Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Course CPE18 – Digital Signal Processing
Sem/AY Second Semester/2022-2023
Module No. 2
Lesson Title Relevant Tools, Standards, and/ or Engineering Constraints and Convolution
Week
Week 4-6
Duration
Date September 12 – October 01, 2022
Description In this lesson the students will learn about the Relevant Tools, Standards, and/ or
of the Engineering Constraints. This module will also tackle about the Digital Signal
Lesson Processing convolution.

Learning Outcomes
Intended
Learning Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Outcomes  Learn about the Relevant Tools, Standards, and/ or Engineering Constraints of
Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
 Learn about the Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Convolution.
Targets/
Objectives At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
 Identify the Relevant Tools, Standards, and/ or Engineering Constraints of
Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
 Know what is Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Convolution.

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities
(Synchronous/ A. Online Discussion via Google Meet/Zoom
You will be directed to attend in a Two-Hour class discussion on the
Asynchronous) ‘Relevant Tools, Standards, and/ or Engineering Constraints and
Convolution’. To have access to the Online Discussion, refer to this link:
____________________.

The online discussion will happen on _____________, from ______________.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the
schedule of activities for this module)

B. Learning Guide Questions:

1. What are the Relevant Tools, Standards, and/ or Engineering
Constraints and Convolution?
2. What is Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Convolution?

Lecture Guide

Code generation
Code generation methods for DSP applications are hampered by the
combination of tight timing constraints imposed by the performance
requirements of DSP algorithms, and resource constraints imposed by a
hardware architecture. We present a method to analyse resource and timing
constraints in a single model. The analysis identifies sequencing constraints
between operations additional to the precedence constraints. Without the
explicit modeling of these sequencing constraints, a scheduler is often not
capable of finding a solution that satisfies the timing and resource constraints.
The presented approach results in an efficient method of obtaining high quality
instruction schedules

DSP Algorithms
Digital Signal Processing (DSP) algorithms have the following characteristics:
Offline Activities they allow parallel execution of a number of operations, periodic executions,
(e-Learning/Self- and tight timing requirements. These algorithms can be represented using a
Paced) signal flow graph (SFG), consisting of operations, data flow edges and sequence
edges. The precedence constraints expressed in such a SFG combined with the
tight timing requirements, already pose a problem for most scheduling
methods targeting for efficient hardware. However, mapping the DSP algorithm
on a hardware platform also introduces hardware constraints, which make the
schedule problem.

This introduces another kind of hardware constraint a scheduler has to deal

with. In order to obtain efficient code, it is necessary for a scheduler to take
into account resource constraints, instruction conflicts, and timing
constraints originating from the application. The combination of these types of
constraints poses a problem for traditional scheduling techniques. Many
scheduling heuristics have been proposed, each with an optimization criterion.
They are however unable to cope with the interactions of different types of
constraints. In this paper we therefore address the schedule problem as a
feasibility problem and propose a solution strategy based on the analysis of all
the constraints.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
Design Goals
The precise design in digital signal processing is determined by the constraints
and objectives for which it was designed. Standards, cost, memory space,
latency, and throughput are typically traded off in computer architectures.
Other variables, such as features, scale, weight, reliability, expandability, and
power consumption, are also taken into account .The most popular method
carefully selects the bottleneck that slows down the machine the most. In an
ideal world, the cost will be distributed proportionally to ensure that the data
rate for all parts of the computer is approximately the same, with the most
expensive component being the slowest. Commercial integrators that are
skilled at optimizing personal computers do so in this manner.

Cost
Costs are generally kept constant, and are dictated by device or commercial
criteria.

Performance
The speed of a computer may also be affected. The amount of cache a
processor has can also be used to assess computer performance. If the rpm,
measured in MHz or GHz, were a vehicle, the cache would be a traffic light. A
green traffic light will not stop the vehicle, no matter how fast it is driving. The
faster a processor runs, the higher its speed and the larger its cache. Modern
CPUs can execute several instructions per clock cycle, allowing a program to
run much faster. Other variables that affect speed include the number of
functional units in the system, bus speeds, usable memory, and the type and
order of instructions in the programs being executed. Latency and throughput
are the two main types of speed. The interval between the start of a process
and its completion is known as latency. The sum of work completed per unit of
time is referred to as throughput. The system's guaranteed optimal response
time to an electronic event is known as interrupt latency (e.g. when the disk
drive finishes moving some data). A wide variety of design decisions have an
effect on performance — for example. A wide variety of design decisions
influence performance; for example, pipelining a processor reduces
latency(slower) while increasing throughput. Low interrupt latencies are
needed by computers that control machinery. These computers work in a
real-time environment, and if an operation takes longer than expected, they
will fail. Anti-virus software, for example, is computer-controlled. Computer-
controlled anti-lock brakes, for example, must begin braking almost
immediately after being told to do so.

Benchmarking attempts to account for all of these variables by calculating the

time it takes a machine to run through a series of test programs. Benchmarking
may reveal strengths, but it may not aid in the selection of a computer.
Sometimes, the devices that are being weighed break on different scales. For

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
example, one system might be better at handling science applications, while
another might be better at playing common video games. For example, one
device may be better at handling science applications than another at playing
common video games. Designers have also been known to include special
features in their products, whether in hardware or software, that allow a
particular benchmark to run quickly but do not provide similar benefits for
other, more general tasks.

Power consumption
Another quality criterion that influences the design of modern computers is
power consumption. Power efficiency is often exchanged for results or cost
savings. Power efficiency has become more important as the number of
transistors per chip scales (Moore's Law), owing to the power density of
modern circuits. Recent processor designs, such as the Intel I7, have placed a
greater focus on increasing performance. Recent processor designs, such as the
Intel I7, have put a greater focus on energy efficiency. In addition, power
efficiency has long been and continues to be the primary design objective in
embedded computing, second only to success.

Data dependencies.
The translation of the data dependencies in this model is straightforward: each
dependency translates to an arc with weight equal to the execution delay of the
producing operation.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Signals

A signal is an electromagnetic or electrical current that carries data from one
system or network to a special. There are two main sorts of signals utilized in
electronics: analog and digital signals.
Digital Signal:
It can only combat one among a hard and fast number of values. This type of
signal represents a true number within a continuing range of values. A digital
signal may be a signal that represents data as a sequence of discrete values.
 Variable electric current or voltage.
 Phase or polarization of an electromagnetic field.
 Acoustic pressure.
 The magnetization of a magnetic storage media.
 Digital signals are utilized in all digital electronics, including computing
equipment and data transmission devices.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Here, are essential characteristics of Digital signals as follows.

 Digital signal are continuous signals.
 This type of electronic l signals are often processed and transmitted better
compared to analog signal.
 Digital signals are versatile, so it’s widely used.
 The accuracy of the digital signal is best than that of the analog signal.

Advantages of Digital Signals:

Here, are pros/advantages of Digital Signals as follows.
 Digital data can be easily compressed.
 Equipment that uses digital signals is more common and fewer expensive.
 These signals turn the moving instruments free from errors.
 You can edit the sound without altering the first copy.
 Digital signals can convey information with less noise, distortion, and
interference.
 Digital signals can be reproduced easily in mass quantities at
comparatively low costs.
 As the DSP operations are often altered that’s why digital signal
processing is more flexible.
 Digital signal processing is safer because digital information is often easily
encrypted and compressed.
 Digital systems are more accurate, and therefore the probability of error
occurrence is often reduced by employing error detection and correction
codes.
 Digital signals are often easily stored on any magnetic media or optical
media using semiconductor chips.
 Digital signals can be transmitted over long distances.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
Disadvantage of Digital Signals :
 Sampling may cause loss of information.
 A/D and D/A demands mixed-signal hardware.
 Processor speed is limited.
 Develop quantization and round-off errors.
 Systems and processing is more complex.
 A higher bandwidth is required for data communication in comparison to
analog transmission of equivalent information.
 Digital systems and processing are typically more complex.

Convolution

In mathematics, convolution is a mathematical operation on two functions that

produces a third function that expresses how the shape of one is modified by
the other. The term convolution refers to both the result function and to the
process of computing it. - Wikipedia

Convolution is a mathematical way of combining two signals to form a third

signal. It is the single most important technique in Digital Signal Processing.
Using the strategy of impulse decomposition, systems are described by a signal
called the impulse response. Convolution is important because it relates the
three signals of interest: the input signal, the output signal, and the impulse
response.

Convolution allows you to determine the response to more complex

inputs. In fact, you can use convolution to find the output for any input, if you
know the impulse response. This gives incredible power. There are several
ways to understand how convolution works.

Definition

The convolution of f and g is written f∗g, denoting the operator with the symbol ∗. It is
defined as the integral of the product of the two functions after one is reversed and shifted.
As such, it is a particular kind of integral transform:

An equivalent definition is:

While the symbol t is used above, it need not represent the time domain. But in

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
that context, the convolution formula can be described as the area under the
function f(τ) weighted by the function g(−τ) shifted by amount t. As t changes,
the weighting function g(t − τ) emphasizes different parts of the input
function f(τ).
For functions f, g supported on only [0, ∞) (i.e., zero for negative arguments), the
integration limits can be truncated, resulting in:

Derivation
Given two functions f(t) and g(t) with bilateral Laplace transforms

and

respectively, the convolution operation f(t) * g(t) can be defined as the inverse Laplace
transform of the product of and More precisely,

Let such that

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Note that is the bilateral Laplace transform of A similar

derivation can be done using the unilateral Laplace transform.

Visual explanation

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
Ways to compute Convolution:
1. Digital Convolution by applying Formula Directly
2. Digital Convolution by Graphical Method
3. Digital Convolution by Table Method

Digital Convolution Formula

To find the output sequence y(n) any input sequence x(n), we write the digital
convolution as:

The sequence h(k) and x(k) in equation above are interchangeable. Hence, we
have an alternative form: (Expanded form)

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Graphical Method

Table Method

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Sample Problem:

Solution (a)

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Sequence 1

Sequence 2

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Sequence 3:

Sequence 4:

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Sequence 4:

Sequence 4:

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Performance Tasks

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

PT 1

Directions:
Advance Reading on Transform Analysis and Frequency Response

Understanding Directed Assess

As per standard grading system, we’ll be using base-50 for our grading system, the student shall attain at least 50%
of the total items to have a passing mark in every engaging activities and performance tasks

Learning Resources
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3711737_Constraint_analysis_for_DSP_code_generation

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781558607026500430

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-digital-signals/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution

http://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/dsp-book/dsp_book_ch6.pdf

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yu3t5bC5ut8

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
CONTACT INFORMATION

I am your Faculty-in-Charge. There is more information about me in our course website in LMS. You
may reach me at:

Name of Faculty: Engr. Jennedes Rosaliza M. Estay

Campus: Laguna State Polytechnic University, SPCC
Campus Address: Cosico Ave, San Pablo City, 4000 Laguna
Email: [email protected]
Mobile: 09175964279

Technical support contact information:

Program Coordinator (ECE): Engr. Rachael Alimbuyog
Campus: Laguna State Polytechnic University, SPCC
Campus Address: Cosico Ave, San Pablo City, 4000 Laguna
Email: [email protected]
Mobile: 09175708356

Student support contact information (Dean’s Office):

Dean/Associate Dean: Engr. Paul Enrico Puyo
College: College of Engineering
Campus: Laguna State Polytechnic University, SPCC
Campus Address: Cosico Ave, San Pablo City, 4000 Laguna
Email: [email protected]
Mobile: 09283590148

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

DIGITAL SIGNAL
PROCESSING
(CPE18)

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: Digital Signal Processing