PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 1
3rd Quarter, Week 8
Presenting Written Review of Literature

Development and Quality Assurance Team

Developer: Ric Me D. Diaz
Evaluators: Jeshrel B. Plaza, EdD and Ivy M. Maloloy-on, MST
Illustrator: Ric Me D. Diaz
Team Leader: Rosalinda E. Urbiztondo, PhD
Learning Area Supervisor: Edna E. Trinidad, EdD

Illustration Credits:
Title Page: Marieto Cleben V. Lozada
Visual Cues: Ivin Mae M. Ambos

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Competency:
1. Presents written review of literature. (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-6)

Objectives: At the end of the week, the students should be able to:
 read and select relevant related literatures;
 synthesize information from relevant literatures; and
 compose a well-written literature review.

Learner’s Tasks

Lesson Overview

Practical Research 1 develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills

through qualitative research. A research paper, basically, has five chapters, in
which Chapter 2 is the review of related literature.
A literature review is a summary of studies related to a particular area of
research. It identifies and summarizes all the relevant research conducted on a
particular topic. The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other
sources relevant to a particular area of research. The review should enumerate,
describe, summarize, objectively evaluate, and clarify this previous research. The
literature review acknowledges the work of previous researchers, and in so
doing, assures the reader that your work has been well conceived. It is assumed
that by mentioning a previous work in the field of study, that the author has
read, evaluated, and assimilated that work into the work at hand.

Literature Review

A literature review is a report of published information pertaining to

a topic of interest. It enables a researcher to determine what is known and
what further research can be conducted.
A literature review is not just a compilation of information. It includes
the analysis and interpretation of the significance and implications in light
of a problem that the researcher defines. A literature review may be a
complete report, or it may be a part of another report.

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Steps in writing an effective literature review:
1. Gathering sources
a. Focus your topic: A literature review aims to cover all the research
on a given topic. If the topic is too large, there will be too much
material to cover it adequately.
b. Read with a purpose: Although you will need to briefly summarize
sources, a good literature review requires that you isolate key
themes or issues related to your own research interests.

2. Evaluating sources
a. For each book or article consider the background of the author. Is
he/she an expert to this particular field?
b. Argument/Evidence: Does the evidence support the conclusion? Is
the argument or evidence complete?

3. When comparing sources, consider:

a. Conclusions: Does all research arrive at the same conclusion or are
there differing opinions? What evidence or reasoning are the
differences based on?
b. Gaps or omissions: What questions are raised by the literature?

Parts of Literature Review: Introduction

The introduction should identify your topic, some discussion of the

significance of that topic and a thesis statement that outlines what
conclusion you will draw from your analysis and synthesis of the literature.
If your literature review is part of a larger work, explain the importance of
the review to your research question.

Parts of Literature Review: Body

In the body, discuss and assess the research according to specific

organizational principles (see examples below), rather than addressing
each source separately. Most, if not all, paragraphs should discuss more
than one source. Avoid addressing your sources alphabetically as this
does not assist in developing the themes or key issues central to your
review.

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Organizing Principles

Principle When to use Example

A literature review of 31 relevant
articles published between January
1999 and March 2004 identified 12
categories of neighborhood
characteristics relevant to maternal
and child health: income/wealth,
-When explaining key
employment, family structure,
themes or issues
population composition, housing,
relevant to the topic
mobility, education, occupation,
Theme social resources, violence and crime,
-This is the most
deviant behavior and physical
common way to
conditions.
organize literature
[Example adapted from
reviews.
Rajaratnama, J.K., Burke, J.G. &
O‘Campo, P. (2006). Maternal and
child health and neighborhood
context: The selection and
construction of area-level variables.
Health and Place, 12, 547-556.]
In dentistry, fluorescent imaging
been used for many applications
revealing a variety of information
about bonded restorations. This
When discussing review evaluates the different
interdisciplinary methods used in this area with the
approaches to a topic intent of determining if standardized
Methodology
or when discussing a methodologies exist.
number of studies with [Example adapted from D‘Alpino,
a different approach. P.H.P. et al (2006).Use of fluorescent
compounds in assessing bonded
resin-based restorations: A literature
review Journal of Dentistry, 34 623-
634.]
A literature review is presented on
the evolution of water pollution
When historical management and its impact on land
Chronology changes are central to pollution from 1900 to 2000 within a
explaining the topic. hypothesis of whether we could
have done more, sooner. Stream
pollution science in the context of

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the fundamental sanitary
engineering concepts of reasonable
use and assimilative capacity is
examined in light of evolving
regulatory frameworks from the early
1900s, when regulation and
standards were mostly lacking, to
the zero discharge goals and
comprehensive federal
command/control regulations of the
late 20th century.
[Example adapted from Shrifin, N.S.
(2005). Pollution Management in the
Twentieth Century. Journal of
Environmental Engineering, 131, 676-
691.]

Parts of Literature Review: Conclusion

The conclusion should provide a summary of your findings from the

literature review. Explain what your analysis of the material leads you to
conclude about the overall state of the literature, what it provides and
where it is lacking. You can also provide suggestions for future research
or explain how your future research will fill the gaps in the existing body
of work on that topic.

Activity 1: Let’s try this!

Directions: Arrange the paragraphs in the box below to form a well-written

literature review. Do this in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Topic Sentence: “Ideas about crime and criminals have changed over
time, resulting in a more punitive approach in America.”

The punitive law-and-order shift in political and public

rhetoric and in American justice policies is made possible by
recasting the nature of the criminal. Arguments in favor of punitive
policies almost always invoke themes of individual accountability,
personal responsibly, and moral culpability (Tonry, 2004).

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Since the mid-1970s and accelerating during the age of
Reagan, the pendulum has taken a decidedly neo-classical (in
terms of revisiting the ‗‗rational‘‘ offender) and conservative (in
terms of right leaning policy) swing, and this swing has continued
to shape ideology and policy (Hagan, 2010; Melossi, 2000).

The label of evil or pathological neatly disguises the

challenge posed to rationality by criminal behavior and dismisses
the specter of social conditions as causal factors (Garland, 2001;
Presdee, 2000).

This shift in the state of Americans‘ ideas about criminals and

crime control has been variously described as changing
‗‗sensibilities‘‘ about penal culture (Tonry 2004), the new ‗‗culture
of control‘‘ (Garland, 2001), and a ‗‗culture of fear‘‘ (Simon, 2007).

2. Topic Sentence: “Criminals are often depicted as being inherently bad

and different from other people.”

The criminal is ‗‗the public enemy,‘‘ ―a monstrosity,‖

‗‗morally repugnant,‘‘ and ‗‗a deadly threat to the moral order‘‘
(Melossi, 2000).

The criminal is out-and-out bad or has a personal deficit that

makes them act badly (Melossi, 2000).

Cavender (2004) noted that in the 1970s, coinciding with the

shift in political rhetoric, a shift in the depiction of criminal
offenders occurred, renewing the process of ‗‗othering‘‘ criminals.
Criminal offenders are cast as villains who personify the evil side of
humanity.

Activity 2: I Can Do This!

Directions: Write on a sheet of paper a topic you are most interested to explore.
Share important information that you would like to probe on the chosen subject.
For example, the topic is gender inequality among TVL learners.

Introduction: What is the topic of my literature review?

Example: Gender Inequality among TVL Learners
Answer:

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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Topic Sentence:
Example: The number of learners, quality of work, quantity of work, and types of
PPE.
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

My sources (works to be read, analyzed and cited)

Example: Bagale, S. (2016). Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in Technical
and Vocation Education and Training. Journal of Training and Development,
2(Ii), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.3126/jtd.v2i0.15435
Answer:
1. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

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Body: What are the main points/arguments of my sources? How are these points
supported?
Example:
Source 1: Bagale found out that more women are included in the traditional
technical vocational programs, whereas there is poor participation in non-
traditional areas.
Source 2: Mustapha pointed out that there is gender imbalance in the technical
vocational field.
Answer:
1. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Body: Similarities in (comparing) two or more of the articles

Example: Bagale and Mustapha agreed that there are still gender inequalities in
the technical vocational field and that women are still concentrated in certain
types of area.
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

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Body: Differences in (contrasting) in two or more of the articles
Example: Bagale and Mustapha disagree on the factors that contributes and
are affected by the gender inequality issues on technical vocational majors.
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion: Summarizing
Example: This literature review was conducted to analyze opposing perspectives
on gender inequality among technical vocational learners.
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Why is the topic of this literature review important and/or what should be the
next step of this study?
Example: Further research is needed to examine recent statistics on gender
inequality among TVL learners in the senior high schools of this division as
compared to others in this region.
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Performance Task

Activity 3: My Final Task!

Directions: Look for at least ten (10) related literatures and compose a well-
written literature review using the topic sentence given below. Do this in a
separate sheet of paper.

―Mass media can play important role in how people—particularly children—

learn about crime and criminals.‖

Criteria:
Relevance to the topic -------------------------------------------------- 30%
Organization (Coherence, Citation, Grammar) ---------------- 30%
No. of Related Literature Required Met ---------------------------- 30%
Neatness of the Written Work ------------------------------------------ 10%
TOTAL ------------------------------------------------------------ 100

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Answer key

Answers may vary

Activity 3

Answers may vary

Activity 2

2. 3,2,1
1. 1,2,3,4
Activity 1

Reference

Braceros, E.L. 2016. Practical Research 1. Rex Bookstore. Manila,

Philippines.

Buensuceso, D. B. et. al. 2016. Practical Research 1. Teacher‘s

Guide. Senior High School.

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources. Pasig

City, Philippines. Lexicon Press, Inc.

Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C. & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical research 1
for senior high school: Qualitative. Quezon City, Metro Manila:
LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.

Ridley, D. 2012. The Literature Review: A Guide for Students. Los

Angeles: Sage.

Sharp, J. 2012. Success With Your Educational Research. USA: John

Wiley and Sons.

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