Edexcel A level Maths Further differentiation

Section 2: Differentiating trigonometric functions

Notes and Examples

These notes contain subsections on

• The derivative of sin x
• The derivative of cos x
• The derivative of tan x
• Differentiating functions involving sine, cosine and tangent

The derivative of sin x

What does the derivative of y = sin x look like?

• It is clearly a periodic function, with period 2, as the values of the gradient of
the function must repeat itself every 2 just as y does;

The gradient is zero here

1 The gradient takes its largest

positive values here

 2

The gradient takes its largest

-1
negative value here

Using this information, you can sketch the graph of the derivative of sin x:

 2

-1

This suggests that y = cos x might fit the picture, and this is in fact the case, although
you need to know more about trig functions to prove this.

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Edexcel A level Maths Further diff 2 Notes & Examples

Note: It is important to remember that this result is only true if x is measured in

radians! If you are measuring in degrees, the gradient will not be between -1 and 1.

The derivative of cos x


What about the derivative of cos x? The graph of cos x is that of sin x translated to
2

the left, so the gradient function will be that of sin x translated to the left:
2
y = cos x
1 gradient of y = cos x

 2

-1

This looks like the reflection of y = sin x in the x-axis, which is y = -sin x. So:

d d
(sin x) = cos x , (cos x) = − sin x
dx dx

The derivative of tan x

What about the derivative of tan x?

You can do this by applying the quotient rule to trig functions.

Example 1
Using the derivatives of sin x and cos x, prove that the derivative of tan x is sec2x.

Solution
sin x
You know that tan x = .
cos x

Using the quotient rule with u = sin x and v = cos x

du
u = sin x  = cos x
dx
dv
v = cos x  = − sin x
dx

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Edexcel A level Maths Further diff 2 Notes & Examples

du dv
v −u
dy
= dx 2 dx
dx v
cos x  cos x − sin x  (− sin x)
=
(cos x)2
cos 2 x + sin 2 x
=
cos 2 x since cos2 x + sin 2 x = 1
1
=
cos 2 x
= sec2 x

This is another result which you should remember and may be quoted.

d
(tan x) = sec2 x
dx

Differentiating functions involving sine, cosine and tangent

You can now apply all the differentiation techniques you have learned to functions
involving sines, cosines and tangents.

Functions of the form y = sin kx , y = cos kx and y = tan kx , where k is a constant, can
be differentiated using the chain rule.

Example 2
Differentiate y = sin 2 x

Solution
Using the chain rule with u = 2 x :
du
u = 2x  =2
dx
dy
y = sin u  = cos u
du
dy dy du
= 
dx du dx
= cos u  2
= 2cos 2 x

The result from Example 2 can be generalised:

d d d
(sin kx) = k cos kx , (cos kx) = −k sin kx , (tan kx) = k sec2 kx
dx dx dx

You can use these results directly, without having to write out the chain rule.

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Edexcel A level Maths Further diff 2 Notes & Examples

Here are some more examples.

Example 3
Differentiate:
(i) cos2 x
(ii) sin x
(iii) e x tan x
sin x
(iv) ,
1 + cos x

Solution
(i) Using the chain rule:
du
u = cos x  = − sin x
dx
dy
y = u2  = 2u
du
dy dy du
= 
dx du dx You can only differentiate trig
= 2u  (− sin x) functions when they are measured
in radians, so convert to radians
= −2cos x sin x 
by multiplying by
180
 x 
(ii) y = sin x = sin  
 180 
dy   x 
= cos  
dx 180  180  Using the standard result for
 differentiating cos kx
= cos x
180

(iii) Using the product rule:

du
u = ex  = ex
dx
dv
v = tan x  = sec2 x
dx
dy dv du
=u +v
dx dx dx
= e sec x + e x tan x
x 2

(iv) Using the quotient rule:

du
u = sin x  = cos x
dx
dv
v = 1 + cos x  = − sin x
dx

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Edexcel A level Maths Further diff 2 Notes & Examples

du dv
v −u
dy
= dx 2 dx
dx v
(1 + cos x) cos x − sin x(− sin x)
=
(1 + cos x) 2
cos x + cos 2 x + sin 2 x Notice the use of
= trigonometric identities to
(1 + cos x) 2 simplify results.
cos x + 1
=
(1 + cos x) 2
1
=
1 + cos x

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