Jun had 5centavo and 10 centavo coins with a total of 100 coins. How many pieces of 5 and
10 centavo coins are there. Express answers in terms of X.

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

ACTIVITY#3-PROBLEM SOLVING
A. Convert the following English statements to numerical statements and symbols. Express as
Write your answer on the space provided:

1. The quotient of “fifteen and five” and “twelve and four” is one. (15
2. The difference between the squares of two consecutive odd integers_________________
_______________________________
3. Toni is thrice as old as Raul, and Raul is half as older as Rene. Express each of their ages in
Terms of a single unknown. __________________________________________________
4. The three angles A, B and C of triangle ABC if A exceeds twice angle B by 20°.Express all the
angles _________________________________________________
5. The time it takes a boat traveling at a speed of 1 mi/her to cover a distance of x miles.
______________________________

B. Solve the following problems:

1. If 2 persons’ handshake only once with everyone else, how many handshakes occur in
6 people. Use letters A, B, C, D, E and F to name and count the handshakes.

2. There are four volumes of Shakespeare’s collected works on a shelf. The volumes are in
order from left to right. The pages of each volume are exactly two inches thick. The covers
are each 1/6 inch thick. A bookworm started eating at page one of Volume I and ate through
to the last page of Volume IV. What is the distance the bookworm travelled?
Definition of Terms
A population - any specific collection of objects of interest.
A sample - any subset of a larger set of data – to draw inferences about the larger set called
the population
Statistics - is a collection of methods for collecting, displaying, analyzing, and drawing
conclusions from data.

Division/Branches of Statistics
 Descriptive statistics - is the branch of statistics that involves organizing, displaying,
and describing data.
 Inferential statistics - is the branch of statistics that involves drawing conclusions
about a population based on information contained in a sample taken from that
population.

Types of Data/ Qualitative and Quantitative Variables

 Qualitative data - are measurements for which there is no natural numerical scale, but
which consist of attributes, labels, or other non- numerical characteristics.
 Quantitative data - are numerical measurements that arise from a natural numerical
scale.
Types of Quantitative Data:
Continuous data - data that can take any value. Height,
weight, temperature and length are all examples of data that will change over time;
Discrete data - data that can only take certain or fixed values.

Types of Sampling:
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING: Simple Random Sampling. Stratified Random
Sampling. Systematic Sampling. ...

 NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING: Purposive Sampling. Convenience Sampling. Snow-ball Sampling.

Sampling Techniques
 Simple Random Sampling - such sampling requires every member of the population to have an
equal chance of being selected into the samples. Chooses a sample by pure chance
 Random assignment – random division of samples into two groups. One group is assigned to the
treatment condition and the other group is assigned to the control condition. This random
division of the sample is critical for the validity of an experiment.
 Stratified Sampling - used to make the sample more representative of the population. This
method can be used if the population has a number of distinct “strata” or groups.
 Cluster sampling – the researcher divides the population into separate groups, called clusters
or this is also known as area sampling.
 Systematic Random Sampling - probability sampling method in which sample members from
a larger population are selected according to a random starting point but with a fixed,
periodic interval.

Variables - are properties or characteristics of some event, object, or person that can take on
different values or amounts.

When conducting research, experimenters often manipulate variables. For example, an experimenter might compare
the effectiveness of four types of antidepressants. In this case, the variable is “type of antidepressant.” When a variable is
manipulated by an experimenter, it is called an independent variable. The experiment seeks to determine the effect of the
independent variable on relief from depression. In this example, relief from depression is called a dependent variable. In
general, the independent variable is manipulated by the experimenter and its effects on the dependent variable are
measured.
Types of Variables
 Independent variable - the variable the experimenter changes or controls and is
assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable or the “predictor”
 Dependent variable – predicted variable or measured variable

Levels of an Independent Variable - is the number of experimental conditions.

If an experiment compares an experimental treatment with a control treatment, then the independent variable (type of
treatment) has two levels: experimental and control. If an experiment were comparing five types of diets, then the
independent variable (type of diet) would have 5 levels.

Scales or Level of Measurement of Data

 Nominal Scale - Nominal or categorical variables that can be placed into categories. They don’t
have a numeric value and so cannot be added, subtracted, divided or multiplied.
Ordinal Scale - contains things that you can place in order. For example, hottest to coldest, lightest to
heaviest, richest to poorest. Tells something about ranking of data say 1st, 2nd, 3rd place (and so on),

Interval Scale - ordered numbers with meaningful divisions. Temperature is on the interval scale: a
difference of 10 degrees between 90 and 100 means the same as 10 degrees between 150 and 160. Zero
is not considered a data

Ratio Scale - exactly the same as the interval scale with one major difference: zero is meaningful.
For example, a temperature of zero degree Celsius , which exists as the freezing point for water.

Presentation of Data
Data list - is an explicit listing of all the individual measurements, either as display with space
between the individual measurements, or in set notation with individual measurements
separated by commas.

Data frequency table - a table in which each distinct value x is listed in the first row and its
frequency (f), which is the number of times the value x appears in the data set, is listed below
it in the second row
Three Popular Data Displays or Graphical Representation of Data
 Stem and Leaf Diagrams
 Frequency Histograms
 Relative Frequency Histograms

Use the different ways to present the data graphically:

Suppose 30 students in a statistics class took a test and made the following scores:

Graphical Representation of Data:

 Stem and Leaf Diagram

 Frequency Histograms

 Relative Frequency Histograms

It is exactly the same as the frequency histogram except that the vertical axis in the relative frequency
histogram is not frequency but relative frequency.
The same procedure can be applied to any collection of numerical data. Classes are selected, the relative
frequency of each class is noted, the classes are arranged and indicated in order on the horizontal axis,
and for each class a vertical bar, whose length is the relative frequency of the class, is drawn. The
resulting display is a relative frequency histogram for the data.
A. Frequency Distribution Table
-is a method of organizing raw data in a compact form by displaying a series of scores in
ascending or descending order, together with the number of times each score or data that occurs in the
respective data set.

How to set up a Frequency Distribution Table

1. Compute the range: R = highest – lowest data

2. Compute the class width or class size (𝑐) by: (𝑐) =

where the desired number of class intervals (𝑘) is given or can be determined using the

formula: 𝑘 = 1 + 3.3 log 𝑁

3. Using the class size set up the lower and upper class limits.
4. Tally the scores or data.
5. Add all the tallied scores in each class interval to be the frequency interval 𝑓𝑖.

6. Set up the less than and greater than Cumulative frequency

𝐶𝑓> 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑓<

7. Compute the relative frequency

Given the following data, set up a frequency distribution table USING

Eight class intervals:

CLASS LIMITS TALLY INTERVAL CUMULATIVE RELATIVE

FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FREQUENCY

The Frequency Distribution Table:

CLASS LIMITS FREQUENCY CUMULATIVE RELATIVE
Scores INTERVAL FREQUENCY FREQUENCY
< >
91-100 6 30 6 0.200
81-90 7 24 13 0.233
71-80 9 17 22 0.300
61-70 5 8 27 0.167
51-60 1 3 28 0.033
41-50 0 3 28 0.000
31-40 1 2 29 0.033
21-30 1 1 30 0.033
TOTAL 30 0.999
Continuation on the Steps of Setting up a Distribution Table :
8. Set your lower and upper class boundaries.
9. Compute the Class Mark or the Midpoint.

The following table is a sample of a frequency distribution table in a Descriptive

Measured:

CLASS LIMITS FREQUENCY CLASS CLASS

Scores INTERVAL BOUNDARIES MARK
/MIDPOINT
91-100 6 90.5 – 100.5 95,5
81-90 7 80.5 – 90.5 85.5
71-80 9 70.5 – 80.5 75.5
61-70 5 60.5 – 70.5 65.5
51-60 1 50.5 – 60.5 55.5
41-50 0 40.5 – 50.5 45.5
31-40 1 30.5 – 40.5 35.5
21-30 1 20.5 – 30.5 25.5
TOTAL 30

Summation Notation ( ∑ ) - Greek letter sigma

expressing the sums of data in notation form from any point of the data to the nth number of
your data as in:
DESCRIPTIVE MEASURES

Descriptive
Statistics

Ungrouped Data Grouped Data

Measures of Measures of
Measures of Measures of
Central Central Variability
Variability Tendency
Tendency

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY -

a central tendency or typical value for a probability distribution. It may also be called a center or location
of the distribution. (You can think of it as the tendency of data to cluster around a middle value.)
The three measures of central tendency are mean, median and mode.

l. Ungrouped Data Computations

a. The Mean (Y) - arithmetic average

Illustrative Example #1:

The grades in Geometry Of 10 students are 87, 84, 85,
85, 86, 90, 79, 82, 78, 76. What is the average grade of the 10
students? Find the mean.
Solution:

b. The Median positional average

the middlemost value in the data set. It is found midway between the highest and the lowest value in a
rank order distribution and divides the distribution into two equal parts.

If N is an odd number, the position of the median

If N is an even number, the position of the median

Illustrative Example #1:

Referring to the above Illustrative Example #1, determine the median.

Solution:
1. Arrange data in either increasing or decreasing order:
76, 78, 79, 82, 84, 85, 85, 86, 87, 90
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5 th 6 th 7 th 8 th 9 th 10 th
2. The number of data is N -10; (An even number of data), then the positions of the median will be at:
which are at 5th and 6th positions. Therefore the median xme shall be the average of the
two data that lies on the 5th and 6th positions:

c. The Mode the data that appears most often

Referring to Illustrative Example #1, the mode:
= 85 (unimodal —only one mode)
Note: (Mode may be bimodal, trimodal or polymodal)
ll. Grouped Data Computations:
contradictiona. Mean ( * )
Two Ways to compute the Mean
Llo = code
Using the class mark (xm)
EfXm
where:
f = interval frequency
class mark
N = total data or frequency
Using code or Deviation formula
EfU0
xo +
Where:
xo = assumed class mark
= class size
c
tautology = if all true
contradiction = if all false
contingent = if uncertain
MATH IN THE MODERN WORLD EXAM FINALS REVIEWER

1) It is an amount where the borrower is obliged to pay before the bond is surrendered to the
borrower.
> ANSWER: Final redemption value
2) The process of determining the current value of a bond
> ANSWER: Bond validation
3) In how many years will $ 21,136.18 amount to $ 75,514.55 at 27.54 % per annum when
compounded quarterly?
> ANSWER: 4.781
4) The actual time in days from May 1 to Dec 15 of the same year is
> ANSWER: 228
5) It is a sequence of equal payments made at equal periods
> ANSWER: Annuity
6) It is also referred to as the principal
> ANSWER: Present value
7) The interest computed on the basis of a 360-day year
> ANSWER: Ordinary interest
8) It is one which payment begin and end at fixed times.
> ANSWER: Annuity certain
9) What rate compounded annually will double any sum in 6 years?
> ANSWER: 12.25%
10) The present worth of 20,000 with simple interest of 12% due in 9 months is
> ANSWER: 18,348.62
11) The actual number of days between May 4 and Sept 6 of the same year is
> ANSWER: 125
12) If 16,000 earns 480 in 9 months ,what is the annual rate of interest?
> ANSWER: 4%
13) How many conversion periods are there for an amount of 1000 compounded quarterly for 5
years
> ANSWER: 10
14) What kind of annuity whose payment depend on an event that cannot be foretold accurately.
> ANSWER: Contingent Annuity
15) Which is regarded as an annuity?
> ANSWER: Monthly rental
16) Accumulate 5,000 for 10 years at 8% compounded quarterly.
> ANSWER: 11,040.20
17) It is an interest computed based on the original principal and the accumulated past interest.
> ANSWER: Compound Interest
18) It is an interest bearing contract which obligates the borrower to make payments of interest
and principal on specific dates to the holder of the bond
> ANSWER: Bond
19) It is an interest computed based on the original principal during the whole life of investment
> ANSWER: simple
20) It refers to a system of arithmetic for integers, which considers the remainder.
> ANSWER: Modular Arithmetic
21) It is found by assuming each month to be 30 days
> ANSWER: Approximate time
22) The exact simple interest on 5,000 for the period of January 15 to November 28,1992 if the
interest rate is 22%
> ANSWER: 955.74
23) At a certain interest compounded semiannually, 5,000 will amount 20,000 in 10 years. What
is the amount at the end of 15 years?
> ANSWER: 40,029.72
24) It refers to the bond rate or coupon rate
> ANSWER: Nominal rate
25) How long will 1,000 amount to 1,346 if invested at 6% compounded quarterly?
> ANSWER: 5 years
26) The maturity value of a loan of Php 10,000 and interest half of the principal
> ANSWER: 15,000
27) If money is worth 4% compounded monthly ,what payment at the end of each quarter will
replace payments of Php 500.00 monthly
> ANSWER: 1,505.00
28) Find the final output of this proposition (((P ∨ Q) → (R ∧ S)) ↔ ¬(¬T ↔ Q)).
> ANSWER: TFFTFTFTFTTFTFTFTFFTFTFTFTFTFTFT
29) What rate compounded quarterly is equivalent to 14% compounded semiannually?
> ANSWER: 13.76%
30) How long will 4,000 to 14,000 at a simple interest rate of 12.5% ?
> ANSWER: 20 years
31) Which covers the longest time?
> ANSWER: 800 days
32) Given this UPC number 61414x000036, find the 6th digit x.
> ANSWER: 1
33) Find the present value of an ordinary annuity which has payments of $19157.64 per year for
24 years at 12.34 % compounded quarterly.
> ANSWER: $ 532159.76
34) The largest interest can be obtained when compounded.
> ANSWER: monthly
35) It is a connective that results to FALSE only when the antecedent is true and the component
is false.
> ANSWER: Conditional
36) A loan of Php 2000 is made for a period of 13 months at a simple interest rate of 20%. What
is the maturity value?
> ANSWER: 2,433.33
37) How long will it take for 500 to accumulate to 2,000 at 12% compounded semi-annually?
> ANSWER: 12.9 years
38) A man borrowed 10,000 and agrees to pay at the end of 90 days under 8% simple interest
rate. What is the required amount?
> ANSWER: 10,200
39) What is the present worth of a Php 1000 annuity over a 10-year period if interest rate is 8%?
> ANSWER: 6710.00
40) It represents the interest earned date or coupon date also referred to as coupon annuity
payments
> ANSWER: Periodic payment
41) The total amount the borrower would need to repay a loan
> ANSWER: Maturity value
42) It is one whose payment depend on an event that cannot be foretold accurately.
> ANSWER: contingent annuity
43) The time between successive interest computation
> ANSWER: Compounding period
44) The compound amount when 2,000 is invested at 10% compounded every 6
45) months for 2 years.
> ANSWER: 2,431.01
46) Given this ISBN, 978073342609x. Find the check digit x?
> ANSWER: 4
47) John wants to apply for a loan, with a Present Annuity due value of $3,500,568.78 from a
bank that charges 14.28 % interest per annum, compounded monthly. If he can only be able
to pay back $43,367.21 per annum at the beginning of each year, When will John fully pay
all of his debt to the bank?
> ANSWER: 21 years
48) Annuity where payment is done at the end of the term
> ANSWER: Ordinary annuity
49) How much must be invested today in order to have 15,500 in 2 years if money is worth 12%
simple interest?
> ANSWER: 12,500.00
50) Find the interest rate on 6800 for 3 years at 11% simple interest.
> ANSWER: 2,244.00
51) What is the annual rate of interest if 265 is earned in four months on an investment of
15,000.00?
> ANSWER: 5.3%