r

12
Geometrical Progression
GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION (GP) I
-I
I

A sequence a1, a2, a31 •••ran is called ageometrical progression, if each term is nonzero
ak = r (constant) for all k 1.
and ak+i

The constant ratio is called its common ratio.

A geometrical progression is-abbreviated as GP.
GP we usually denote the first.term by a, the common ratio by r and the
In a by
nth term Tn. ..
The n~ term ~fa GP is called its -general term.
SOME EXAMPLES OF GP

EXAMPLE 1
Show that the progression 6, 18, 54, 162, .. . is a GP. Write down its first
term and the common ratio. ·
SOLUTION 18 54 162
We have 6 = 18 = = 3 (constant).
54
So, the given progression is a GP in which the first term= 6 and the
common ratio-= 3.
EXAMPLE2
Show that theprogression .'""'16, 4t -1, ¼, ... is a GP. Write down its first
term and·the common ratio.
4
SOLUTION We·have _!_ = -l = (1/ ) = -l (constant).
-16 4 -1 4
So, the given progression is a GP in which a = -16 and r = ~l ·

EXAMPLE3 1 , -1 , 2 , -4 , .. , zs. a_GP. Wnte

Show that the progression 2 · ft rst
. down its
3 9 27
term and find the common ratio.
SOLUTION We have .

(~1)-;-½=(~1 x2)= ~2, ½-;-(~l)={½x(!1)}= -32'

.'.4) . 2 _(-4 X 2.) = -2 .
(.27 7
9- 27 - 2 3
1 andr-- -32 ·
· w hich a = 2
So, the given progression is a GP m

433
444 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

On subtracting (iv) from (iii), we get

(r- s)d = AR 2 (1- R). · .. (vii)
Now, we have 2
(q-r) 2d2 = A 2R2 (1- R) 2 and (p-q)d X (r-s)d = A R2(1 - R)2.
(q-r) 2d2 = (p-q)d X (r-s)d
=> (q- r) 2 = (p- q) x (r - s)
=> (p-q), (q- r) and (r- s) are in GP.
Hence, (p-q), (q- r), (r-s) are in GP.

IiI , nth TERM FROM THE END OF A GP

I THEOREM 2 Show that the nth term from the end of a GP with the first term a, the
1

1
common ratio rand the iast term I is given by
r
}-i) ·
PROOF Let a be the first term, r be the common ratio and I be the Jast term of a
given GP. Then,
· l l
2nd term from the end= r = (2 _ 1>;
r .
l l
3rd term from the end·= 2 =1 (3 _ 1); _
r r

. . -1
) I 71th term from thr end= (n-iJ :
I r
l
Hence,,_the nth term from the end= r•(n-l) ·-

EXAMPLE 25 Find the 8th te7:11 from thepzd of the GP 3, 6, 12, 24, ... , 12288.
SOLUTION Here r = 2 and I = 12288.
l l 12288 12288
8th term from the end- r(S-i) - ,7 - 27 - 128 - 96.
i
I
I
Hence, the 8th term from the end = 96.
I
i
' EXERCISE 12A
J. Find the 6th and nth terms of the GP 2:6, 18, 54, ....
2. Find the 17th and nth terms of the GP 2, 2./2, 4, 8./2, ....
\1r"Find the 7th and nth terms of the GP 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, ....
, . -3 1 -1 2
4. Fmd the 10th and nth terms of the GP , , , , ··· ·
4 23 9
Which term of the GP 3, 6, 12, 24,. ... is 3072?·
1
• 6. Which term of the GP¼, ~ , 1, . .-. is-128?

/ . Which term of the GP /3, 3, 3/3, ... is 729?

Geometrical Progression
445

s. Find the geometric

. I
respective Y·
series whose 5th and 8th terms are 80 and
640

/Find the GP whose 4th and 7th terms are ~ and

1
respectively. .is~
f 10, Th• 5th, 8th and
11th ofa GP are a, b, c respectively. Show that b2 = ac.
/ The first term of a GP is -3 and the square of the second term is equal to its
0 4th term, Find its 7th term. ,

;.,d the 6th term from the end of the GP 8 A, 21 • -L .

12, F1.L' ,;r, "''•1024
/.Find the 4th term from the end of the GP i ¾;J, ...,
7
, 162.

_.w4 If a, b, c are the pth, qth and rth terms of a GP, show_, that
~ · (q-r)log a +(r-p)log b+ (p-q)log c = O. •

15. The third term of a GP is 4. Find the product ofits first five terms.
In a finite GP, pro~e that the product of the terms ·equidistant from the
· beginning and end lS the product of first and last terms.
a + bx b + ex _ c + dx
1"l, 17, If~= b-cx - c-dx (x * 0) then show that a, b, c, dare m. GP.
2
If a and b are the roots of x -3x + p = 0 and c an4 d are the roots of
~ _; x2-l2x+q =0, where a, b, c, d form a GP, prove that{q+p) : (q-p) =17: 15.

- - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - - - ANSWERS (EXERCISE 12A)

. , 2" · 128 -3 (-2\(n-l)

1. 486, 2 X3(n-l) 2. 512, (vf2/n+l) 3. 25.6, S 4
· 6561 '4x 3/
5. 11th 6. 10th 7. 12th 8. 5 + 10 + 20 + 40 + 80 + ...
-3 1 . -1 1 1
9. 2'2'6' 18''" 11. -2187 12. 32 13: 6
15. 1024

HINjS-TO SOME SELECTED QUESTIONS

14. Let A-be the first term and R be the common rf ~o of the given GP. Then,
a= AR(p-l) log a= log A+ (p- l)log R ... (i)
y
b =AR(q-l) log b =log A+ (q-l)log R ... (ii)
)
c = AR (r-l_> log c = log A +.(r.-1) log:R. . ; •; (iii)
(q-r)log a+ (r-p)log b + (p-q)log c . ·
= (q-r)log [AR(P-l)] + (r-p)log {AR(q-l)] + (p-q)log [AR(r-l)]
= (log A) {(q- r) + (r-p) + (p-q)) + (log R) {(p-1) (q-r) + (q- l)(r-p)
. . · +(r_-l)(p-:q)l
=(log A) X O+ (log R) X O=0.
446 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

15. Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio of the GP. Then, the first five·terrns
2 3 4
are a, ar, ar , ar , ar .
Also, T3 =4 => ar2 =4. . 4 s 10 - 2 s - s -
Product of first five terms= (ax ar x ar 2 x ar 3 x ar ) = a r - (ar ) - (4) - 1024.
16. Let a be the first term, r be the common ratio and I be the last term of a GP containing
n terms. Then,
(pth term from the beginning) x (pth term from the end) _
' I = (pth term from the beginning) x ((n -p + l)th term from the beginning)
I I
I =T. X T, =arp-t X ar<n-p+l)-l = a,(p-l) X ar(n-p)
p (n-p+1)
= a X (arn-t) = (11x Tn) = (first term X last term) .
_ a+bx=b+cx => (a+bx)+(a-bx),;(b+cx)+(b-cx) => !?..=£.
17
a-bx b-cx (a+bx)-(a-bx) (b+cx)-(b-cx) a b
Similar! , b + ex = c + dx => £ = 4.
. y b-cx c-dx b c
ab =bC = Cd => . .
a, b, c, dare m GP.
18. Let r be the common ratio of the given GP.
Then, b = ar, c =ar and d =ar •
2 3

Also, a+b = 3,ab = p, c+d = 12and cd = q.

2
Now,a+b =3,c+d= 12 => a(l +r) = 3~d-ar (1 +r) = 12 ·
2 .
=> ar· (1 + r) = 4 => . ,2 = 4 => r = 2
a(1 +r)
=> a(1+2)=3 => a=1.
2 5 5
p =ab= ax ar = a 2r = (1 2 X.2) = 2 and q = cd = ar x ar3 = a2r = (1)2 x 2 = 32.
q+p 32+2 34 17
Hence-=--=-=-·
'q-p 32-2 30 15

PROBLEMS ON GP
For solving problems on GP, it is always convenient to take:
./
.I
. .
(i) 3 m.uribers in GP as
.
r,a aar;
. .

(11.') 4 n umbers m a r'

. GP 3, a ar, ar 3;
r
.") 5 n umbers m
(w a r'
. GP as 2, a a, ar, ar 2;
r
(iv) the terms as a, ar, ar 2, ••• when their prod~ct is not given.

· SOLVED EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE.1 The sum offirst three·terms of a GP is gand their product .is -1. Find
these terms. ,
Geomettical Progression
449
The sum of three numbers in GP .
numbers in that order, we get ; 56· .If we subtract l, 7, 21 from these
. an P. Find the numbers.
soLUTION Let the reqwred numbers be
2
a, ar and ar 2. Then
a +ar+ar = 56. '
Also, (a -1), (ar - 7) and (ar2 _ 21 ) . ... (i)
aremAP.
:. 2(ar-7)=(a-l)+(ar2.-21) + 2_
. (")'
Usmg (")
11 m 1 , we get
a ar -2ar+B · ... (ii)

ar + (2ar + 8) =56 3ar =4B _ 16

ar- 16 r=-·
am
Pu tting r = 16 . (i), we get a

256
a+ 16 +a= 56 a2+ 16a +256 = 56a
2
=> a -40a +256 = o
2
=> · a - Ba - 32a + 256 = o
=> a(a - 8) - 32 (a - 8) = o
=> (a - B)'(a - 32) = O
=> a = 8 or a := 32.
16 ·
Now,a=B r= r=2.
8
And, a =32 r= r= ½·
Hence, -the required numbers.are (8, 16, 32) or (32, 16, 8).

EXERCISE 128

/4 what values of x ate the numbers ; 2 ,.x, i_. in(;!!?

, 2. For what values of x are the numbers (x + 9), (x..:.. '6) an.d 4 in GP?

~ e swn of three nwnbers in '~p is f~ ilnd their p~uct•is 1. Find the

numbers. _ . .
4. The sum of first three terms of a GP is -g and thei/ product is -1. Find
/fheGP. .
~- Find three numbers in GP whose sum is 38 and who~e ~roduct is 1728. '
, 6; Find three numbers in GP whose sum is 65 and whose product is 3375.
G} The sum of three numbers in GP, is 21 and the' sum ·of their. squares'~ 18~.
Find the numbers. '
8. The product of three numbers in GP is 216. If 2, 8, 6 be added to them in that
1

order, we get an AP. Find the numbers. ·

9. The product of three numbers in GP is ·1000. If 6 is added to the second
number and 7 is added to the third num1;>er, we get an AP. Find the
numbers.
450 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

--------=-"- - - - - - ANSWERS (EXERCISE .

1<S)
1. x = l or x = - l 2. x = 0 or x = 16 3. 2 , 1, 1 or 2, 1, s
5 5 2
4. 4 , - 1, 3 or 3 , -1, 4 1
3 4 4 3 5. 18, 12, 8 or 8, 12, 8 6. 45, 15, 5 or S, 15, 4S
7. 12, 6, 3 or 3, 6, 12 8. 18, 6, 2 or 2, 6, 18 9. 5, 10, 20 or 20, 10, 5

SUM OF n TERMS OF A GP

THEOREM Prove that the sum of n terms ofaGP with the first term aand the common
ratio r is given by
na, when r = 1;
a(l -l) ·.
Sn = (l _ r) , when r < 1;
a(rn - 1)
(r- l} , when r > 1.

PROOF Let us consider a GP with the first term a and the common ratio r.
Then,
Sn=a+ar+ar 2 +... +arn-i_ .
Case 1 If r = 1, we have
Sn= a+a+ ... ton terms= na.
*
Case 2 If r 1, we have
rSn=ar+ar 2 +... +ar n-1 +ar.n :.. (ii)
On subtracting{ii) from (i),we get
(1-r)Sn = (a...:.'arn) =a(l-;-rn)
I! a(l-rn) a(rn-1)
Sn;: (1-r) or Sn= (r-1).
I
I

a(l -rn)
(l _ r) , when r < 1
Sn= .
· a(rn-1)
(r-l) ,whenr> 1

. REMARK If a GP cpntains n terms with first term = a, common ratio = r and last
term=lthen
l = arn-i_
... (i)
Case 1 When r < l, we have
a(l-rn) (a-arn) (a-Ir)
S=-- - - - - - [using (i)].
n (1-r) (1-r) - (1-r)
· Geometrical Progression 457

11 11 +2+3+ ... +(11- l)I _ n !(11 ~ ))11

p == a r - a r2
:::::>
" 1(11-1)11
:::::> p = a r2
2n (n - l)n
:::::> p 2 ==a r . ' .. (ii)
l - 1}
-{l+l+ +-1-} _(l) l
AJtd,R- a ar ... a,"-1 - a· _r'_'
{}-l}
') (1-r")
:::::> R == (a . (1 - r) · r"
·• (1 - r") ..,)
I
R= a(l - r) · ,<n-t)
. . . . (ll1

On dividing (i) by (iii), we get '

s a(l-r") a(l-r)•r<n-t)
-=_..c.--~------- 2 (n-1)
·R (1 - r) (1 - r") - ar
\
(!)" = {a2,(n-l)_}n =0 2n. ,<n-l)n = p2 [using (ii)].

Hence, P =
2
(!)" ·
EXERCISE.12C

_ Find the sum of the GP: ·1

1
~) 1 +: 3 + 9 + 27 + ... to 7 te~
(ii) 1 + J3 + 3 + 3J3 + ... to 10 terms
Jill) 0.15 + 0.015 + 0.0015 + ... to 6 terws
(iv) 1- 1 + 1 - 81 + ... to 9 terms
2 4
. r,. 1 1 · ·, ·
(1' v-2 + .fi. + v'2 + ... to 8 terms
2
(vi?,. 92 - 31 + 21 - 3 + ... to 6 terms
4
2. Find the sum of the GP:
&' ff +/21 +3.fi + ... ton terms ,
1
(ii) 1-- +-¾---\+ ... ton terms
3 3 3
.@, 1-a+a -a + ... ton.terms(a=Fl) -
2 3

(iv) x 3 +x 5 + x 7 + ... t6 n terms . ·

M x(x+yj +x (x +~i2>-+ x3<.x3+y ) +. :.to~ terms
2 2 3
458 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

3. Find the sum to n terms of the sequence:

2
Ji) (x + x1) ,( x2 + ~1 )2 (x3+ x31 ) , ... ton terms ~.,,
2
2 ,

Ji!f' (x+y), (x2+ xy+y2), (x3+ x2y+ xy 2 +y3), ... ton terms
..y{ind the sum:
I I -3 + 24 + 33 + 44 + .. . to 2n terms.
I I 5 5 5 5
I I ..}< Evaluate: 8
~(2+3") ~ ) 1;5"
n;=l n=l

t,t,ff. ·
6. Find· the sum of the series:
~8 + 88 +888 + .. . to n terms .iv
7 (ii)' 3 + 33 + 333 + ... ton terms
(iii) 0.7 + 0.77 + 0.777 + ... to n terms
7. The sum of n terms of a progression is (2" -1). Show that it is_a GP and find
its common ratio. ·
11 8. in il GP, the ratio of the sum of first three terms is to that of first six terms is
£'~25.: 152. Find the common ratio. ·
W ind the sum of the geometric_s~rt_~s 3_+6+ 12 + ... + 1536.
1
10. How many terms of the series 2 + 6 + 18 + ... must be taken to make the sum
equal to 728?
@ The common ;atio of a finite GP is 3 ~d its last term is 486. If the sum of
these terms is 728, find the first term. •
\ 12. The first term of a GP is 27 and its 8th term is il ·Find the sum of Its first
10 terms.
' 13. The ind and 5th terms of a GP are ~l and / respectively. Find the Sllin of
6
the GP up to 8 terms.
1 14. The 4th and 7th terms of a GP are J7 and 7~9 respectively. Find the sum of
n terms of the GP.
@AGP consists of an even number of terms. If the sum of all the terms is
5 times the sum of the terms occupying the odd places, find the common
ratio of the GP.
@ show that the ratio of the sum of first n terms of a GP to the sum of the terms
from (n + l)th to (2n)th term is-\·
r .

ANSWERS (EXERCI~~ 12C)

1. (i) 1093 (ii) 121(/3 ; 1) .. ') 333333

(ill (' } 171
2000000 lV · 256
255./2
(V ) 128 (Vl') -133
144
Geometrical Progression

(ii) ~"-(-l)"l ... I1-(-a)"I

459
I
4 X 3(n-1) (m) (1 +a)
3x(x2"-1) 2( 2n
X X -1) xy(x"y" -1)
(iV) (x2-1) (v) 2 +----:----
(x -1) (xy-1)

. (l.:ll(x2+ x\n)+2n
3. (1) \ x2- 1 l\
1
(ii) - ( •\x 2f\i'x...::l)-y2l~1~
x -y) , -l y- 1 IJ

4, j:
19 5"-1\ 2
=--- 5. (i) 29544
~ 5211
(ii) ½r2(1t+l) +3" -5
1 (iii) 488280
. _§._l10(n+1)_10-9n1
6, (1) 81 i
(ii) 7 [10(n+l)_l0-9n1 (iii) 1..(9n-1+l)
. fil 10"
3
7, r--2 8. r=-5 9. 3069 10. 6 11. a = 2

12, --;w,
1\
13. 128 15. r= 4

HINTS TO SOME SELECTED.QUESTIONS

7
1 X (3 -1) = (2187 -1) 2186 = _,. _
1. (i) 57= (3-1) 2 2 1093

10
1 X l(v'3) - ll _(3 - 1) X (v'3 + 1) 242('8 + 1) _ , v'3 + .·
5

(ii) 510= ("3-1) . - (~-1) (T3+i) : ,(3-1') . _- 121 < 3 l).

15 3 · _ 0.015 = l._ .
(iii} a= 100 =.20 and 1' - 0:15 10
3 xl1-l)6
20 \ 10 =f]_x 10),
(1000000-1) =lx 999999 :,,,, 333333 ..
s6 = -lo) \20 9 1000000 6 1000000 2000QOO
: .,'

(vi) a=lr=(-i x;)= -: andn=6.

L
460 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

s,Y(::½) f
2 { (-3) 2 { 64
729} 6

@
}

=(H)x(=JVi~

2. (i) a = fi and r = 'Ji = ./3.

S = v7 X{(\13)"-ll X (\13 + 1) =ff. (./3 + l)(3 n/2_ 1) .

n (/3-1) (./3+1) 2

(ii) a = l and r = - l .
3

Sn
= 1x{1-(1)"} _
( 1) -14 1 X
{ -~}=
3"
{3"-(-1)"1.
4x3<n- l)
1+3
(iii) A = l and R = -a.
S =AX{l-R"} _lX{l-(-a)nl)l-(-a)nl _
" (1 - R) - (1 +a) · (1 +a)
5
·
(1v) a =x3 and r = 3x =x2..
X

x3 X(x2n - 1)
s =x
3 Xl(x 2t-1}
.
n ' (x 2 -1) (x2-1)
(v) Given expression
3
= {x 2 + x~+ x6 + .. . t~ n terms}+{~+ x y + x
2 2
y3 + ... ton terms}
2
=x 2(1 +x 2 +x 4 +... ton terms} +xy(l +xy+x y2+ ... ton terms}
2 2
= x2 X1X{(x 2)"-1} + xyxlxl(xy)"-1} x (x "-1) + xy(x"y"-l) .
(x 2 - 1) (xy-1) (x 2 - 1) (xy-1)
II
1 1

I 1:
I'

:~l.l
. It

'
I'

I:
I' I
l
= 2.!._:__
x 2n 2 1)
+ _1 --+2n=
X 2n -1 ) [
X 2"-1 )
[- - x2+ l +2
[ x -1 2 x2n x - 1 x2- _1 ( x2n) n.
I I
I
I
I
Geometrical Progression 465

uinJ,er of bacteria at the .end of nth hour

N = T.n+ 1 = ar(n+l- 1) = 30 X 2" ,

'[he inventor of the ch~ssboard suggested a reward o~one grain ofwheat for
the first square; 2 grains Jo~ the second; 4 grains for the third; and so on,
doubling the num~er of grain~ for subsequent squares. How many grains
would ha.Ve to b)e given to th~inv~ tor? (Note that there are 64 squares in
the chessboard. , .
Required number o~ gr~ .
1 2 3
=1 + 2 +2 +2 + ... to64terms
= 1 + (21 + "22 + 23 + ... 2 63 )_ .
2(2 63 ...:. 1) 64
= 1 + (2-1) = (1 +2 -2) = (2~ -1).

The lengths of three unequal edges of a rectangular solid block are in GP.
The volume of the block is 216 cm? and the total surface area is 252 cm 2.
find the length of its longest edge.
f
Let the lengths·of its ·edges be ·cm, a cm and ar cm.
sot.lfflON
Then, its volume~ (f X a X ar) cm 3 = a3 cm3.
3
. a3=216=6 a=6.
.. . 6' :
So, the edges ·are 6r cm; 6-on and, cm;
surface area= 2[lb+··bh +'lh]
2
r .x6+6
. = zf6r ' x' :i+6r
r xi] cm
r
= 2[36r+ S:~f36] ~ 2
:: 72 X [r+}+1] cm 2.

¼
72 X (r + + 1) = 252
2(r 2+l+r)=7r 2r2-5r+2=0
. 1
(r-2)(2r-1 ) = 0 r =2 or ' r=-
. 2. ·
Each value of r gives th~ longest edge = 12 cm:

EXERCISE 1-2D

t. What will f 15625 amount to in 3 years .~fter. its deposit in a bank which
pays annual interest at the rate of 8% per annum,
. .
compounded annually?
2. The value of a machine costing f 80000 depreciates at the r~te of 15% per
annum. What will be the worth of this'machine after 3 years?
3.. Three years before the population of a village was.10000. Hat the end of
each year, 20% of the people migrated to a nearby town, whatis its present
population?
5enior Secondary school !vfathematics for Class 11
1 1
4. What will~ 5000 aJl\ unt to in 10 years, coll'lpounded annually
aruunn? [Given (I.I)'" " 2.594I · . · · at "' • p,,,
0

5. A manufacturer reckons that the value of a ll'lachine which

t 156250, will depreciate each
end of 5 re"'·
year
by 2{}%. Find the estimated v1':ts
e at th,
. . all
6. The number of bacteria in a certain culture doubles· every h our If
were SO bacteria present in the , ultore ongID y, ),ow m · th,,
would be p,esent at the end of (i) z,,d hm><, (ii) 5th hour and (:;yn hoc,.,.:
"'"' At u,, end of 2nd hou< ~ - 3"1 - " .,, T (50 X 2') , 1h h°"'1
ANSWERS (EXERCISEy
20
. _4. t 12970 )
2. t 49130 3. 5120
1. ~19683
6. (i) 200 (ii) 1600 (iii) 50 X 2"
s. ~51200

SOLVED EXAMPLES
If a, b, care in GP, prove that log a, lo b 1 .
EXAMPLE 1 Let a, b, c be in GP. Then g , og care m AP.
SOLUTION 2 ,
b =ac log b2 =log (ac)
2log b = log a+ log c
log a, log b, log care in AP.

If a, b, c, dare in GP then prove that a+ b b +

EXAMPLE2 Let a, b, c, d be in GP with common ratio c +dare also in GP.
'. r c,Th
SOLUTION
b = ar c = ar2dd . 3 • en,
' =ar
an
. (a+b)= ·(a+ar)=a(l+r):
(b + c) = (ar +-ar2) = ar(l + r),
(c_+ d) = (ar2 + ar3) = ar2(l + r)
(b+c)2=a2r2(l+ r) 2 and (a+ b)(c+d)
• = a2r2(1 +r)2.
468 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

15
ar 3 = x, ar 9 = y and ar = z.
y2 = (ar 9)2 = a2r18 and xz = "(ar 3) (ar 15) = a2r18.
Consequently, we have y2 = xz.
Hence, x, y, z are in GP.
EXAMPLE 7 Three numbers are in AP and their sum is 15. Jfl, 3, 9 be added to them
respectively, they form a GP. Find the numbers.
SOLUTION Let the required numbers be (a - d), a and (a+ d). Then,
(a - d) +a+ (a+ d)-= 15 3a =15 a =5.
So, the numbers are (5 -d), 5 and (5 +d).
Adding 1, 3, 9 re~pectively to these numbers, we get the numbers
(6-d), 8 and (14 +d).
These numbers are in GP.
8 =(6-d)(14+d) 84-8d-d 2 =64
2

d2 +8d-20=0
a2 + lOd - 2d """20 =0
d(d + 10)-2(d+ 10) =0
I I (d+lO)(d-2) =O
d=-10 or d=2.
So, the required numbers are (3, 5, 7) or (15, 5, -5).

EXERCISE 12E
1. If p, q, rare in AP then prove that pth, qth and rth terms of any GP are in GP.
' · ....... ·. \·· n n n ·
2. If a, b, c ate in GP .then show that log a , log P, log c are in AP.
•
1 1 1 1 ,./
,, 3. Ha, b, c are m GP then show that - - , - - , - -. - are m AP.
1og 0 m 1ogbm 1ogcm
4. Find the values of k for which k + 12, k- 6 and 3 are in GP.
5.. Three numbers are in AP and their sum is 15. If 1, 4, 19 be added to them
respectively then they are in GP. Find the numbers.
6. Three numbers are_fu AP and their sum is 21. If the second number is
reduced by 1 al).d the ihird is incre~ed by 1, we obtain three numbers in
GP. Find the numbers.
7. Thesum of three numbers in GP is 56. If 1, 7, 21 be subtracted from them
respectively, we obtain the numbers in AP. Find the numbers.
. a2+ab.+b2 = -b
8. If a, b, c are m GP, prove that b+b
b+a •
a c+ca c+
9. If (a -b), (b-c), (c-a) are in GP then prove that (a+ b+c) 2 = 3(ab +be+ ca) .
If a, b, c are in GP, prove that
2
(i) a(b +c 2)=c(a2+b 2)
("') 1 +1 _ 1
11 (a2 - b2) b2 - (b2 - c2)
,. . Geometrical Progress1on
.
469
2

1 1)
. ( + 2b+2c}(a-2b+2c) =a2+4c
(jjJ.) a
2b2c2(.l+3 +3 ='. a3 + b3 + c3.
(iv) a .. a3 b c
c d are·in GP, prove that
C Ifa b, '
It, (~) (b+c)(b+d) = (c+a)(c+d)

(ii)P
ab-cd = ~
b
2 . 2 2
(iii) (a+b+c+d) =(a+b) +2(b+c) +(c+d)2.
. 1 1 ,t1;-.
1Z- If,, b, Care in GP, prove !hat (• +b), 2b, b C are i/1_AP.

. a, b care in GP, prov~ that a2, b2, c2 in.GP ~e

1J• If
l'I I
. · th 3 b3 -3 - . ·1 •
, --
_If a, b, care~ GP, prove at a ; , c are~ ~P. _ · ...
14 2
care mGP, prove that. (a -+ b ) (ab+ be) (bz + ,..2) . •,
15, If a, b' - ' ., ._ are m GP.
2
c dareinGP,prove~t(a~-b ) (b 2-c 2) (c2-d~) .
16, Ifa, b' ' ' , · are m GP.
If a, b, c, dare lll:,~P then prove that
17' 1 '· . 1_ 1 .
Ta2" + b2), (b2 +c2)' (c2 + d2) are m GP.
. If (p 2+ q2), (pq + qr),..(q + r2) are in GP then prove that p, q, rare in GP.
2

18
. If a, b, c are in AP· and a, b, d are in GP;-show that a, {a - ·b) ~d (d-c) are
19
jnGP. .
10. ·Ifa;b, Care in AP, and a, X, barid b, y, Care in GP then show that x2; b2, y2'are
inAP-, .
J •

- - - - - - - - - - - - - , - - - - ANSWERS.(EXERCISE 12~)
:5. (2, 5, 8) or (26, 5, A6) 6;-(12, 7, 2) or-· (3, 7, 11)
4. (k = O) or (k = 15) \ I•

7. 8, 16,32 -
• • - . C 0• ; • • "" • •- ~

HINTS TO'SOME SELECTEDf QUESTIONS

. - ! :

1. Wehave,2.q =p+r.
Let Tp, Tq, Tr be the given t~rms of a GP with first temrZ'A and commo~ ratio = R.
Then, .
(T/ = ·{AR(q-1))2 = A 2R(2q-2)
2 2 2
and (Tp XTr)= {AR(p-ll X AR(r-l)) = A 2R(p+r- ) = A R(2q- >.

:. (T/ = (Tp X Tr) and hence Tp, Tq, Tr are in GP.

2. a, b, care in GP b2 = ac (b 2)n = (ac)n b2n = ancn .
.:. 2log bn = log an+ log en log an, log bn, log cI' are in AP.
2
3. a, b, care in GP b = ac
log b log ~ .l~c
2logmb =log ma+ log me 2 X log m =log m + lol :M
Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11
470
2x _j_=_L-+_j_ => _L,_!_,_l_ ··
logbm log, 111 log,"' log 0 m logbm log,m are in AP.

4 ll::-1- => (k-6) =3k+36

2

. k+l2 k-6 => k - 12k=3k => k2 -15k=0 => k(k-15)=o

2

k= 0 or k = 15.
6. Let the required numbers be (a -d), 11, (a+ d). Then, 3a = 21 => a = 7
So, these numbers are (7-d), 7, (7 + d). ·
:. (7-d),6and(8+d)areinGP.
So _L = (8 + d) => (7 - d) (8 + d) = 36 => d2 + d - 20 = O
'(7-d) 6
=> (d +5)(d - 4) = 0 => d = -5 or d = 4.
Hence, the required numbers are (12, 7, 2) or (3, 7, 11).
8. Let r be the conunon ratio of the given GP. Then,
2
b = ar andc = ar .
a2+a2r+a2r2 a2(1 +rtr2) 1
LHS= a2r+a2/'+a2r2 -= a2r(l +r.+ r 2) r

ar+a a(l +r) 1

RH5=~=--=-·
ar2+ar ar(l +r) r
Hence, LHS = RHS.
-=-
. '
9. (b-c) (c---a) ·=> (b-c) = (a-b)(c-a)
(a-b) (b-c)
2

=> b2 +c 2 -2bc = ac-a2-bc+ab

=> a2+b 2 +c 2 = ab+bc+ac
=> (a +b+c)2 = 3(ab+ bc+ac) [adding 2(ab+ bc+ac) onb .
· 2 °th side]
U. Letb•arandc•ar .Then, · s.
_L=_L=--1-, .l.=l, and-1-= 1
a+b a+ar . a(l +r) 2b 2ar (b+c} ar(l +r) ·
:. _L+_L=___!_:_+ 1 = (1 +r}
. (a+b) (b+c) . a(l +r} ar(l +r} ar(l +r}
_1...-
ar -2X 2b ·
(l)
H c 1 1 1 .
en e, (a+b)' 2b.' (b+c} aremAP. .
2
13. Let b = ar and c = ar . Then
4 4 2
a2c 2 = a2(ar 2) 2 = a2 Xa2r = a4r = (b )2.
2
19. (a+c) = 2b and b = ad.
2
We have to prove that (a-b) = a(d- c).
Now,(a-b)2 =a2+b2-2ab =a2+ad-a(a +c}
=> (a-b) 2 =ad-ac=a(d-c).
Hence, a, (a -b}, (d-c) are in GP.
2
20• x2 = ab, Y = be and a+ c = 2b.
... x2+ y2 = (ab+bc)=b(a+c}=2b2.
Hence, x2, b2, y2 are in AP.
Geometrical Progression
471
GEOMETRIC MEAN
MEAN Let a and b be two given numbers. We say that c ; the geometri
•• ,;11uc between if G b . c
oEO"' GM) a and b I a, , are m GP. 5

r11eat1 ( . the GM between a and b a, G, bare in GP

Gis G b
-=-
a G
2
G =ab ; G=./ab.
So, GM between a and b = /ab•
(i} The GM between two positive numbers is positive.
REMARKS (ii) The GM between two negative numbers is negative.
(iii) The GM between two numbers of opposite signs does not exist.

SOLVED EkAMPLES
Find the geometric mean between
(i) 6 and 24 (ii) -9 an~ -_25 (iii) -6 and 9
soLunoN (i} The GM between 6 and 24 = X24 = /144 = 12.
{ii) The GMbetween-9 and-25 = J(-9}X(-25) = J225 =-15.
(iii) S~\the GM between two numbers of opposite signs does not
e~ t1so the GM between -6 and 9 does not exist.
Find two positive numpers a and b whose AM (lnd GM are 34 and 16
respectively.
SOLUTION
We have
a + b = 34 and
2
/ab = 16
a+b=68 and ab=25~
2
(a -b) = J(a + b) -4pb = J(68) 2 -4 X 256 = /3600 = ±60
a + b = 68 and a - b = ±60
(a+ b = 68, a - b = 60) or (a +b = 68, a- b = -60)
(a = 64, b = 4) or (a = 4, b = 64) _
Hence, the required numbers are (a = 64; b = 4) or (a = 4, b = 64).
(n+l) + b(n+l) .
EXAMP.LE3 Find the value of n so that a an+ bn may be the geometric mean
between a and b, where a =I=- b.

SOLUTION
Geometricai Progr
· ess1on
.
477
N Let the given numbers be a and b Th
50LLfflO a+b . en,
A=-2- a+b=2A.
And, a, G1, G2, bare in GP. ... (i)
G1 G2 b
a= G1 = G2
Gi G2
a=-andb=-2
G2 . G1
G2 G2
a+b=-1 +-2
G2 G1
G2 G2
2A=-1 +-2
G2 G1 [using (i)].
G21 G2
Hence, 2A = - +-2 •
G2 G1

EXERCISE 12F
1. Find two positive numbers a and b, whose
(i) AM = 25 and GM =20 (ii) AM =10 and GM = 8.
.2. Find the GM between the numbers , -
(i) 5 and 125 . (ii) 1 and [6 (m) 0.15 ~d 0.0015
(iv) -8 and -2 (v) -6.3 and -2.8 (vi) a3b ~d ab 3.
3, Insert two geometric means between 9 and 243. ··
.1 '
4. Insert ilifee geometric means between and 432.
3
s. Insert four geometric means between 6_and 122. .
6. The AM between_two positive numbers a and b(a > b) is twice their GM.
Prove that a: b = (2 + ./3): (2-./3).
.7. If a, b,. can~ u{'AP; xis the GM betwe~n a and b; y is the GM
. between band c; (
· ' , 2. 2 2
then show that b ., 1s the AM between x and y .
r show that tfi.e-product of n geometric means between a and b is equal to the
nth power of the single GM between a and b. .
9. If AM and GM of the roots of a quadratic equation are 10 and 8 respectively
then obtain the quadratic equation.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ANSWERS (EXERCISE 12F)

1. (i) (a = 40 and b = 10) or (a = 10 and b = 40) ,.,-,; _,_

(ii)(a = 16 and b = 4) or (a = 4 and b = 16)
2. (i) 25 (ii)¾ (iii) 0.015 (iv) -4 (v) --0.42 (vi) a2b 2
2
3. 27, 81 4. 2, 12, 72 5. 12, 24, 48, 96 9. x ..., 20x + 64 = 0

J_
Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

HINTS TO SOME SELECTED QUESTIONS

1 c.: a+b 2
6. AM=2(GM)
2(a+b)=2~ab 2.fib=l
2 2
a+b+2/ab 2+1 (.fa+./b) _ (./3)
a+b-2.fib=2-l (.fa-./b)2 .- (1)2
{a+ ./b ./3 (.fa+ ./b) + (.fa -./b) - ./3 + 1
fa-./b =T <.fa +;/b)-({a-./b) - ./3-1

la ./3+1 a (./3+1)2 2+./3

<=> ./b= ./3-1 <=>b (./3-l)'J.=2-./3·
7. (a+c)=2b,x=.fib andy= ./be
x 2+y 2 =(ab+bc)=b(a+c)=2b •
2

8. Let G , G , ... , Gn be n GMs between a and b, and let r

1 2
be its common ratio. Then,
a, Ci, G2, ..., Gn, bare in GP.

. .. (i)

n (1 +2+ +n) n 1 n(n+l)

=a xr ··· =a xr 2
= ~n X (}f 2 a~;{X bn/2 [using (i)]

=(./ab)"= Gn, where G =./ab.

9. Let a and b be the roots of the quadratic ,equation.
\ ' Then,x 2-(a+b)x+ab=O.
Now, a+b = lOand {ab= 8 a+b=20andab =64.
2 '2 . '
Hence, the required equation is x - 2.0x + 64 = 0.

INFINITE GEOMETRIC SERIES

THEOREM Prove that the sum of an infinite GP with first term a and common ratio r,
where lrl < 1, is given by
a
S=---·
.(1-r) .
PROOF Let us consider an infinite GP with first term a and common ratio r
where - l < r < 1, i.e., Ir I < 1. '
The sum of n terms of a GP is given by
a(l-r") { a ar"} ... (i)
Sn= (1 - r) :::} Sn = (1 - r) - (1 - r) ·
Since Ir I < 1, so when n increas~s then r" decreases.
Thus, when n oo then r" 0.
r
I

Geometrical Progression 479

n
fun ·____!_ = o.
n-+<XI (1-r)
Hence, the sum of an infinite GP is given by

" ... ex, l

. n= lim -, ·-a - - -
S= lim ar ·
5 n ... ex, (1 - r) (1 - n-
.
r)
n
l .

= (1 ~r) - ~ (;~·,) ={ci.~r) -o}= (1 ~r)

[using (i)].
a .
This gives, S= (l _ r) , when Ir I <' 1.

1. We shall denqte the sum of an infinite GP by S..

RE:t-AARKS
2. If r 2:'.: 1 then sum of an ~te GP is S = oo.

SOLVED
'
EXAMPLES
<

Find the sum of the infinite gwmetric series +½+¼+ (1 £7+ ... 00
) •

SOLUTION In the given infinite geometric series, we'hav~

' 1 1· .
a= 1 and· r = such tJlatlrl = 3 < 1.
3
Hence, the sum-of the gi~en ~te series is
a 1 1 3
S=(l~r)_= (1-½)=. (½)~~-
.. . ..

\
j
Hence, the require~ sum is ½·
(1 -½ + }- ;
l
00
EXAMPLE 2 Find the sum of the infinite geometric series + ...
I
3 ) •

SOLUTION The given series is an infinite geometric series in which

l 1 .
a =1, r =-:: and Ir1I =3.< 1.
3
Hence, the sum of the ~ven infinite geometric series is
a 1 1 3
s = (1-,r= (i +½) = (½) =4· ,

EXAMPLE 3 Find the sum of the infinite geometric series(-: +}6 - ! +... 00
) •
School Mathematics for Class 11
Senior 5ec0ndary
488
_~'where a= 1 and r = cos20 [sum of an infini
- (1 - r) le CP]
1
-~ 1 --.-29·
- (1-cos 0) sin
1
. 29--· ... (i)
-sin - X
y = sin2n4j, = 1 +sin24j,+ sin 44j, +:·· co
n=O . 2
a where a= 1 and r = sm 4j, [sum of an infinit
=(i-:,f' ec;pl
1 _ _j_.
= (1- sin24j,} - cos24j,

cos24j, = ½· ... (ii)

2 4 4
z = cos2n8sin2n4j, =1 + cos20_sin 4j,+cos 0sin 4j,+ ... 00
. n=O 29. 2A
=__!_,where a= 1 and r = cos sm "'
(1-r)
1 . 1
2 2
2
= (l-cos20sin 4j,) 1-(1-s~ 0)(1-cos 4j,)
1
= (. ) = , ( / 1 1 ) [using (i) and (ii)]
1 1) 1 _l 1- 1----+-
1 - ( -X y X y xy

1 - xy
= (l+l-1-)- (x+·y -1)
X y XJ :.
z= xy xz+yz-z=xy.
x+y- 1
Hence, xz +yz - z = xy.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ EXERCISE 12G

Find the suntof eqch ofi the following infinite series:

1. 8+4/2+4+2/2+ ... oo 2. 6+1.2+0.24+ ... co

3. ,fi.-_l_+-1- - -1-+ ... oo 4.10-9+8.l- ... oo

/2 2/2 4/2
2 3 2 3
5. 5+ 52+ 53+54+ ... oo

6. Prove that 911-3 X 9119 X 91127 X ... oo = 3.

7. Find the rational number whose decimal expansion is given below:
(i) 0.3 (ii) 0.231 (iii) 3.52
Geometrical Progression
489
the recurring decimal 0.125125125 ... = o.ffi as a rational number.
8
. i;,q,ress
·tetheValue of 0.423- in the form of a simple fraction.
9
. Wrt th value of 2.134 in the form of a simple fraction.
0
1· Write
'1"he sUlllO
e f .an infinite geometric series is 6. If its first term is 2, find its
11 ll' on ratio.
· c00Ul1.• .,., of an infinite geometric
th . series is 20 and the sum of the squares of
'fhe s~· is lOO. Find e senes.
12- fhe ~fan infinite GP is 57 and the sum of their cubes is 9747. Find
t1tes•sUill
13• theGP-

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ANSWERS (EXERCISE 12G)

2/i
r,,2)
8(2 +v"' 2. 7.5 3· 3 4 100 13
· 19 s. 24
1. 1 (ii) 231 (m···) 39107· 8. 199925
999 9 419 2113
· 990 lO. 990
~003 )
24 72 + 00
38 76 152 )
2 12. (S+5+25 . ... ·
13.
(
19,3'9' 27 , ... oo
11. 3

HINTS TO SOME SELECTED QUESnONS

4.fi. - .1_.
1. a= Band r =-8- - .fi.
= 8.fi. x(v'2+l)=8(2+v'2).
:.
S=-)=(
a ·
(1 - r
8
1 - 1)
r,. (.fi.-1)
, , (v'2+1
412 -

dr--- 1.2 -02

·.
2. a = 6 an - o 15
a 6-_ 60
8 = -2 = 7.5.
5--(l--r)
- =0.8-
-lx.1_=-1·
3. a= 1z and r = .fi. .fi. 2
a
.fi. - 2 .fi. .
---- 3
:. S=(l-r)-(1+½)

4.a=toandr= ~g =-0.9. 00

... s= (1.~a-r)- -- (1 +100.9) =1Q_=_1

1.9 19
_.
)

s.s=(-'+-,+--,+...
2 2 )(3s' s'3 53+ ···.-oo
+ -+-+6 00
1)
5 5 5 l) ( . 3 =- ·
_ +~ , where (a1 =5'
2 '1 = _25 and a2 = 25' '2 25
-O-aj n-~ .
490 Senior &"Condary School Mathematics for Class 11

'I 6. 91 / 3 X 9119 X
!,l~J..+ oo) _R_
9l l2i X .. • oo

.
= 9 (.l 9 27 ·•· =9(l - rJ,where11=!andr=l
3 3
r {1 / J)
(1 -l) I
=9 3 = 9 2 = ./9 = 3.

7. (ii) .r = 0.231231231.. . and 1000.r = 231.231231231.. . .

231
On subraction, we get 999.r = 231 x = 999 .
- 231
Hence, 0.231 = 999 ·
(iii) x =3.5222... 10.r =35.222... and 100.r = 352.222 ....
317
90x=317 x= 90 ·

8. X = 0.125125 ... 1000.r = 125.125125 ....

125
999.r = 125 X = 999 ·

125
Hence, 0.125125 ... = 999 ·
9. x = 0.42323 ... 10.r = 4.232323 ... and 1000.r = 423.2323 ....

990.r = (423-4) =419 X = :~6 ·

- 419
Hence, 0.423 'f 990 ·
10. x = 2.1343434.·.. 10.r = 21.343434- .. and 1000.r = 2134.3434 ....

990.r = (2134- 21) .= 2113 X = _ng

.990 ·
.:_ 2113 .
Hence, 2.134 = 990 ·
11. _g_=6 2-=6 1-r=l r=(i-1)=£·
1-r l-r 3 3 3
12. Let a be the first term and r be th_e common ratio of the given series.
2 . .. (i)
a a
Then, -(l) = 20
-r
----z
(1-r)
= 400.
. .. (ii)
And, - z = 100.
az
(1-r )
2
) 400 3
-a-
2 x -=
(l-r - l+r
- =4 r=-·
(1-r)2 az 100 1-r 5

-r-)
a
=20 a=_B.
(1-5
Hence, the required series is (B+ + + ... oo) ·
, 13. tet a be'.the first term and r be the common ratio of the given GP.
.. . (i)
a
Then - = 5 7
a3 3
-=(57).
, 1-r . (1-r/
Geometrical Pro gress1on
. l
i

491
3+a3r 3 +a3r6+ ... 00 =9747
p.lld, (I 3
___!!--;;-::: 9747.
(1 -r3) . 3 ... (ii)
(1 -r3} _ (57)
3 (1-r 3)
2
~ x ~ - 9747 ==> ~ = 1 9 ==> l_+r+r
(1-r) a (1-r) , (l-r)2= 19
==> 1 + r + ,2 = 19,2 38
2 - r+t9
==> 1~,! -39r+18 = 0 .
==> 18r2 - 27r-12r+ 18 = 0
==> (3r-2)'(6r-9)=0 ==> r=I
3
[.. * 2,as-1
. r .
3 .
<r<lforinfiniteGP]·
---3--y == 57 a= (57 x ½) = 19.
(1-3) .
. dG . 38 76 152
Bence, the reqwre Pis 19'3' 9' 27, ... oo.

EXERCISE 12H
very-Short-Answer Questions · ·,
. If the 5th term of a GP is 2, find the product of its first run'e ·terms.
1
2. If the (p + q)th and (p-:- q)th terms of a GP: are m and n respectively, find ~ts
pfa term. , . :; , · . . . . .
3
If
. 2nd, 3rd and 6th terms of an AP are the three conse~tlve te~ of a GP
then find the common ratio of the GP.
4, Write the quadratic equation)'the arithmetic and geometric means of whose
roots are A and G respectively. ·
a, b,carem · GP and al/x = bl/y =c l/z thenprov~
· thatx,y,zareinAP.
· · · · ·.
a, b, c are in AP and x, y, z are in GP then prove thaf the· value of
b-c c-a a-b • 1 ,· ,.
X ·Y ·Z lS . ··

· 7. Provethat(i,...½+ ; 2 - ; 3 +; 4- ...
00
)= !·
xpress 0.123 as a rational number .
. Express 0.6 as a rational number.
Express 0.68 as a rational number .
. The second term of a GP is 24 and its fifth term is 81. Find the sum of its first
five terms. · · · · '· ·
1

The ratio of the sum of first three terms .is to that of first six of a ~Pis
125 : 152. Find the common ratio. -
e sum of ,first three terms of a GP is 39 and their product is 1:. Find the
. 10
m:mon ratio and these three terms.