RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL

UNIVERSITY, KOTA

III Year-V Semester: B.Tech.

Computer Science and Engineering
5CS5-11: Wireless Communication
To become renowned Centre of Excellence in
Computer Science and Engineering and make
competent engineers and professionals with
high ethical values prepared for lifelong
learning.
M1 - To impart outcome based education for
emerging technologies in the field of computer
science and engineering.
M2 - To provide opportunities for interaction
between academia and industry.
M3 - To provide platform for lifelong learning
by accepting the change in technologies
M4 - To develop aptitude of fulfilling social
responsibilities.
1. To provide students with the fundamentals of Engineering
Sciences with more emphasis in computer science and
engineering by way of analysing and exploiting
engineering challenges.
2. To train students with good scientific and engineering
knowledge so as to comprehend, analyse, design, and
create novel products and solutions for the real life
problems.
3. To inculcate professional and ethical attitude, effective
communication skills, teamwork skills, multidisciplinary
approach, entrepreneurial thinking and an ability to relate
engineering issues with social issues.
4. To provide students with an academic environment aware
of excellence, leadership, written ethical codes and
guidelines, and the self-motivated life-long learning needed
for a successful professional career.
5. To prepare students to excel in Industry and Higher
education by Educating Students along with High moral
values and Knowledge.
 CO1: Able to explain the fundamentals of wireless
communication techniques such as fading, Path loss
models, Parameters of mobile multipath channel
techniques and link budget design
 CO2: Analyse the cellular architecture and understand the
methods of sharing the communication channel through
various multiple access techniques, and capacity
calculation and improvement
 CO3 : Analyse the link establishment in wireless
communication, description of digital signalling for fading
channels
 CO4: Gain an in-depth knowledge and develop an in-
depth understanding multipath mitigation techniques.
Equalization, diversity and error probability in fading
channels. Multiple antenna techniques –MIMO system
model
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles
of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified
needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge
and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to
complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7- Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the
professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental
contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
8- Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics
and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9- Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual,
and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in
multidisciplinary settings.
10- Communication: Communicate effectively on complex
engineering activities with the engineering community and with
society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11- Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the engineering and management principles and
apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team,
to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12- Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the
preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long
learning in the broadest context of technological change.
 PSO1:Ability to interpret and analyse network
specific and cyber security issues, automation
in real word environment.
 PSO2: Ability to Design and Develop Mobile
and Web-based applications under realistic
constraints.
P O P O P O
P O P O P O P O P O P O P O P O P O 1 1 1
COs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

Able to explain the fundamentals of wireless 1 2 3 2 1 3 1 2 1

communication techniques such as fading,
Path loss models, Parameters of mobile
3 2 1
multipath channel techniques and link
budget design

Analyse the cellular architecture and

understand the methods of sharing the 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 1 2 1
communication channel through various
2 1
multiple access techniques, and capacity
calculation and improvement

Analyse the link establishment in wireless 3 3 2 1 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 1

communication, description of digital
signalling for fading channels

Gain an in-depth knowledge and develop an 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 3 1

in-depth understanding multipath mitigation

techniques. Equalization, diversity and error
2 2 3
probability in fading channels. Multiple
antenna techniques –MIMO system model
1. Wireless Communications, 2/e, Rappaport,
PHI
2. Stallings, Data and computer communication,
8th ed. Pearson
3. Tri. T. Ha, Digital Satellite Communications,
2/e, Tata McGraw Hill
4. Alberto Leon-Garcia, Indra Widjaja,
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS, 2nd ed., TMH
Introduction: Objective, scope and outcome of
the course.
CO1: Explain the fundamentals of wireless
communication techniques such as fading, Path
loss models, Parameters of mobile multipath
channel techniques and link budget design.
CO2: Analyze the cellular architecture and
understand the methods of sharing the
communication channel through various
multiple access techniques, and capacity
calculation and improvement.
CO3: Analyze the link establishment in wireless
communication, description of digital signaling
for fading channels.
CO4: Gain an in-depth knowledge and develop
an in-depth understanding multipath
mitigation techniques, equalization, diversity
and error probability in fading channels.
Multiple antenna techniques –MIMO system
model.
Section-A
By: Deepmala Kulshreshth
(EC Department)
Syllabus

Wireless Channels:
Large scale path loss – Path loss models: Free Space and Two-Ray
models -Link Budget design – Small scale fading- Parameters of
mobile multipath channels – Time dispersion parameters-
Coherence bandwidth – Doppler spread & Coherence
time, Fading due to Multipath time delay spread – flat fading –
frequency selective fading – Fading due to Doppler spread – fast
fading – slow fading.
Unit-3: Cellular Architecture
Part- I

By: Deepmala Kulshreshth

(EC Department)
Syllabus
Cellular Architecture:
Multiple Access techniques - FDMA,TDMA,
CDMA – Capacity calculations–Cellular concept-
Frequency reuse – channel assignment- hand off-
interference & system capacity- trunking & grade
of service – Coverage and capacity improvement.
Multiple Access Techniques
There are mainly four kinds of multiple access techniques
through which radio resources can be shared among
many users simultaneously. These are given as:
1- Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
2- Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
3- Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
4- Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
Multiple Access Techniques in use

Multiple Access
Cellular System
Technique
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) FDMA/FDD
Global System for Mobile (GSM) TDMA/FDD
US Digital Cellular (USDC) TDMA/FDD
Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT) FDMA/TDD
US Narrowband Spread Spectrum (IS-95) CDMA/FDD
Frequency division duplexing (FDD)
• two bands of frequencies for every user
• forward band
• reverse band
• duplexer needed
• frequency seperation between forward band
and reverse band is constant
reverse channel forward channel
frequency seperation f
Time division duplexing (TDD)

• uses time for forward and reverse link

• multiple users share a single radio channel
• forward time slot
• reverse time slot
• no duplexer is required

reverse channel forward channel

t
time seperation
Logical separation FDMA/FDD

forward channel
user 1
reverse channel

... f

forward channel
user n
reverse channel

t
Logical separation FDMA/TDD

user 1
forward channel reverse channel

... f

user n
forward channel reverse channel

t
Logical separation TDMA/FDD

forward forward
channel channel
user 1 ... user n f
reverse reverse

channel channel

t
Logical separation TDMA/TDD

user 1 user n

forward reverse ... forward reverse f

channel channel channel channel

t
Logical separation CDMA/FDD

user 1
forward channel reverse channel

... code

user n
forward channel reverse channel

f
Logical separation CDMA/TDD

user 1
forward channel reverse channel

... code

user n
forward channel reverse channel

t
Frequency division multiple access FDMA

• one phone circuit per channel

• idle time causes wasting of resources
• simultaneously and continuously
transmitting
• usually implemented in narrowband systems
• for example: in AMPS is a FDMA
bandwidth of 30 kHz implemented
FDMA compared to TDMA

• fewer bits for synchronization

• fewer bits for framing
• higher cell site system costs
• higher costs for duplexer used in base
station and subscriber units
• FDMA requires RF filtering to minimize
adjacent channel interference
Nonlinear Effects in FDMA

• many channels - same antenna

• for maximum power efficiency operate near
saturation
• near saturation power amplifiers are
nonlinear
• nonlinearities causes signal spreading
• intermodulation frequencies
Nonlinear Effects in FDMA

• IM are undesired harmonics

• interference with other channels in the
FDMA system
• decreases user C/I - decreases performance
• interference outside the mobile radio band:
adjacent-channel interference
• RF filters needed - higher costs
Number of channels in a FDMA system

Bt - Bguard
N=
Bc

• N … number of channels
• Bt … total spectrum allocation
• Bguard … guard band
• Bc … channel bandwidth
Example: Advanced Mobile Phone System

• AMPS
• FDMA/FDD
• analog cellular system
• 12.5 MHz per simplex band - Bt
• Bguard = 10 kHz ; Bc = 30 kHz

12.5E6 - 2*(10E3)
N= = 416 channels
30E3
Time Division Multiple Access

• time slots
• one user per slot
• buffer and burst method
• noncontinuous transmission
• digital data
• digital modulation
Repeating Frame Structure
One TDMA Frame
Preamble Information Message Trail Bits

Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 … Slot N

Trail Bits Sync. Bits Information Data Guard Bits

The frame is cyclically repeated over time.

Features of TDMA
• a single carrier frequency for several users
• transmission in bursts
• low battery consumption
• handoff process much simpler
• FDD : switch instead of duplexer
• very high transmission rate
• high synchronization overhead
• guard slots necessary
Number of channels in a TDMA system

m*(Btot - 2*Bguard)
N=
Bc

• N … number of channels
• m … number of TDMA users per radio channel
• Btot … total spectrum allocation
• Bguard … Guard Band
• Bc … channel bandwidth
Example: Global System for Mobile (GSM)

• TDMA/FDD
• forward link at Btot = 25 MHz
• radio channels of Bc = 200 kHz
• if m = 8 speech channels supported, and
• if no guard band is assumed :

N= 8*25E6 = 1000 simultaneous users

200E3
Efficiency of TDMA

• percentage of transmitted data that contain

information
• frame efficiency f
• usually end user efficiency < f ,
• because of source and channel coding
• How get f ?
Repeating Frame Structure
One TDMA Frame
Preamble Information Message Trail Bits

Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 … Slot N

Trail Bits Sync. Bits Information Data Guard Bits

The frame is cyclically repeated over time.

Efficiency of TDMA

bOH = Nr*br + Nt*bp + Nt*bg + Nr*bg

• bOH … number of overhead bits
• Nr … number of reference bursts per frame
• br … reference bits per reference burst
• Nt … number of traffic bursts per frame
• bp … overhead bits per preamble in each slot
• bg … equivalent bits in each guard time
intervall
Efficiency of TDMA

bT = Tf * R

• bT … total number of bits per frame

• Tf … frame duration
• R … channel bit rate
Efficiency of TDMA

f = (1-bOH/bT)*100%

• f … frame efficiency
• bOH … number of overhead bits per frame
• bT … total number of bits per frame
CDMA
• In CDMA systems, narrow band message signal is
multiplied with large BW signal called the spreading
system.
• These spreading signals are PN sequences whose chip rate
is larger than data rate of message.
• CDMA uses same carrier frequency to modulate all the
users and also it allows all the users to transmit
simultaneously.
• Each user has its pseudorandom codeword which is
orthogonal to all other codewords.
Continued….

• To ensure minimal mutual interference spreading codes

must be orthogonal.
• The receiver performs time correlation function so that all
other signal appears uncorrelated. However receiver
should know the codeword to decrypt the message signal.
• In CDMA systems, power of users determine noise floor of
entire system. Failing to incorporate the proper power
control leads to near far problem.
• It refers that users with low power will not get a chance to
connect with base station thereby left unserved.
Advantages
• Improvement in capacity and security
• Improvement in handover/ handoff
• Use of wide bandwidth is possible
• More number of users can share same
bandwidth
• It is well matched with other cellular
technologies
Disadvantages
• System is more complicated
• Guard band and guard time both are
required to be provided
• As the number of users increases, overall
quality decreases.
Spread Spectrum Technique
• There are two types of techniques in which
message signal is mixed with PN sequence
before transmission. These techniques are :
1. Frequency Hopping
2. Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping
• It is very easy spread spectrum modulation
technique.
• Main idea behind this technique is to
transmit data across a broad spectrum and
frequency can be switched rapidly from one
to another.
• Transmitter and receiver are synchronised
every time with an accurate clocking
system.
Direct Sequence Technique
• It is quite popular technique in which data
signal is directly multiplied by PN code.
• PN code is a sequence of chips having
values -1 and1. Here -1 represents 0 zero.
• Data encodes at the transmitter side and
decodes at the receiver side by using same
spreading code.
Application
• It is used in military and some commercial
applications.
• It is used in used in mobile communication.
• It is used in radar and navigation systems.
• CDMA is considered as highest of wireless
communication and is used for fast and safe
mode of data exchange such as 3G.
Space Division Multiple Access

• All users can communicate at the same time using

the same channel.
• It is completely free from interference.
• A single satellite can communicate with more
satellite receivers of same frequency
• Directional spot beam antennas are used hence
base station in SDMA can track moving user
Space Division Multiple Access

• Controls radiated energy for each user in space

• using spot beam antennas
• base station tracks user when moving
• cover areas with same frequency:
• TDMA or CDMA systems
• cover areas with same frequency:
• FDMA systems
Space Division Multiple Access

• primitive applications are

“Sectorized antennas”

• in future adaptive
antennas simultaneously
steer energy in the
direction of many users at
once
Reverse link problems

• general problem
• different propagation path from user to base
• dynamic control of transmitting power from
each user to the base station required
• limits by battery consumption of subscriber
units
• possible solution is a filter for each user
Solution by SDMA systems

• adaptive antennas promise to mitigate

reverse link problems
• limiting case of infinitesimal beamwidth
• limiting case of infinitely fast track ability
• thereby unique channel that is free from
interference
• all user communicate at same time using the
same channel
Disadvantage of SDMA

• perfect adaptive antenna system:

infinitely large antenna needed
• compromise needed
SDMA and PDMA in satellites

• INTELSAT IVA
• SDMA dual-beam
receive antenna
• simultaneously access
from two different
regions of the earth
SDMA and PDMA in satellites

• COMSTAR 1
• PDMA
• separate antennas
• simultaneously
access from same
region
SDMA and PDMA in satellites

• INTELSAT V
• PDMA and SDMA
• two hemispheric
coverages by SDMA
• two smaller beam
zones by PDMA
• orthogonal polarization
Capacity of Cellular Systems

• channel capacity: maximum number of users

in a fixed frequency band
• radio capacity : value for spectrum efficiency
• reverse channel interference
• forward channel interference
• How determine the radio capacity?
Co-Channel Reuse Ratio Q

Q=D/R

• Q … co-channel reuse ratio

• D … distance between two co-channel cells
• R … cell radius
Forward channel interference

• cluster size of 4
• D0 … distance
serving station
to user
• DK … distance
co-channel base
station to user
Carrier-to-interference ratio C/I
• M closest co-channels cells cause first order
interference

-n0
C D0
= M -nk
I DK
k=1

• n0 … path loss exponent in the desired cell

• nk … path loss exponent to the interfering
base station
Carrier-to-interference ratio C/I

• Assumption:
• just the 6 closest stations interfere
• all these stations have the same distance D
• all have similar path loss exponents to n0

-n
C D0
= -n
I 6*D
Worst Case Performance

• maximum interference at D0 = R
• (C/I)min for acceptable signal quality
• following equation must hold:

-n
1/6 * (R/D) >
= (C/I)min
Co-Channel reuse ratio Q

1/n
Q = D/R = (6*(C/I)min)

• D … distance of the 6 closest interfering

base stations
• R … cell radius
• (C/I)min … minimum carrier-to-interference
ratio
• n … path loss exponent
Radio Capacity m

Bt
m= radio channels/cell
Bc * N

• Bt … total allocated spectrum for the system

• Bc … channel bandwidth
• N … number of cells in a complete frequency
reuse cluster
Radio Capacity m

• N is related to the co-channel factor Q by:

1/2
Q = (3*N)

Bt Bt
m= = 6 C 2/n
Bc * (Q²/3) Bc *( n/2 *( I )min )
3
Radio Capacity m for n = 4

Bt
m=
Bc * 2/3 * (C/I)min

• m … number of radio channels per cell

• (C/I)min lower in digital systems compared to
analog systems
• lower (C/I)min imply more capacity
• exact values in real world conditions measured
Compare different Systems

• each digital wireless standard has different

(C/I)min
• to compare them an equivalent (C/I) needed
• keep total spectrum allocation Bt and
number of radio channels per cell m
constant to get (C/I)eq :
Compare different Systems

C C B c
( ) =( ) *( )²
I eq I min Bc’

• Bc … bandwidth of a particular system

• (C/I)min … tolerable value for the same system
• Bc’ … channel bandwidth for a different
system
• (C/I)eq … minimum C/I value for the different
system
C/I in digital cellular systems

C Eb*Rb Ec*Rc
= =
I I I

• Rb … channel bit rate

• Eb … energy per bit
• Rc … rate of the channel code
• Ec … energy per code symbol
C/I in digital cellular systems

• combine last two equations:

(C/I) (Ec*Rc)/I Bc’

= =( )²
(C/I)eq (Ec’*Rc’)/I’ Bc

• The sign ‘ marks compared system

parameters
C/I in digital cellular systems

• Relationship between Rc and Bc is always

linear (Rc/Rc’ = Bc/Bc’ )
• assume that level I is the same for two
different systems ( I’ = I ) :

Ec = ( Bc’ )³
Ec‘ Bc
Compare C/I between FDMA and TDMA

• Assume that multichannel FDMA system

occupies same spectrum as a TDMA system
• FDMA : C = Eb * Rb ; I = I0 * Bc
• TDMA : C’ = Eb * Rb’ ; I’ = I0 * Bc’
• Eb … Energy per bit
• I0 … interference power per Hertz
• Rb … channel bit rate
• Bc … channel bandwidth
Example

• A FDMA system has 3 channels , each with

a bandwidth of 10kHz and a transmission
rate of 10 kbps.
• A TDMA system has 3 time slots, a channel
bandwidth of 30kHz and a transmission rate
of 30 kbps.
• What’s the received carrier-to-interference
ratio for a user ?
Example

• In TDMA system C’/I’ be measured in

333.3 ms per second - one time slot

C’ = Eb*Rb’ = 1/3*(Eb*10E4 bits) = 3*Rb*Eb=3*C

I’ = I0*Bc’ = I0*30kHz = 3*I

• In this example FDMA and TDMA have the

same radio capacity (C/I leads to m)
Example

• Peak power of TDMA is 10logk higher then

in FDMA ( k … time slots)
• in practice TDMA have a 3-6 times better
capacity
Capacity of SDMA systems

• one beam each user

• base station tracks each user as it moves
• adaptive antennas most powerful form
• beam pattern G() has maximum gain in
the direction of desired user
• beam is formed by N-element adaptive
array antenna
Capacity of SDMA systems

• G() steered in the horizontal  -plane

through 360°
• G() has no variation in the elevation plane
to account which are near to and far from the
base station
• following picture shows a 60 degree
beamwidth with a 6 dB sideslope level
Capacity of SDMA systems
Capacity of SDMA systems

• reverse link received signal power, from

desired mobiles, is Pr;0
• interfering users i = 1,…,k-1 have received
power Pr;I
• average total interference power I seen by a
single desired user:
Capacity of SDMA

K-1
I = E {  G(i) Pr;I}
i=1

• i … direction of the i-th user in the

horizontal plane
• E … expectation operator
Capacity of SDMA systems

• in case of perfect power control (received

power from each user is the same) :

Pr;I = Pc

• Average interference power seen by user 0:

K-1
I = Pc E {  G(i) }
i=1
Capacity of SDMA systems

• users independently and identically

distributed throughout the cell:

I = Pc *(k -1) * 1/D

• D … directivity of the antenna - given by

max(G())
• D typ. 3dB …10dB
Capacity of SDMA systems

• Average bit error rate Pb for user 0:

Pb = Q ( 3 D N )
K-1

• D … directivity of the antenna

• Q(x) … standard Q-function
• N … spreading factor
• K … number of users in a cell
Capacity of SDMA systems
Syllabus

Cellular Architecture:
Multiple Access techniques - FDMA, TDMA,
CDMA – Capacity calculations–Cellular
concept- Frequency reuse – channel
assignment- hand off- interference & system
capacity- trunking & grade of service –
Coverage and capacity improvement.
Numerical Problem
If a signal to interference ratio of 15 dB is required for
Satisfactory forward channel performance of a cellular system,
what is the frequency reuse factor and cluster size that should
be used for maximum capacity, if path loss exponent is
(a) n=4 (b) n=3
Unit-4
By: Deepmala Kulshreshth
EC Department, JECRC
Syllabus
Digital Signaling For Fading Channels:
Structure of a wireless communication link, Principles
of Offset-QPSK, p/4-DQPSK, Minimum Shift Keying,
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying, Error performance in
fading channels, OFDM principle Cyclic prefix,
Windowing, PAPR.
Drawbacks Of QPSK

 For QPSK modulated stream, whenever there is a 2 bit

change in the input sequence transition in the state
crosses the origin of constellation diagram for a
particular period of time.
 This causes nonlinearity effects in the system.
 System attracts filtered side lobes
 Also linear amplifiers can not amplify the signals to
optimal levels.
Offset QPSK (OQPSK)
 It is a modified form of QPSK, which is less susceptible
to deleterious effects and supports more efficient
amplification.
 It is similar to QPSK except for time alignment of the
even and odd bit streams.
 In QPSK signalling, bit transitions of even and odd bit
streams occur at the same time instants, but in
OQPSK signalling, even and odd bit streams are offset
in their relative alignment by one period(half symbol
period).
To be continued..
 Due to the time alignment in QPSK, phase transition
occur only once every Ts = 2Tb s, and a maximum phase
shift of 180 degrees if there is a change in the values of both
bit streams.
 In OQPSK, bit transition occur every Tb s. Due to an offset
between transition instants of both bit streams, at any
given instant only one of the two bit streams can change
values.
 In this way maximum phase shift for OQPSK signals is +90
or -90.
 IS 95 uses OQPSK , hence it is a popular modulation
scheme used in communication system.
Constellation Diagram
 Signalling points of the modulated signal are selected
from two QPSK constellations which are shifted by
pi/4 with respect to each other.
 Every successive bit ensures that there is atleast a
phase shift of integer multiple of pi/4.
Constellation Diagram
Pi/4 DQPSK
 When message bits are differentially encoded in pi/4
QPSK then it becomes pi/4 DQPSK.
 It is preferred over pi/4 QPSK because it provides easy
implementation of differential detection or coherent
demodulation with phase ambiguity in recovered
carrier.
 All the characteristics and generation method are used
similar to pi/4 QPSK.
Pi/4 QPSK Transmitter
 The input bit stream is partitioned by serial to parallel
converter into two data streams, each with a symbol
rate which is half of incoming bit rate.
 The k th in phase and quadrature pulses Ik and Qk are
produced at the output of signal mapping circuit.

T
 Just as in QPSK modulator, in phase and quadrature
bit streams are then separately modulated by two
carriers which are in quadrature with each other.
Pi/4 Detection Techniques
 There are various types of detection processes that can
be used for efficient detection. It includes baseband
differential detection, IF differential detection and FM
discrimination detection.
 Baseband and IF differential detector determines
cosine and sine functions of the phase difference and
then decides on phase difference accordingly.
 FM discriminator detects the phase difference directly
in a noncoherent manner.
 Bit error rate performance is same for three tech.
Minimum Shift Keying
 It is a special type of continuous phase frequency shift
keying wherein peak frequency deviation is equal to 1/4 th
bit rate.
 It is spectrally efficient modulation scheme attractive for
use in mobile radio communication system.
 Main properties associated with MSK includes constant
envelope, spectral efficiency, good BER performance and
self synchronizing capability.
T

 Modulation index, similar to FM modulation is 0.5.

 A modulation index of 0.5 corresponds to minimum
frequency spacing that allows two FSK signals to be
coherently orthogonal.
T
 MSK implies minimum frequency separation that
allows orthogonal detection.
 Orthogonality make the signal more uncorrelated so
that easy to separate at the receiver end.
 MSK is also referred as fast FSK as it has half frequency
separation as compared to conventional noncoherent
FSK.
 It is a special form of OQPSK where baseband
rectangular pulses are replaced with half sinusoidal
pulses.
MSK Transmitter
 The carrier signal is multiplied with cos (pi*t/2T)
produces two phase coherent signals at fc + 1/4T and fc-
1/4T.
 These two signals are separated by two narrow BPFs
and appropriately combine to form in phase and
quadrature phase componenets x(t) and y(t).
 These carriers are multiplied with the odd and even bit
streams, upon addition produces MSK signal.
MSK Receiver
 The received signal is multiplied by respective in phase
and quadrature carrier components x(t) and y(t).
 The outputs of multiplier is integrated over two bit
periods and dumped to a decision circuit at the end of
each two bit periods.
 Based on the level of signals at the output of integrator,
threshold detector decides whether the signal is 0 or a 1.
T
 The output data streams corresponds to mI(t) and
mQ(t), which are offset combined to obtain the
demodulated signal.
Gaussian Minimum Shift
Keying(GMSK)
 GMSK is advanced derivative of MSK.
 It is obtained by introducing a Gaussian filter before
FM modulation.
 In GMSK, sidelobe levels of the spectrum are reduced
by passing the modulating NRZ data waveform
through a premodulation Gaussian pulse shaping filter
.
 It helps to smooth the phase trajectory of MSK signal
and hence stabilizes the instantaneous frequency
variations over time.
Gaussian Filter
The requirements for the filter are:
 It should have a sharp cutoff
 Narrow bandwidth
 Impulse response should show no overshoot
 Gaussian shaped response to an impulse and no
ringing
(OFDM)
OFDM