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General Directions:
1. This material contains topics on the following social science disciplines:
 Philippine Government & Constitution with Human Rights
 Philippine History
 Basic Economics, Taxation & Agrarian Reform
 Society & Culture with Family Planning
 Philosophy of Man
 Current events
2. Each of the following questions is followed by four suggested answers. Select the best answer
choice, and then shade the corresponding boxes on the answer sheet.
3. Shade only one (1) box for each question on your sheets. Your response will be invalid if two
or more boxes are shaded.
4. To practice testmanship, use the scantron sheet provided.
5. Use no. 2 pencil in shading and use black ball pen in filling out information. Make sure to
avoid erasures.
6. Observe academic integrity at all times. Treat this as if it is already your actual board
examination. All good is hard. All evil is easy. Losing, cheating, and mediocrity is easy. Stay away
from easy.—S. Alexander
7. Rationalization of each item will be done 3 weeks upon the receipt of this material. For those
who have access to the internet, google meet link will be provided. On the other hand, a word
file containing the rationalization will be provided for students with slow to no internet
connection.

1. Republic Act 10963 is also called:

a. Divorce Law
b. Anti-vagrancy law
c. TRAIN Law
d. Anti-tambay law
Rationalization:
 Divorce Law is not the answer since there is no Divorce law yet in the country. The Philippines and the
Vatican are currently the only two sovereign states in the world that still forbid divorce. The Philippine
Congress has taken steps toward legalizing divorce. Senate Bill No. 2134, also known as the Divorce
Act of 2018, was submitted in the Filipino Senate in January 2018. It was introduced Sen. Ana Theresia
“Risa” Hontiveros Baraquel.
 According to legal provision specifically the Revised Penal Code, Article 202, the following are
considered vagrants:
 Any person having no apparent means of subsistence, who has the physical ability to work and
who neglects to apply himself or herself to some lawful calling;
 Any person found loitering about public or semi-public buildings orplaces or tramping or
wondering about the country or the streets without visiblle means or support;
 Any idle or dissolute person who ledges who lodges in houses of illfame; ruffians or] [p] Pimps
{and those who habitually associate with prostitutes;
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 Any person who, not being included in the provisions of other articles of this Code, shall be
found loitering in any inhabited or uninhabited place belonging to another without any lawful or
justifiable purpose;
However, An Act Decriminalizing Vagrancy or Republic Act 10158 repealed Article 202
provisions in the Revised Penal Code that pertain to vagrancy. It was repealed because in
simpler terms, the law punished the poor simply because they are poor.
 There is no such as anti-tambay law. Loitering was decriminalized in 2012 when former President
Benigno Aquino III signed Republic Act 10158. The law, which amended Article 202 of the Revised Penal
Code, decriminalized vagrancy except for prostitutes.

 Answer: TRAIN LAW

Republic Act 10963 was signed into law by President Rodrigo Duterte on December 1, 2017. The Tax
Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law (TRAIN) aims to remedy some tax-related deficiences. It
was implemented on January 8, 2018.

TRAIN Law highlights:

1. Individuals who are earning ₱250, 000 per year are exempted from paying personal income tax.
2. Small and Micro Self-employed and Professional (SEP) are given simpler taxation process.
3. The poorest families and individuals are eligible to receive financial aids.
4. Estate and Donor’s Taxes are simplified.
5. The base of Value-Added Tax (VAT) is expanded.
6. Oil and automobile excise taxes are adjusted.
7. Excise taxes on sweetened beverages are introduced, but it must be noted that 3-in-1 coffee and
milk are exempted.

2. The Second Republic of the Philippines is also known as ____________________.

a. Malolos Republic
b. Commonwealth Constitution
c. Freedom Constitution
d. Japanese-sponsored Republic

Rationalization:
The phrase "Philippine Republic" or "Republic of the Philippines" refers to a succession of republics in the
Philippines that existed during and after the Philippine Revolution. There are five republic recognized in the
Philippine History:

1. First Philippine Republic (January 23, 1899 – March 23, 1901)

The First Philippine Republic was established after the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire
and the Spanish–American War between Spain and the United States. Following the American victory
at the Battle of Manila Bay, Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines, issued the Philippine Declaration of
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Independence on June 12, 1898, and established successive revolutionary Philippine governments on
June 18 and 23 of that year.
The Repubic was inaugurated on January 23, 1899 at Barasoain Church, Malolos, in ceremonies
marked by the reading of the whole Constitution, by Secretary Ocampo; proclamation of the Republic of
the Philippines by Congress president Paterno, followed by the proclamation of Aguinaldo as the elected
President of the new Republic, and speeches by Aguinaldo and Paterno. Aguinaldo did not have any
vice-president during his presidency. It endured until April 1, 1901, when its president, Emilio Aguinaldo,
who had been captured by the American forces on March 23, 1901, in Palanan, Isabela, swore
allegiance to the United States.

2. Commonwealth Government (1935-1946)

The Commonwealth era is the 10 year transitional period in Philippine history from 1935 to 1946 in
preparation for independence from the United States as provided for under the Philippine Independence
Act or more popularly known as the Tydings-McDuffie Law. The Commonwealth of the Philippines
administered the Philippines from 1935 until 1946, aside from a period of exile in 1942 to 1945 when
Japan occupied the country. The Commonwealth era was interrupted when the Japanese occupied the
Philippines in January 2, 1942. The Commonwealth government, lead by Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio
S. Osmeña went into exile in the U.S., Quezon died of tuberculosis while in exile and Osmeña took over
as president.

Presidents under Commonwealth

1. Manuel Quezon- In 1935 Quezon won the Philippine's first national presidential election under the
banner of the Nacionalista Party. He obtained nearly 68% of the vote against his two main rivals,
Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay. Quezon was inaugurated in November 1935.
2. Sergio Osmeña- Osmeña became president of the Commonwealth on Quezon's death in 1944. He
returned to the Philippines the same year with General Douglas MacArthur and the liberation forces.
After the war, Osmeña restored the Commonwealth government and the various executive
departments. He continued the fight for Philippine independence.
3. Manuel Roxas- Roxas served as the President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in a brief
period, from his subsequent election on May 28, 1946 to July 4, 1946, the scheduled date of the
proclamation of Philippine Independence. Roxas prepared the groundwork for the advent of a free
and independent Philippines, assisted by the Congress (reorganized May 25, 1946), with Senator
José Avelino as the Senate President and Congressman Eugenio Pérez as the House of
Representatives Speaker.

3. Second Philippine Republic (October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945)

During Japanese Occupation in the Philippines, the Commonwealth government was exiled. At the same
time, the Japanese forces installed a puppet government in Manila headed by Jose P. Laurel as
president. This government is known as the Second Philippine Republic. It was known as the
“Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic” because it was a puppet state, a government which is
perceived as unduly dependent upon an outside power (dependent to the Japanese). On October 20,
1944, the Allied forces led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur landed on the island of Leyte to liberate the
Philippines from the Japanese. Japan formally surrendered in September 2, 1945.
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4. Third Philippine Republic (1946-1972)

After liberation, the Commonwealth government was restored. Congress convened in its first President
Manuel A. Roxas of the Philippines regular session on July 9, 1945. The United States of America
granted independence to the Philippines on July 4, 1946. In accordance with the Philippine
Independence Act (more popularly known as the "Tydings–McDuffie Act"), President Harry S. Truman
issued Proclamation 2695 of July 4, 1946 officially recognizing the independence of the Philippines.
On the same day, representatives of the United States of America and of the Republic of the Philippines
signed a Treaty of General Relations between the two governments. The treaty provided for the
recognition of the independence of the Republic of the Philippines as of July 4, 1946, and the
relinquishment of American sovereignty over the Philippine Islands.
From 1946 to 1961, Independence Day was celebrated on July 4. On May 12, 1962, President Diosdado
Macapagal issued Proclamation No. 28, s. 1962, which declared June 12 as Independence Day. In
1964, Congress passed Republic Act No. 4166, which formally designated June 12 of every year as the
date on which we celebrate Philippine independence. July 4 in turn has been observed as Republic Day
since then.

Presidents under 3rd Republic

1. Manuel Roxas
2. Elpidio Quirino
3. Ramon Magsaysay
4. Carlos Garcia
5. Diosdado Macapagal
6. Ferdinand Marcos

5. Fourth Philippine Republic/ The Marcos Era (1981–1986)

1965–1986 covers the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, also known as the Ferdinand Marcos dictatorial
administration. The Marcos era includes the final years of the Third Republic (1965–1972), the
Philippines under martial law (1972–1981), and the majority of the Fourth Republic (1981–1986).
In 1965, Ferdinand Marcos won the presidential election and became the 10th President of the
Philippines. In 1969, Marcos ran for a second term (allowable under the 1935 constitution then in effect)
and won against 11 other candidates. On August 21, 1971, the Liberal Party held a campaign rally at
the Plaza Miranda to proclaim their Senatorial bets and their candidate for the Mayoralty of Manila. Two
grenades were reportedly tossed on stage, injuring almost everybody present. As a result, Marcos
suspended the writ of habeas corpus to arrest those behind the attack. He rounded up a list of supposed
suspects and other undesirables to eliminate rivals in the Liberal Party.
On September 23, 1972, then-Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile was ambushed while en route home.
This assassination attempt together with the general citizen disquiet, were used by Marcos as reasons
to issue Presidential Proclamation No. 1081, proclaiming a state of martial law in the Philippines on
September 21. The assassination attempt was widely believed to have been staged; Enrile himself
admitted to the assassination attempt to have been staged but he would later retract his claim.
Marcos officially lifted martial law on January 17, 1981. However, he retained much of the government’s
power for arrest and detention. Corruption and nepotism as well as civil unrest contributed to a serious
decline in economic growth and development under Marcos, whose own health faced obstacles due to
lupus. The political opposition decided to boycott the 1981 presidential elections, which pitted Marcos
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against retired General Alejo Santos, in protest over his control over the results. Marcos won by a margin
of over 16 million votes, which constitutionally allowed him to have another six-year term. Finance
Minister Cesar Virata was eventually appointed to succeed Marcos as Prime Minister.
In 1983, opposition leader Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. was assassinated at Manila International Airport
upon his return to the Philippines after a long period of exile in the United States. This coalesced popular
dissatisfaction with Marcos and began a series of events, including pressure from the United States that
culminated in a snap presidential election on February 7, 1986. The opposition united under Aquino's
widow, Corazon Aquino, and Salvador Laurel, head of the United Nationalists Democratic Organizations
(UNIDO). The election was marred by widespread reports of violence and tampering with results by both
sides. The opposition united under Aquino’s widow, Corazon Aquino. The official election canvasser, the
Commission on Elections (COMELEC) declared Marcos the winner of the election. However, there was
a large discrepancy between the COMELEC results and that of National Citizens' Movement for Free
Elections (NAMFREL), an accredited poll watcher. The allegedly fraudulent result was rejected by
Corazon Aquino and her supporters. International observers, including a U.S. delegation, denounced
the official results. General Fidel Ramos and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile withdrew their support
for Marcos. A peaceful civilian-military uprising, now popularly called the People Power Revolution,
forced Marcos to be exiled to Hawaii and installed Corazon Aquino as president on February 25, 1986.

6. Fifth Philippine Republic (1986-present)

Under Aquino, the Philippines would adopt a new constitution, ending the Fourth Republic and ushering
in the beginning of the Fifth Republic. With the People Power Revolution, Corazon Aquino's assumption
into power marked the restoration of democracy in the country. Aquino immediately formed a
revolutionary government to normalize the situation, and provided for a transitional "Freedom
Constitution" that restored civil liberties and dismantled the heavily Marcos-ingrained bureaucracy—
abolishing the Batasang Pambansa and relieving all public officials. The Aquino administration likewise
appointed a constitutional commission that submitted a new permanent constitution that was ratified and
enacted in February 1987. The constitution crippled presidential power to declare martial law, proposed
the creation of autonomous regions in the Cordilleras and Muslim Mindanao, and restored the
presidential form of government and the bicameral Congress.

Presidents under 5th Republic

1. Corazon Aquino
2. Fidel Ramos
3. Joseph Estrada
4. Gloria Arroyo
5. Benigno Aquino, III
6. Rodrigo Duterte

3. Inaugurated on June 30, 1998 at the Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan, _____________ is the 13 th
president of the Philippines.
a. Ferdinand Marcos
b. Fidel Ramos
c. Joseph Estrada
d. Diosdado Macapagal
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Rationalization:
There have been 15 Presidents of the Philippines from the establishment of the office on January 23, 1899,
in the Malolos Republic. You may use the mnemonics below to easily memorize the Presidents of the
Philippine in chronological order:
AgQueLaOsRoQui MagGarMacMar AquiRaEstraArAquinDu30
1. Emilio Aguinaldo
2. Manuel Quezon
3. Jose Laurel
4. Sergio Osmeña
5. Manuel Roxas
6. Elpidio Quirino
7. Ramon Magsaysay
8. Carlos Garcia
9. Diosdado Macapagal
10. Ferdinand Marcos
11. Corazon Aquino
12. Fidel Ramos
13. Joseph Estrada
14. Gloria Arroyo
15. Benigno Aquino III
16. Rodrigo Duterte

4. This Republic Act is also known as the Cooperative Code of the Philippines.
a. RA 7796
b. RA 6938
c. RA 7836
d. RA 6657
Rationalization:
 Republic Act 7796-TESDA Act of 1994
The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) was established through the
enactment of Republic Act No. 7796 otherwise known as the "Technical Education and Skills
Development Act of 1994", which was signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos on August 25, 1994.
This Act aims to encourage the full participation of and mobilize the industry, labor, local government
units and technical-vocational institutions in the skills development of the country's human resources.
 Republic Act 7836: Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994
An act to strengthen the regulation and supervision of the practice of teaching in the Philippines and
prescribing a licensure examination for teachers and for other purposes
 Republic Act 6657, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL)
It is the redistribution of private and public agricultural lands to help the beneficiaries survive as small
independent farmers, regardless of the “tenurial” arrangement.
 The Cooperative Code of the Philippines or RA 6938 governed all concerns about cooperative until
the enactment of Republic Act 9520 also known as the Philippine Cooperative Code of 2008. The primary
purpose of this code is to ensure the growth of cooperatives en route to promoting self-reliance amongst
citizens.
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5. The first part of the constitution is the preamble. The underlined word means ________________.
a. To walk before
b. To walk along
c. To walk ahead
d. To walk behind
Rationalization:
Generally speaking, a preamble is an introductory statement which is commonly used in constitution. If we
are to consider its etymology, preamble literally means to walk before (from the Latin word
preambulus/preambulare). Specifically, the main aim of a preamble is to explain the purpose and philosophy
of a particular document.
6. How many words are there in the preamble of the 1987 constitution?
a. 75
b. 65
c. 70
d. 60

Rationalization:
The preamble of the 1987 constitution reads:

“We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane
society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common
good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of
independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality,
and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.”

The preamble has 75 word count.

7. The Duterte Administration envisions to achieve a “Middle Class” society by the year _______________.
a. 2040
b. 2030
c. 2025
d. 2020

Rationalization:
On October 11, 2016, the office of the president issued Executive Order Number 5 which pertains to the
adoption of “Ambisyon Natin 2040”. This is a 25-year long term vision that aims to improve the lives of
Filipinos, most especially the poor. It ambitions that in 2040 or earlier, the Philippines is a prosperous middle
class society where no one is poor. People live long and healthy lives and are smart and innovative. The
country is a high-trust society where families thrive in vibrant, culturally diverse, and resilient communities.

8. The constitutional right of the Filipinos to suffrage is found in what article?

a. Article VI
b. Article IV
c. Article V
d. Article III
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Rationalization:
There are 18 articles found in the 1987 constitution:
 Article I- The National Territory
 Article II- Declaration of Principles and State Policies
 Article III- Bill of Rights
 Article IV- Citizenship
 Article V- Suffrage
 Article VI-Legislative Department
 Article VII- Executive Department
 Article VIII- Judicial Department
 Article IX- Constitutional Commissions
 Article X- Local Government
 Article XI- Accountability of Public Officers
 Article XII- National Economy and Patrimony
 Article XIII- Social Justice and Human Rights
 Article XIV- Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports
 Article XV- Family
 Article XVI- General Provisions
 Article XVII- Amendments
 Article XVIII- Transitory Provisions

Suffrage is defined as political franchise, or simply franchise which means the right to vote in public and/or
political elections. The following are requirements are set forth in the constitution to exercise right to suffrage:
All citizens of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law who are:
 at least eighteen years of age; and
 who shall have resided in the Philippines for at least one year, and in the place wherein they
propose to vote, for at least six months immediately preceding the election.
Nota Bene:
No literacy or property or other requirement should be imposed. Secrecy and sanctity of ballots
must be observed as well as during absentee voting by Filipinos abroad. Procedure for the
disabled and illiterate should be in place.
9. Rizal’s sculpture that depicts a woman standing on a skull while
heralding a torch is one of the treasures inside the National Museum of
the Philippines. What is the title of the said art?
a. The Triumph of Science Over Death
b. The Triumph of Feminism over Patriarchy
c. The Triumph of Knowledge over Ignorance
d. The Triumph of Freedom Over Bondage
Rationalization:
“The Triumph of Science over Death” is Rizal’s sculpture now
housed inside the National Museum of the Philippines. This features a
woman holding a torch which symbolizes great scientific discoveries.
The woman was standing on a skull, which symbolizes victory over
death.
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10. What is being renounced in Article II section 2 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution?
a. War as an instrument of national policy
b. Discrimination in terms of religious and political beliefs
c. Nepotism in local government
d. Dictatorship and militarization of the government
Rationalization:
Article II of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
PRINCIPLES
Section 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people and all
government authority emanates from them.
Section 2. The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts the generally accepted
principles of international law as part of the law of the land and adheres to the policy of peace, equality,
justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations.
Section 3. Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military. The Armed Forces of the Philippines
is the protector of the people and the State. Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of the State and the integrity
of the national territory.
Section 4. The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The Government may call
upon the people to defend the State and, in the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under
conditions provided by law, to render personal, military or civil service.
Section 5. The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property, and promotion
of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of democracy.
Section 6. The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable

STATE POLICIES
Section 7. The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations with other states, the
paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest, and the right to
self-determination.
Section 8. The Philippines, consistent with the national interest, adopts and pursues a policy of freedom
from nuclear weapons in its territory.
Section 9. The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and
independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through policies that provide adequate social
services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all.
Section 10. The State shall promote social justice in all phases of national development.
Section 11. The State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect for human
rights.
Section 12. The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a
basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn
from conception. The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic
efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive the support of the Government.
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Section 13. The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and protect
their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and
nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs.
Section 14. The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and shall ensure the fundamental
equality before the law of women and men.
Section 15. The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill health
consciousness among them.
Section 16. The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology
in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.
Section 17. The State shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports to
foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and
development.
Section 18. The State affirms labor as a primary social economic force. It shall protect the rights of workers
and promote their welfare.
Section 19. The State shall develop a self-reliant and independent national economy effectively controlled
by Filipinos.
Section 20. The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector, encourages private enterprise,
and provides incentives to needed investments.
Section 21. The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform.
Section 22. The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within the
framework of national unity and development.
Section 23. The State shall encourage non-governmental, community-based, or sectoral organizations that
promote the welfare of the nation.
Section 24. The State recognizes the vital role of communication and information in nation-building.
Section 25. The State shall ensure the autonomy of local governments.
Section 26. The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service and prohibit political
dynasties as may be defined by law.
Section 27. The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective
measures against graft and corruption.
Section 28. Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts and implements a policy
of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving public interest.

11. President Corazon Aquino signed CARP (Comprehensive of Agrarian Reform Program) into law. CARP is
also known as __________.
a. RA 7322
b. RA 6657
c. RA 6727
d. RA 6938
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Rationalization:
CARP of the Comprehensive of Agrarian Reform Program or RA 6657 is also known as Comprehensive of
Agrarian Reform Law of 1988. This law aims to promote social justice to farmers by giving them the
opportunity to own the lad they till.
12. On the eve of his scheduled execution, Jose Rizal wrote one of his most memorable poems entitled
_______________.
a. My Last Request
b. My Last Appeal
c. My Last Farewell
d. My Last Poem

Rationalization:
Based on numerous biographies about Jose Rizal, the last poem that he wrote on the eve of his execution
bears no title. According to well-known historian Ambeth Ocampo, it was Mariano Ponce who first gave the
title “Mi Ultimo Pensamiento/ My Last Thoughts”. While, Mariano Dacanay was responsible for changing the
title to “Mi Ultimo Adios/ My Last Farewell.”

13. This law is the official commitment of the United States of America to grant the Philippines its independence.
a. Jones Law
b. OsRox Commission
c. Hare-hawes cutting
d. Tyddings-McDuffie Law

Rationalization:
 Jones Law, also known as Philippine Autonomy Act, was passed by the US Congress with the
promise that the Philippine Independence would be their policy. Philippines will be granted its
independence as long as a stable government will be established. No definite time frame was
given.
 The Hare-Hawes Cutting Act (Congress Butler B. Hare, Senator Harry B. Hawes and Senator
Bronson M. Cutting), passed by Congress in 1932, provided for complete independence of the
Philippines in 1945 after 10 years of self-government under U.S. supervision. However, this
allowed the reservation of several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as
imposed tariffs and quotas on Philippine imports.
 The Hare-Hawes Cutting Act was the result of the OsRox Mission led by Sergio Osmeña and Manuel
Roxas.
 But Manuel L. Quezon, the leader of the leading Nationalist party, opposed it, partially because of
its threat of American tariffs against Philippine products but principally because of the provisions
leaving naval bases in U.S. hands. Under his influence, the Philippine legislature rejected the bill.
The Tydings-McDuffie or the Philippine Independence Act (1934) closely looks like the Hare-Hawes
Cutting Act, but struck the provisions for American bases and carried a promise of further study to
correct ―imperfections or inequalities. This promised the Philippines its independence after a
10-year period of transition.
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14. The EDSA People Power ended the Marcos regime and in turn started the republic:
a. 7th
b. 5th
c. 6th
d. 4th

Rationalization:
 Marcos officially lifted martial law on January 17, 1981. However, he retained much of the
government’s power for arrest and detention. A new constitution (1973 constitution) was
promulgated which birthed the 4th Philippine Republic. Marcos was ousted through EDSA People
Power. A new constitution (1987 constitution) was promulgated and birthed the fifth Philippine
Republic.

15. Who among the artists below is known for his abstract works?
a. Pablo Picasso
b. Claude Monet
c. Gustave Courbet
d. Pierre August Renoir

Rationalization:
 Pablo Picasso, also dubbed as the most expensive painter in history, gained success and fame
because of his masterpieces that never fail to inspire our imagination. Picasso’s art never reached
the pure abstraction attained by pioneers of the movement, such as Kandinsky, Mondrian, and
Delaunay, figures who made popular the idea that art could exist in its own right, completely
separated from depictions of the real world. Although this idea can be traced back to Plato, the birth
of abstract art is now seen to be in 1910, the same time at which Picasso was developing Cubism,
although truly abstract works, such as Kandinsky’s Black Square, did not appear until a few years
later. Picasso's Painting “Women of Algiers (Version O)” is the most expensive painting ever sold. It
was sold at auction in New York for $179,365,000.
 Claude Monet was a famous French painter whose work gave a name to the art movement
Impressionism, which was concerned with capturing light and natural forms.
 Gustave Courbet was French painter and leader of the Realist movement. Courbet rebelled against
the Romantic painting of his day, turning to everyday events for his subject matter.
 An innovative artist, Pierre-Auguste Renoir started out as an apprentice to a porcelain painter and
studied drawing in his free time. After years as a struggling painter, Renoir helped launch an
artistic movement called Impressionism in 1870s. He eventually became one of the most highly
regarded artists of his time.

16. The Philippine is composed of how many provinces?

a. 91
b. 101
c. 81
d. 71
Rationalization:
The country is divided into three geographical areas: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. It has 18 regions, 81
provinces, 145 cities, 1,489 municipalities, and 42,029 barangays.
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17. How many islands comprise the Philippine Archipelago?

a. 7, 107 islands
b. 7, 641 islands
c. 7, 101 islands
d. 7, 607 islands
Rationalization:
According to National Mapping and Resource Information (NAMRIA), the Philippines has over 500 new
islands, making the total number of islands in the archipelago to 7,641 from the “outdated” 7,107. Only about
2,000 are inhabited and 2,500 of them are not even named.
18. Who was the last governor general of the Philippines?
a. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
b. Carlos María de la Torre
c. Diego de los Ríos
d. Rafael Izquierdo

Rationalization:
Here are the prominent Spanish Governor Generals in the annals of Philippine History:
1. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – first governor general
2. Jose Basco – tobacco monopoly
3. Narciso Claveria – use of spanish surnames
4. Carlos Maria dela Torre – best governor general/ most liberal/ most beloved
5. Rafael de Izquierdo – execution of GOMBURZA
6. Eulogio Despujol –ordered the arrest of Rizal
7. Camilo Polavieja – execution of Rizal
8. Diego de Los Rios – last spanish governor general

19. The first labor union in the Philippines was organized by_________________.
a. Isabelo Delos Reyes
b. Tomas Pinpin
c. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
d. Graciano Lopez Jaena

Rationalization:
On February 2, 1902, Isabelo Delos Reyes organized the first labor union, Union Obrera Democratica
Filipina. As its first President, he initiated the first Labor Day celebration on May 1 and published La
Redencion de Obrero, the first labor newspaper.
20. This element of culture is considered as one of the behavioral standards in a society which prescribes what
citizens must and must not do.
a. Traditions
b. Norms
c. Beliefs
d. Values

Rationalization:
Norm is an element of culture that tells people what is ideal or not, what is right, what is wrong (ex: A person
cannot go to the beach naked, the child should not badmouth his/her parents) Values are personal principles
like honesty, loyalty, discipline etc. Beliefs are convictions which people hold true. It can be a personal belief
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(a person doesn’t want wear black because it is bad luck) or collective beliefs (superstitious beliefs).
Traditions are part of culture that is transmitted from generation to generation. Tradition can be different from
group to group or family to family like holiday celebrations.

21. This process is called the harmonious blending of a subculture with a dominant culture.
a. Transmission
b. Accommodation
c. Amalgamation
d. Assimilation

Rationalization:
 Cultural transmission is the process through which cultural elements, in the form of attitudes, values,
beliefs, and behavioral scripts, are passed onto and taught to individuals and groups.
 Cultural amalgamation is blending of two cultures. This is also known as melting pot theory (tsinoy
culture).
 Cultural accommodation refers to the process by which individuals may take on values and beliefs
of the host culture and accommodate them in the public sphere, while maintaining the parent culture
in the private sphere. An example of cultural accommodation would be if you were Chinese living in
the United States and you spoke English when you are outside of your personal sphere, but when
at home you speak your native language.
 Cultural assimilation is the process in which a minority group or culture comes to resemble a society's
majority group or assume the values, behaviors, and beliefs of another group whether fully or
partially. For example, many Irish immigrants assimilated to the American way of life, including its
fashion trends, cultural norms, and everyday slang in the early 20th century, though they did keep
many of their own traditions as well.

22. When a person believes that his/her culture is more superior to others, he/she can be guilty of
_____________.
a. Ethnocentrism
b. Xenocentrism
c. Cultural Lag
d. Cultural Relativism

Rationalization:
Ethnocentrism is perceiving that one’s culture is greatly superior to others (your culture is superior), while
xenocentrism is the preference for other’s culture like products, way of life, and other cultural factors (your
culture is inferior). Cultural relativism refers to not judging a culture to our standards (ex: you, as a Christian
should not judge a Muslim who practices polygamy, because the culture of Christians and Muslims are
different). Cultural lag is the deficit between culture and the rate of technological changes (ex: stem cell
practice and cultural bias against this practice)

23. Mrs. Juana De la Cruz, is a 75-year old woman who is having a difficulty adjusting to old age. A particular
field of Psychology that will greatly help her would be _____________.
a. Social Psychology
b. Experimental Psychology
c. Health Psychology
d. Geriatic Psychology
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Rationalization:
Geriatic Psychology is a specialized field in Psychology that deals primarily concerns of old age (65 and
above). Social Psychology deals with how the people’s behavior is affected by societal conditions and vice
versa. Health Psychology is applied psychology that deals with biological aspect of health and wellness,
while Experimental Psychology deals the human behavior by subjecting the participants to controlled and
experimental conditions.

24. If the demand is equal to supply, there will be:

a. Shortage
b. Surplus
c. Equilibrium
d. Deficit

Rationalization:
 Shortage or excess demand is a situation in which the demand for a product or service exceeds
its supply in a market. (D>S)
 A surplus occurs when there is some sort of disconnect between supply and demand for a
product (S>D)
 Deficit occurs when expenses exceed revenues, imports exceed exports, or liabilities exceed
assets. (X>R; I>E; L>A)
 Economic equilibrium may be defined as the price at which supply equals demand for a product,
in other words where the hypothetical supply and demand curves intersect. When an economy
is said to be in equilibrium, there should be no surplus or shortage of goods or services.(D=S)

25. Participation in governance, including the right to vote and right to be elected in public office as well is
secured within the citizenry’s _________.
a. Right to due process
b. Right to suffrage
c. Political rights
d. Socio-civic rights

Rationalization:
This question is quite tricky because of the specific terms “right to vote” and the “right to be elected”. There
terms are commonly associated with article V of the 1987 constitution “Suffrage”. However, by looking at the
question, it stated there “participation in governance” which means this is not only isolated on the process
of voting and election, but it covers as well the function and rights of a person to participate in the progress
of governance.

Classes of Rights
1. Natural Rights- They are those rights possessed by every citizen without being granted by the State for
they are given to man by God as a human being created to His image so that he may live a happy life.
2. Constitutional Rights- They are those rights which are conferred and protected by the Constitution.
And they cannot be modified or taken away by the law-making body, and
3. Statutory Rights- They are those rights which they are provided by laws promulgated by the law-making
body and, consequently, may be abolished by the same body.
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Classification of Constitutional Rights

1. Political Rights- They are such rights of the citizens which give them the power to participate, directly or
indirectly, in the establishments or administration of the government.
2. Civil Rights- They are those rights which the law will enforce at the instance of private individuals for the
purpose of securing to them the enjoyment of their means of happiness.
3. Social and Economic Rights- They include those rights which are intended to ensure the well-being and
economic security of the individual.
4. Rights of the Accused- They are the (civil) rights intended for the protection of a person accused of any
crime, like the right against unreasonable search and seizures, the right to presumption of innocence, the
right to a speedy, impartial and public trial, and the rights against cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment.

26. In the Philippines, you will not be imprisoned due to debts. The statement is generally:
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
c. Depending on the nature of the contract
d. Uncertain
Rationalization:
As explicitly stated in the 1987 Philippine Constitution under Section 20 of Article III, no one shall be
imprisoned due to debt. Nevertheless, the law draws a distinction when you commit acts with the intention
to defraud, such as issuing a bouncing check or when you intentionally abandon your address or place of
employment without informing your credit issuer of where you can actually be found.
27. The National Government imposes these taxes except one:
a. Travel tax
b. Energy Tax
c. Motor Vehicle Tax
d. Real property tax

Rationalization:
National taxes refer to national internal revenue taxes imposed and collected by the national government
through the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) and local taxes refer to those imposed and collected by the
local government.
The following are national taxes:
1. Income tax
2. Estate and Donor’s tax
3. Value-added Tax (VAT)
4. Other percentages tax
5. Excise tax on certain goods
6. Documentary taxes
7. Custom duties
8. Travel tax
9. Energy tax
10. Private motor vehicle tax

Local Government assess the value of the real property and determine the amount of real property tax.
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28. The employees of Samar State University-College of Education pool their funds as source of possible loan
grants to its members. What type of cooperative will they organize and register?
a. Service cooperative
b. Producer’s cooperative
c. Consumer’s cooperative
d. Credit cooperative

Rationalization:
Cooperative is defined as an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common
economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically controlled
enterprise. The following are some its types:
1. Credit cooperative- a financial organization owned and controlled by its members, who can borrow at
low interest rates from an amount of money they have saved as a group.
2. Consumer cooperative- is an enterprise owned by consumers and managed democratically which aims
at fulfilling the needs and aspirations of their members. They are owned and controlled by the people
that buy the products and services sold, managed or distributed by the co-ops. Their mandate is to
acquire the products and services required by their members at the lowest possible cost with the highest
possible quality.
3. Producers cooperative- Producers Co-ops are also known as marketing co-op where the members
provide the co-op with the same production that the co-op markets in a processed or value-added form.
The Co-ops’ mandate is to commercialize the members input by seeking the best price possible on the
market.
4. Service Cooperative- Service cooperatives are a type of "consumer cooperative" which help to fill a
need in the community. They allow consumers the opportunity to supply their own needs, gain bargaining
power, and share earnings. They are organized to give members more control over the services that are
offered. Examples: service co-ops such as child care, health care clinics, and funeral services.
5. Multi-purpose Cooperative- combines 2 or more of the business activities of these different types of
cooperatives, e.g. credit lending and production, production and provision of goods and services, etc.
6. Advocacy cooperative- Promoting and advocating cooperation among its members and the public
through socially oriented projects, education and training, research and communication and other similar
activities to reach out to its intended beneficiaries.
7. Workers’ cooperative- Members of worker cooperatives are both employees of the business as well
as owners of the cooperative. This is one of the fastest growing segments of cooperatively owned
businesses. Possibilities for being organized as a worker cooperative include: New business start-ups,
entrepreneurs sharing highs & lows of business, or a conversion of existing businesses. Examples:
bakeries, retail stores, software development groups, and aquaculture.

29. What is the power of the State to take away property for public use with just compensation/
a. Power of Taxation
b. Eminent Domain
c. Police Power
d. Judicial Review
Rationalization:
The State has 3 inherent powers, namely:
1. Police power- Fundamental right of a state to enact laws or regulations (Law of Overriding Necessity)
for promoting the common good of the people in relation to the right and enjoyment of persons to life
and property.
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2. Taxation power- The power of the state to enforce proportionate contributions from the people for
support of all government programs and services.
3. Eminent domain or expropriation power- It is the power of the state to take possession of private
property for public purpose and after payment of just compensation.

30. Three months ago, L’s budget of ₱ 4, 000.00 can buy 6 kgs of chicken, 2 kgs of beef, 5 kgs of pork, and 2
kgs of mixed sea foods, and 1 kg fish. Now, given the same amount of budget, she can now only buy less a
kilo of each. This is an example of ____________.
a. Economic crisis
b. Economic depression
c. Inflation
d. Artificial money hoarding
Rationalization:
Inflation is generally the increase in the price of all goods and services. When inflation occurs, the peso
purchasing power decreases (PPP). Thus, L’s ₱ 4, 000.00 which can buy greater quantity of goods, were
not able to buy the same quantity after 3 months because of inflation.

31. What is considered as the oldest street in the Philippines?

a. Colon
b. España
c. Rizal
d. Roxas
Rationalization:
Colon St., known also as Parian, is the oldest street in the Philippines. It was built by the Spaniards who
arrived in Cebu in 1565 on the fleet composed of the vessels San Pedro, San Pablo and San Juan under
the command of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.
32. The Filipino hero used “Plaridel” as his pseudonym.
a. Graciano Lopez Jaena
b. Jose Rizal
c. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
d. Antonio Luna
Rationalization:
 Dr. Jose Rizal : Dimasalang at Laong Laan
 Marcelo del Pilar :Plaridel at Dolares Manapat
 Graciano Lopez-Jeana : Diego Laura
 Mariano Ponce : Tikbalang, Naning at Kalipulako
 Antonio Luna : Taga-ilog

33. This painting of Juan Luna shows fallen gladiators being dragged out of the coliseum.
a. The Parisian Girl
b. The Fallen
c. The Spoliarium
d. The Gladiators
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Rationalization:
The painting features a glimpse of Roman history
centered on the bloody carnage brought by gladiatorial
matches. Spoliarium is a Latin word referring to the
basement of the Roman Colosseum where the fallen
and dying gladiators are dumped and devoid of their
worldly possessions.
The Spoliarium is the most valuable oil-on-canvas
painting by Juan Luna, a Filipino educated at the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura (Philippines) and at the
Academia de San Fernando in Madrid, Spain. With a size of 4.22 meters x 7.675 meters, it is the largest
painting in the Philippines. A historical painting, it was made by Luna in 1884 as an entry to the prestigious
Exposicion de Bellas Artes (Madrid Art Exposition, May 1884) and eventually won for him the First Gold
Medal.

34. He is the founder of La Liga Filipina.

a. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
b. Graceano Lopez Jaena
c. Jose Rizal
d. Antonio Luna
Rationalization:
In the night of July 3, 1892, Dr. Jose Rizal founded and inaugurated the La Liga Filipina at house No. 176
Ilaya St., Tondo. It was formed not for the purpose of independence, but for mutual aid and protection of its
members, and the fostering of a more united spirit among Filipinos. Its constitution declared the ends, form,
duties of members and officials, rights of members and officials, the investment of funds, and general rules.
(Motto: Unus instar omnium/one like all)
35. What is the first book printed in the Philippines?
a. Doctrina Christiana
b. Elpidio Quirino
c. Ramon Magsaysay
d. Manuel Quezon
Rationalization:
The “Doctrina Christiana,” dated to 1593, is the first book printed in the Philippines and the only known extant
copy in the world can be found in the Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection in the Rare Book and Special
Collections Division of the Library of Congress. It was an early book on the Catholic Catechism, written by
Fray Juan de Plasencia
36. Which is not an example of material culture?
a. Tools
b. Weapons
c. Artworks
d. Traditions
Rationalization:
Material culture/tangible culture (can be touched), tools, weapons, utensils, machines, ornaments, art,
buildings, monuments, written records, religious images, clothing, and any other ponderable objects
produced or used by humans. Non-material culture/Intangible (cannot be touched) does not include any
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physical objects or artifacts. Examples of non-material culture include any ideas, beliefs, values, norms that
may help shape society.
37. In economics, _______________ is a rise of general level of prices of goods and services in economy over
a period of time.
a. Inflation
b. Capitalism
c. Depression
d. Free Trade

Rationalization:
Inflation is generally the increase in the price of all goods and services.

38. Jess Zartiga was born with a “silver spoon”. The person’s social status at birth is known as ___________.
a. Ascribed status
b. Achieved status
c. Economic Status
d. Heir status

Rationalization:
 Status symbols are material objects that show one’s higher economic status (e.g. designer bags).
 Ascribed status: A person’s social status at birth.
 Achieved status: A social position that a person can acquire on the basis of merit and is earned or
chosen.

39. According to most history books, the first three settlers were the Negritos, Indones, and ________.
a. Malay
b. Javaneses
c. Chinese
d. Thai
Rationalization:
Many historians and scientists believe that the first inhabitants of the Philippine islands emerged during the
Pleistocene period. One of theories on where the inhabitants (first Filipinos) came from is the Migration
Theory of H. Otley Beyer.
The first migrants were what Beyer caked the “Dawnmen” (or “cavemen” because they lived in caves.).
The Dawnmen resembled Java Man, Peking Man, and other Asian Home sapiens who existed about
250,000 years ago. They did not have any knowledge of agriculture, and lived by hunting and fishing. It was
precisely in search of food that they came to the Philippines by way of the land bridges that connected the
Philippines and Indonesia. Owing perhaps to their migratory nature, they eventually left the Philippines for
destinations unknown. One of earliest archeological evidence of early Filipinos was the Cagayan and
Angono petroglyphs in Rizal.
The second group of migrants was composed of dark-skinned pygmies called “Aetas’ or “Negritoes”.
Negrito woman 30,000 years ago, they crossed the land bridged from Malaya, Borneo, and Australia until
they reached Palawan, Mindoro and Mindanao. They were pygmies who went around practically naked and
were good at hunting, fishing and food gathering. They used spears and small flint stones weapons.
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Aetas were already in the Philippines when the land bridges disappeared due to the thinning of the ice
glaciers and the subsequent increase in seawater level. This natural events “forced” them to remain in the
country and become its first permanent inhabitants.
Because of the disappearance of the land bridges, the third wave of migrants was necessarily skilled in
seafaring. These were the Indonesians, who came to the islands in boats. They were more advanced than
the Aetas in that: they had tools made out of stone and steel, which enabled them to build sturdier houses:
they engaged in farming and mining, and used materials made of brass; they wore clothing and other body
ornaments
Last to migrate to the Philippines, according to Beyer, were Malays. They were believed to have come from
Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula more than 2,000 years ago. Like the Indonesians, they
also traveled in boats.
The Malays were brown-skinned and of medium height, with straight black hair and flat noses. Their
technology was said to be more advanced than that of their predecessors. They engaged in pottery,
weaving, jewelry making and metal smelting, and introduced the irrigation system in rice planting.

40. This place is considered the “Summer Capital of the Philippines”.

a. Tagaytay
b. Manila
c. Baguio
d. Vigan

Rationalization:
Places and their Monikers
Abra – The Philippines’ Natural Dye Capital
Benguet – Salad Bowl of the Philippines
Kalinga – White Water Rafting Capital of the North
Mountain Province – Weaver’s Paradise
Ifugao – Land of the Eighth World Wonder
Baguio City – Summer Capital of the Philippines
Ilocos Norte – The Best of Culture and Nature
Ilocos Sur – Heritage Village of the Philippines
La Union – Pilgrimage Center of North Luzon
Pangasinan – Hundred islands and Hundred Flavors
Cagayan – A True Spelunker’s Paradise
Isabela – Rice Granary of the North
Nueva Vizcaya – Watershed Have of the North
Quirino – Forest Heartland of Cagayan
Batanes – Land of the True Insulars
Aurora – Sanctuary of nature’s Splendor
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Bataan – History Hub of Central Luzon

Bulacan – Land of the Heroes
Nueva Ecija – Rice Bowl of the Philippines
Pampanga – Culinary Center of the Philippines
Tarlac – Melting Pot of Central Luzon
Zambales – Wreck Diving Capital of the Philippines
Batangas – From the Lowest Volcano to the Deeper Dives
Cavite – A Place With a Glorious Past
Laguna – Resort Province of the Philippines
Quezon – Land of Thousand Colors
Rizal – Cradle of Philippine Art
Marinduque - Lenten Mecca of southern Tagalog
Occidental Mindoro - Marine Wonderland of Luzon
Oriental Mindoro - The Islands' Loveliest Harbor
Palawan - The Philippines' Last Frontier
Romblon - Marble Country of the Philippines
Albay – Land of the World’s Most Perfect Cone
Catanduanes – Eco-Adventure Paradise
Camarines Norte – Bicolandia’s Goldmine
Camarines Sur – World’s Smallest Fish and Higher Climbs
Masbate – Rodeo Country of Bicol
Sorsogon – Bicol’s Whaleshark Paradise
Aklan – The Philippines’ Oldest Province
Antique – Marble Central of Panay
Capiz – Seafood Capital of the Philippines
Guimaras – Mango Country of Visayas
Iloilo – Heritage Haven of Panay
Negros Occidental – Sugar Bowl of the Philippines
Bohol – Splendor Underwater and Over Hills
Cebu – Queen of the South
Negros Oriental – Whale and Dolphin Haven
Siquijor – Marine Paradise of Central Visayas
Biliran – Paradise Undiscovered
Eastern Samar – Gateway to Philippine Discovery
Northern Samar – A Journey Back in Time
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Western Samar – Splendor Between Mountain and Sea

Leyte – Land of History
Southern Leyte – The Centuries-Old Charmer
Zamboanga del Norte - From Orchid City to Shrine City
Zamboanga del Sur - The Colors of Ethnic Zamboanga
Zamboanga Sibugay - The Island's Seasnake Sanctuary
Bukidnon - Pineapple Capital of the World
Camiguin - An Ancestral Homecoming
Misamis Occidental - Christmas Capital of Mindanao
Misamis Oriental - Mindanao'S Nature Front
Lanao Del Norte - Land of Beauty and Bounty
Bacolod, Negros Occidental- “City of Smiles”
Cebu-“The Queen City of the South”
Zamboanga-“City of Flowers”
Cagayan de Oro- “The City of Golden Friendship”
Antipolo “City in the Sky”
Baguio “Summer Capital of the Philippines”
Roxas City, Capiz Province“Seafood Capital of the Philippines”
GenSan“The Tuna Capital of the Philippines”
MarikinaShoe Capital of the Philippines
San Pablo, Laguna“City of Buko Pie”
Pagadian- Little Hongkong of the South

41. This is considered the longest bridge in the Philippines.

a. San Juanico Bridge
b. Quiapo bridge
c. Marcelo Fernan Bridge
d. Naghatan Bridge
Rationalization:
The San Juanico Bridge, part of the Pan-Philippine Highway, stretches from Samar to Leyte across the San
Juanico Strait in the Philippines. Its longest length is a steel girder viaduct built on reinforced concrete piers,
and its main span is of an arch-shaped truss design.
42. What is the official organ of the Katipunan?
a. Kalayaan
b. Pakikibaka
c. La Solidaridad
d. Aklas
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Rationalization:
KALAYAAN was the official newspaper of the Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak
ng Bayan (KKK) or Katipunan, for short. It was founded and edited by Emilio D. Jacinto in the late 1800s.

43. What are the two factions of Katipunan?

a. Magdiwang and Magdalo
b. Magdalo and Magsikap
c. Magdiwang and Magsikap
d. Magsikap and Makibaka
Rationalization:
On July 7, 1892, the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan was founded in
the house of Deodato Arellano at 734 Calle El Cano cor. Azcarraga. Membership was through blood
compact symbolizing the foundation of the secret society, which aimed the separation of the Philippines from
Spain and the expulsion of the Spaniards in the country.
The two rival factions of the Katipunan, started out as mere sangguniang balangay (councils). Andres
Bonifacio presided over the founding of both. The Magdiwang (led by Mariano Alvarez) was formed in
Noveleta Cavite on April 2, 1896; the Magdalo (led by Baldomero Aguinaldo, the cousin of Emilio Aguinaldo),
in Kawit, Cavite, on April 3, 1896.
44. This pertains to the trade between Philippines and Mexico.
a. Manila-Guadalaraja Trade
b. East-Indies Trade
c. Galleon Trade
d. Philippine-Mexico Trade
Rationalization:
When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, our ancestors were already trading
with China, Japan, Siam, India, Cambodia, Borneo and the Moluccas. The
Spanish government continued trade relations with these countries, and the
Manila became the center of commerce in the East. The Spaniards closed the
ports of Manila to all countries except Mexico. Thus, the Manila–Acapulco Trade,
better known as the "Galleon Trade" was born. The Galleon Trade was a
government monopoly. Only two galleons were used: One sailed from Acapulco
to Manila with some 500,000 pesos worth of goods, spending 120 days at sea;
the other sailed from Manila to Acapulco with some 250,000 pesos worth of goods
spending 90 days at sea. Andres de Urdaneta discovered and plotted an
easterly route across the Pacific Ocean, from the Philippines to Acapulco and
was used as the Manila galleon trade route for more than two hundred years.

45. During the Hispanic era, native and Chinese male mestizos 16-60 years old are obligated to do forced labor
for forty days. How can exemption be made?
a. Getting a cedula personal
b. Give sanctorum tax to the church
c. paying the bandala
d. paying the falla
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Rationalization:
 The Cedula Personal or head tax was a form of taxation which replaced the tributary system in 1884.
This served as a paper which was used as proof that one was a colony of Spain and a legitimate
member of a pueblo (town). Before, Filipinos and Chinese only had to pay tribute, but it was revised
that all residents of the Philippines were obliged to pay the cedula. A person who could not present
his or her cedula could be arrested and imprisoned by the Guardia Civil.
 Sanctorum- The sanctorum is the tax being paid as support to the church.
 Bandala system- a form of direct taxes that the. Spaniards implemented in which the natives were
coerced to sell their products to the government at very low prices.
 Polo y servicio (forced labor)- As a practice, it was employed by Spanish colonizers for over 250
years, which required forced labor of all Filipino males from 16 to 60 years of age for 40-day period.
One who rendered forced labor was called a polista.
 Falla- exemption fee. The members of the principalia (town aristocracy) were exempt from the polo.
Rich Filipinos annually paid the falla, a sum amounting to seven pesos, in order to be exempt from
forced labor. The local officials (former and incumbent gobernadorcillos, cabezas de barangay, etc.)
and schoolteachers were also exempted by law from the polio because of their services to the state.
Evidently, only the poor Filipinos who had no social or political standing in the community were made
to give forced labor.

46. Which Spanish policy provided the resettlement of Filipino communities to form town centers of cabeceras?
a. Assimilation
b. reduccion
c. Encomienda system
d. Bandala

Rationalization:
 Assimilation- One of the goals of Propaganda Movement in which Rizal, Jaena, and Del Pilar were
members, was to be assimilated with Spain or making the Philippines a province of Spain.
 Reduccion- In areas where Filipinos lived scattered across the landscape in small hamlets, the
Spanish military employed a resettlement policy that they had used successful in Central and Latin
America. This policy was called reduccion, and essentially meant a forced relocation of small,
scattered settlements into one larger town. The policy was designed for the convenience of
administration of the Spanish colony's population, a way for a small number of armed Spanish
constabulary to control more easily the movements and actions of a large number of Filipinos. It was
also designed to enable Spain to collect taxes from their Christianized converts. Throughout Spanish
rule, Christianized Filipinos were forced to pay larger taxes than indios, or native, non-Christian
people. The reduccion policy also made it easier for a single Spanish Catholic friar to 'train' Filipinos
in the basic principles of Christianity.
 Encomienda system- In 1570 the encomienda was introduced in the Philippines when Legaspi, in
compliance with the decree issued by King Philip II in 1558, distributed lands in Cebu to loyal Spanish
subjects. These men had helped conquer the Philippines. The encomienda was not actually a land
grant but was a favor from the kind under which the Spaniard receiving his favor was given the right
to collect tributes–or taxes–from the inhabitants of the area assigned to him. The man who received
this favor was called an encomendero. The encomienda was, therefore, a public office.
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47. The right invoked in the “writ of habeas data” is ________________________.

a. The right to information privacy.
b. Right to gather information data.
c. The right to search for information.
d. Right to transmit data.
Rationalization:
Here are some legal remedies commonly mentioned in LET:
1. WRIT OF AMPARO – invoked when the Right to Life, Liberty and Security is being threatened or
violated.
2. WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS – “show me the body”. The writ of habeas corpus is an order issued by
a court of competent of jurisdiction, directed to the person detaining another, commanding him to
produce the body of the prisoner at a designated time and place, and to show sufficient cause for
holding custody the individual so detained (illegal detention).
3. WRIT OF HABEAS DATA – right to information privacy. The writ of habeas data is a remedy available
to any person whose right to privacy in life, liberty or security is violated or threatened by an unlawful
act or omission of a public official or employee, or of a private individual or entity engaged in the
gathering, collecting or storing of data or information regarding the person, family, home and
correspondence of the aggrieved party.
4. WRIT OF KALIKASAN – Right to a healthy environment

48. The economic policy that good action is one that helps the greatest number of peoples called:
a. Mercantilism
b. Colonialism
c. Capitalism
d. Utilitarianism
Rationalization:
 Mercantilism was an economic system of trade that spanned from the 16th century to the 18th
century. Mercantilism was based on the idea that a nation's wealth and power were best served by
increasing exports and so involved increasing trade. Precious metals, such as gold and silver, were
deemed indispensable to a nation’s wealth.
 Colonialism is defined as “control by one power over a dependent area or people.” It occurs when
one nation subjugates another, conquering its population and exploiting it, often while forcing its own
language and cultural values upon its people.
 Capitalism is an economic system in which private individuals or businesses own capital goods.
The production of goods and services is based on supply and demand in the general market. The
purest form of capitalism is free market or laissez-faire capitalism. Here, private individuals are
unrestrained. They may determine where to invest, what to produce or sell, and at which prices to
exchange goods and services. The laissez-faire marketplace operates without checks or controls.
 Utilitarianism is a theory of morality, which advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and
opposes actions that cause unhappiness or harm. When directed toward making social, economic,
or political decisions, a utilitarian philosophy would aim for the betterment of society as a whole.
Utilitarianism would say that an action is right if it results in the happiness of the greatest number of
people in a society or a group
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1 | Competency Enhancement 2- Social Science

49. What contained the concrete promise of the Americans to Filipinos independence “as soon as stable
government can be established”?
a. Preamble of the Jones Law
b. Fairfield Bill of 1924
c. Preamble of the Commonwealth Government
d. First 1919 Parliamentary Mission to the U.S.
Rationalization:
The Jones Law of 1916

TITLE

AN ACT TO DECLARE THE PURPOSE OF THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES AS TO THE
FUTURE POLITICAL STATUS OF THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, AND TO PROVIDE A
MORE AUTONOMOUS GOVERNMENT FOR THOSE ISLANDS.

PREAMBLE

Whereas it was never the intention of the people of United States in the incipiency of the war with Spain to
make it a war of conquest or for territorial aggrandizement; and

Whereas it is, as it has always been, the purpose of the people of the United States to withdraw their
sovereignty over Philippine Islands and to recognize their independence as soon as a stable
government can be established therein; and

Whereas for the speedy accomplishment of such purpose it is desirable to place in the hands of the people
of the Philippines as large a control of their domestic affairs as can be given them without, in the meantime,
impairing the exercise of the rights of sovereignty by the people of the United States, in order that, by the
use and exercise of popular franchise and governmental powers, they may be the better prepared to fully
assume the responsibilities and enjoy all the privileges of complete independence.

50. Which best describes the division of the legislature into the Senate and the House of Representatives?
a. Bicameralism
b. Unicameralism
c. Bipartisanship
d. Co-legislative powers
Rationalization:
As stipulated in Article VI Legislative Department, section 1, the legislative power shall be vested in the
Congress of the Philippines. The Congress is bicameral which means it is divided into two houses: the
upper house which is the Senate (24 senators headed by a Senate President), and the House of
Representatives (not more than 250 representatives/congressman/woman headed by the Speaker of the
house)