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Static Failure Theories: 1-Maximum Principal Stress Theory (Rankine's Theory)

The document discusses various theories of static failure including maximum principal stress theory, maximum shear stress theory, distortion energy theory, maximum strain theory, and maximum total strain energy theory. It also covers fracture mechanics, which studies crack propagation using analytical solid mechanics. Fracture mechanics characterizes loads on a crack using parameters like stress intensity factor. Brittle fracture occurs without plastic deformation while ductile fracture involves large plastic deformation before separation. The document finally mentions fatigue theories and vibration failure as aspects of dynamic failure.

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Sebastião Simão
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29 views

Static Failure Theories: 1-Maximum Principal Stress Theory (Rankine's Theory)

The document discusses various theories of static failure including maximum principal stress theory, maximum shear stress theory, distortion energy theory, maximum strain theory, and maximum total strain energy theory. It also covers fracture mechanics, which studies crack propagation using analytical solid mechanics. Fracture mechanics characterizes loads on a crack using parameters like stress intensity factor. Brittle fracture occurs without plastic deformation while ductile fracture involves large plastic deformation before separation. The document finally mentions fatigue theories and vibration failure as aspects of dynamic failure.

Uploaded by

Sebastião Simão
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced strength materials 2021-2022

Static failure theories


 Maximum principal stress theory (Rankine’s theory)
 Maximum shear stress theory (Coulomb, Tresca and Guest’s theory)
 Distortion energy theory (Huber von Mises and Hencky’s theory)
 Maximum strain theory (St. Venant’s theory)
 Maximum total strain energy theory (Haigh’s theory).

1- Maximum Principal Stress Theory (Rankine’s theory):


 The theory states that the failure of the mechanical component subjected
to bi-axial or tri-axial stresses occurs when the maximum principal stress
reaches the yield or ultimate Strength of the material.
 If σ1 , σ2 and σ3 are the three principal stresses at a point on the
component and σ1 > σ2 > σ3. then according to this theory, the failure
occurs whenever…… σ1 =Syt or σ1 =Sut whichever is applicable.

 For Compressive Stresses

NOTE:
 This theory is suitable for brittle materials under all loading conditions
(bi axial, tri axial etc.) because brittle materials are weak in tension.
 This theory is not suitable for ductile materials because ductile materials
are weak in shear.
Advanced strength materials 2021-2022

2- Maximum shear stress theory (Coulomb, Tresca and Guest’s


theory):
 The theory states that the failure of a mechanical component subjected
to bi-axial or tri-axial stresses occurs when the maximum shear stress at
any point in the component becomes equal to the maximum shear stress
in the standard specimen of the tension test, when yielding starts.

|σ1/ 2 | or | (σ1 - σ2)/ 2 | ≤ Syt /2N

NOTE:
 This theory is well suitable for ductile materials.
Advanced strength materials 2021-2022
3- Max. Distortion-Energy-Theory (von Mises)

Two dimension:

σyt

σyt
Advanced strength materials 2021-2022

4- Maximum Principal Strain Theory (Saint-Venant)


The theory is based on the assumption that inelastic behavior or failure is
governed by a specified maximum normal strain. Failure will occur at a
particular part in a body subjected to an arbitrary state of strain when the
normal strain reaches a limiting level.

5- Maximum total strain energy theory (Haigh’s theory).


According to this theory, failure occurs when total strain energy per
volume is equal to strain energy per volume at yield point in simple
tension.

Condition for safe design,


Total Strain Energy per unit volume ≤ Strain energy per unit volume at
yield point under tension test.
Advanced strength materials 2021-2022
Advanced strength materials 2021-2022
Advanced strength materials 2021-2022
Advanced strength materials 2021-2022

Fracture mechanics
is the field of mechanics concerned with the study of the propagation of cracks in
materials. It uses methods of analytical solid mechanics to calculate the driving force
on a crack and those of experimental solid mechanics to characterize the material's
resistance to fracture.
Theoretically, the stress ahead of a sharp crack tip becomes infinite and cannot be used
to describe the state around a crack. Fracture mechanics is used to characterise the loads
on a crack, typically using a single parameter to describe the complete loading state at
the crack tip. A number of different parameters have been developed. When the plastic
zone at the tip of the crack is small relative to the crack length the stress state at the
crack tip is the result of elastic forces within the material and is termed linear elastic
fracture mechanics (LEFM) and can be characterised using the stress intensity

factor . Although the load on a crack can be arbitrary, in 1957 G. Irwin found any
state could be reduced to a combination of three independent stress intensity factors:

 Mode I – Opening mode (a tensile stress normal to the plane of the crack),
 Mode II – Sliding mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack and
perpendicular to the crack front), and
 Mode III – Tearing mode (a shear stress acting parallel to the plane of the crack
and parallel to the crack front).
When the size of the plastic zone at the crack tip is too large, elastic-plastic fracture
mechanics can be used with parameters such as the J-integral or the crack tip opening
displacement.

Brittle vs. Ductile Fracture Fracture involves the forced separation of a material into two or
more parts. Brittle Fracture involves fracture without any appreciable plastic deformation
(i.e. energy absorption). Ductile Fracture in the converse and involves large plastic
deformation before separation. The difference between brittle and ductile fracture is
illustrated in figures 1 and 2. Remembering that the area under the σ - ε curve, Fig. 1,
Advanced strength materials 2021-2022
represents energy, we can see that much less energy is expended in brittle fracture than in
ductile fracture.

Dynamics failure
1- Fatigue theories :
It was previously studied

2- Vibration failure

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