BANSAL CLASSES

MATHEMATICS
TARGET IIT JEE 2007
XI(PQRS)

PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION

CONTENTS
KEY- CONCEPTS
EXERCISE-I
EXERCISE-II
EXERCISE-III
ANSWER-KEY
KEY CONCEPTS
DEFINITIONS:
1. PERMUTATION : Each ofthe arrangements in a definite order which can be made by taking some or
all ofa number of things is called a P E R M U T A T I O N .
2. COMBINATION: Each of the groups or selections which can be made by taking some or all of a
number ofthings without reference to the order ofthe things in each group is called a C O M B I N A T I O N .
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING:
If an event can occur in'm' different ways, following which another event can occur in'/?' different ways,
then the total number of different ways of simultaneous occurrence of both events in a definite order is
m x n. This can be extended to any number of events.
RESULTS:
(i) A Useful Notation :n! = n ( n - l ) ( n - 2 ) 3. 2. 1 ; n! =n. ( n - 1) !
n
0! = 1! = 1 ; (2n)! = 2 . n ! [1. 3. 5. 7...(2n- 1)]
Note that factorials of negative integers are not defined.
(ii) If nPr denotes the number of permutations of n different things, taking r at a time, then
n
n!
Pr = n (n - 1) (n - 2) ( n - r + 1)= ( n _ r ) j Note that, nPn = n !.
(iii) If nCr denotes the number of combinations of n different things taken r at a time, then
n
n n! p
Cr = . = L where r < n ; n e N and r e W .
r!(n-r)! rj
(iv) The number ofways in which (m+n) different things can be divided into two groups containing m & n
things respectively is : ( m + n ) - if m=n, the groups are equal & in this case the number of subdivision
m!n!
is ; for in any one way it is possible to interchange the two groups without obtaining a new
n!n!2!
distribution. However, if 2n things are to be divided equally between two persons then the number of
(2n)!
ways =
n!n!
(v) Number ofways in which (m + n + p) different things can be divided into three groups containing m, n
& p things respectively is 5 m ^ n ^ p.
m! n!p!
/A \ I

If m = n = p then the number of groups^

n!n!n!3!'
(3n)!
However, if 3 n things are to be divided equally among three people then the number of ways = - .
(n!)
(vi) The number ofpermutations ofn things taken all at a time whenp of them are similar & of one type, q of
them are similar & of another type, r of them are similar & of a third type & the remaining
I
n - (p + q + r) are all different is: -——.
p!q!r!
(vii) The number of circular permutations ofn different things taken all at a time is; (n-1)!. Ifclockwise&
anti-clockwise circular permutations are considered to be same, then it is •
Note : Number of circular permutations ofn things when p alike and the rest different taken all at a time
distinguishing clockwise and anticlockwise arrangement is^——.
p!

(!iBansalClasses Permutation and Combination [7]

(viii) Given n different objects, the number of ways of selecting atleast one of them is ,
n
C[ + nC2 + nC3 + + nCn = 2n - 1. This can also be stated as the total number of combinations of n
distinct things.
(ix) Total number of ways in which it is possible to make a selection by taking some or all out of
p+q+r+ things, where p are alike of one kind, q alike of a second kind, r alike of third kind &
so on is given by: (p+ l ) ( q + l ) ( r + 1) -1.
(x) Number of ways in which it is possible to make a selection ofm + n + p = N things, where p are alike
of one kind, m alike of second kind & n alike of third kind taken r at a time is given by coefficient of xr
in the expansion of
(1 + X + X 2 + + X ? ) ( 1 + X + X2+ + X m ) (1 + X + X2 + +xn).
Note : Remember that coefficient ofx r in (1 -x) _n = n+r_1 C r (n e N). For example the number ofways
in which a selection of four letters can be madefromthe letters of the word PROPORTION is given by
coefficient of x4 in (1 + x + x2 + x3) (1 + x + x2) (1 + x + x2) (1 + x) (1 + x) (1 + x).
(xi) Number ofways in which n distinct things can be distributed to p persons if there is no restriction to the
number of things received by men = pn.
(xii) Number of ways in which n identical things may be distributed among p persons if each person may
receive none, one or more things is; n+p_1 Cn.
n
(xiii) a. C r = n C n _ r ; n C 0 = nCn = 1 ; b. n
Cx = nCy =>x = y orx + y = n
n
c. c r + nCr_! = n+1Cr
n
(xiv) Cr is maximum if: (a) r = y if n is even, (b) r = o r - y - if n is odd.
(xv) Let N = p8- qb- r°- where p, q, r. are distinct primes & a, b, c are natural numbers then:
(a) The total numbers of divisors ofN including 1 & N is = (a + 1 )(b + 1 )(c + 1)
(b) The sum ofthese divisors is
- (p° + p1 + p2+.... +p a )(q°+q 1 + q2+.... + qb) (r° +r 1 + r 2 +....+r°)....
(c) Number of ways in which N can be resolved as a product of two
„ . 4(a + l)(b + l)(c +1).... if N is not a perfect square
factors is
j [(a + l)(b + l)(c +1).... +1] if N is a perfect square
(d) Number of ways in which a composite number N can be resolved into two factors which are
relatively prime (or coprime) to each other is equal to 2 n_I where n is the number of different
prime factors inN. [ Refer Q.No.28 of Ex-I ]
(xvi) Grid Problems and tree diagrams.
DEARRANGEMENT:
Number of ways in which n letters can be placed in n directed letters so that no letter goes into its own
1 1 1 1

envelope is = n! + —+ +(-1)
/ IV.
v
—
2! 3! 4! ' n!
(xvii) S ome times studentsfindit difficult to decide whether a problem is on permutation or combination or
both. Based on certain words / phrases occuring in the problem we can fairly decide its nature as per the
following table:
PROBLEMS OF COMBINATIONS PROBLEMS OF PERMUTATIONS
• Selections, choose • Arrangements
• Distributed group is formed • Standing in a line seated in a row
• Committee IB problems on digits
• Geometrical problems • Problems on letters from a word

(!i Bansal Classes Permutation and Combination [7]

EXERCISE-I

Q.l In how many ways 8 persons can be seated on a round table

(a) If two of them (say Aand B) must not sit in adjacent seats.
(b) If 4 of the persons are men and 4 ladies and if no two men are to be in adjacent seats.
(c) If 8 persons constitute 4 married couples and if no husband and wife, as well as no two men, are to be
in adjacent seats?

Q.2 A box contains 2 white balls, 3 black balls & 4 red balls. In how many ways can 3 balls be selected from
the box if atleast 1 black is to be included in the draw ?

Q.3 How manyfivedigits numbers divisible by 3 can be formed using the digits 0, l,2,3,4,7and8 ifeach
digit is to be used atmost once.

Q.4 During a draw of lottery, tickets bearing numbers 1, 2, 3, , 40, 6 tickets are drawn out & then
arranged in the descending order of their numbers. In how many ways, it is possible to have 4th ticket
bearing number 25.

Q.5 In how many ways can a team of 6 horses be selected out of a stud of 16, so that there shall always be
3 out of AB C A' B' C ' , but never A A ' , B B' or C C' together.

Q.6 5 boys & 4 girls sit in a straight line. Find the number ofways in which they can be seated if 2 girls are
together & the other 2 are also together but separatefromthefirst2.

Q.7 In how many ways can you divide a pack of 52 cards equally among 4 players. In how many ways the
cards can be divided in 4 sets, 3 of them having 17 cards each & the 4th with 1 card.

Q. 8 Find the number ofways in which 2 identical kings can be placed on an 8 x 8 board so that the kings are
not in adjacent squares. How many on n x m chessboard?

Q.9 The Indian cricket team with eleven players, the team manager, the physiotherapist and two umpires are
to travelfromthe hotel where they are staying to the stadium where the test match is to be played. Four
of them residing in the same town own cars, each a four seater which they will drive themselves. The bus
which was to pick them up failed to arrive in time after leaving the opposite team at the stadium. In how-
many ways can they be seated in the cars ? In how many ways can they travel by these cars so as to
reach in time, if the seating arrangement in each car is immaterial and all the cars reach the stadium by the
same route.

Q.IO How many 4 digit numbers are there which contains not more than 2 different digits?

Q.ll An examination paper consists of 12 questions divided into parts A & B.

Part-A contains 7 questions & Part - B contains 5 questions. A candidate is required to attempt 8
questions selecting atleast 3fromeach part. In how many maximum ways can the candidate select the
questions ?

Q.12 A crew of an eight oar boat has to be chosen out of 11 menfiveof whom can row on stroke side only,
four on the bow side only, and the remaining two on either side. How many different selections can be
made?

faBansal Classes Permutation and Combination [4]

Q.13 There are p intermediate stations on a railway line from one terminus to another. In how many ways can
a train stop at 3 of these intermediate stations if no 2 of these stopping stations are to be consecutive ?

Q.14 The straight lines l x , l2 & /3 are parallel & lie in the same plane. A total of m points are taken on the line
/j, n points on l2 & k points on /3. How many maximum number oftriangles are there whose vertices are
at these points?

Q. 15 Prove that if each of m points in one straight line be joined to each of n in another by straight lines

terminated by the points, then excluding the given points, the lines will intersect — mn(m - l)(n -1) times.
4

Q.16 Afirmof Chartered Accountants in Bombay has to send 10 clerks to 5 different companies, two clerks
in each. Two of the companies are in Bombay and the others are outside. Two of the clerks prefer to
work in Bombay while three others prefer to work outside. In how many ways can the assignment be
made if the preferences are to be satisfied.

Q.17 Find the number of words each consisting of 3 consonants & 3 vowels that can be formed from the
letters of the word "Circumference". In how many of these c's will be together.

Q.18 There are n straight lines in a plane, no 2 of which parallel, & no 3 pass through the same point. Their
point of intersection are joined. Show that the number of fresh lines thus introduced is
n(n-l)(n-2)(n-3)
8

Q. 19 Find the number of distinct throws which can be thrown with 'n' six faced normal dice which are
indistinguishable among themselves.

Q . 20 There are 2 women participating in a chess tournament. Every participant played 2 games with the other
participants. The number of games that the men played between themselves exceeded by 66 as compared
to the number of games that the men played with the women. Find the number of participants & the total
numbers of games played in the tournament.

Q.21 Find the number of ways 10 apples, 5 oranges & 5 mangoes can be distributed among 3 persons, each
receiving none, one or more. Assume that the fruits ofthe same species are ail alike.

Q.22 All the 7 digit numbers containing each of the digits 1,2,3,4, 5, 6,7 exactly once, and not divisible by
5 are arranged in the increasing order. Find the (2004)th number in this list.

Q. 23 (a) How many divisors are there of the number x = 21600. Find also the sum of these divisors.
(b) In how many ways the number 7056 can be resolved as a product of 2 factors.
(c) Find the number of ways in which the number 300300 can be split into 2 factors which are
relatively prime.

Q. 24 There are 5 white, 4 yellow, 3 green, 2 blue & 1 red ball. The balls are all identical except for colour.
These are to be arranged in a line in 5 places. Find the number of distinct arrangements.

(!i Bansal Classes Permutation and Combination [7]

Q.25 (1) Prove that: nPr = n"1Pr + r. n"1Pr_1
00 If 20 C r+2 = 20 C 2r _ 3 find 12 C r
(iii) Find the ratio 20Cr to 25Cr when each of them has the greatest value possible.
(iv) Prove that n_1 C3 + C4 > nC3 if n > 7.
(v) Find r if 15C3r = 15Cr+3

Q. 26 In a certain town the streets are arranged like the lines of a chess board. There are 6 streets running north
& south and 10 running east & west. Find the number ofways in which a man can gofromthe north-west
corner to the south-east corner covering the shortest possible distance in each case.

Q.27 A train goingfromCambridge to London stops at nine intermediate stations. 6 persons enter the train
during the journey with 6 different tickets of the same class. How many different sets ofticket may they
have had?

Q.28 How many arrangements each consisting of 2 vowels & 2 consonants can be made out of the letters of
the word4 DEVASTATION' ?

Q. 29 0 If'ri things are arranged in circular order, then show that the number ofways of selecting four of
the things no two ofwhich are consecutive is
n(n - 5) (n - 6) (n - 7)
4!
(ii) If the 'ri things are arranged in a row, then show that the number of such sets of four is
(n-3)(n-4)(n-5)(n-6)
4!
Q. 3 0 There are 20 books on Algebra & Calculus in our library. Prove that the greatest number of selections
each ofwhich consists of 5 books on each topic is possible only when there are 10 books on each topic
in the library.

EXERCISE-II

Q. 1 There are 5 balls of different colours & 5 boxes of colours same as those of the balls. The number of
ways in which the balls, 1 in each box could be placed such that a ball does not go to the box ofits o^/n
colour.

Q.2 How many integral solutions are there for the equation ;x + y + z + w = 29 when x > 0, y > 1,
z > 2 & w>0.

Q. 3 There are counters available in 7 different colours. Counters are all alike except for the colour and they
are atleast ten of each colour. Find the number ofways in which an arrangement of 10 counters can be
made. How many of these will have counters of each colour.

Q.4 A man has 7 relatives, 4 of them are ladies & 3 gentlemen; his wife has also 7 relatives, 3 of them are
ladies & 4 gentlemen. In how many ways can they invite a dinner party of 3 ladies & 3 gentlemen so that
there are 3 of the man's relative & 3 of the wife's relatives?

Q. 5 Find the number of 7 lettered words each consisting of 3 vowels and 4 consonants which can be formed
using the letters ofthe word "DIFFERENTIATION".

(!iBansalClasses Permutation and Combination [7]

Q.6 A shop sells 6 different flavours of ice-cream. In how many ways can a customer choose 4 ice-cream
cones if
(1) they are all of different flavours
(ii) they are non necessarily of different flavours
(iii) they contain only 3 different flavours
(iv) they contain only 2 or 3 different flavours?

Q.7 6 white & 6 black balls of the same size are distributed among 10 different urns. Balls are alike except
for the colour & each urn can hold any number of balls. Find the number of different distribution ofthe
balls so that there is atleast 1 ball in each urn.

Q. 8 There are 2n guests at a dinner party. Supposing that the master an d mistress of the house have fixed
seats opposite one another, and that there are two specified guests who must not be placed next to one
another. Show that the number of ways in which the company can be placed is (2n - 2)! ,(4n2 - 6n+4).

Q.9 Eachof3 committees has 1 vacancy which is to befilledfroma group of 6 people. Find the number of
ways the 3 vacancies can befilledi f ;
(l) Each person can serve on atmost 1 committee.
(ii) There is no restriction on the number of committees on which a person can serve.
(iii) Each person can serve on atmost 2 committees.

Q . 10 A party of 10 consists of 2 Americans, 2 Britishmen, 2 Chinese & 4 men of other nationalities (all
different). Find the number of ways in which they can stand in a row so that no two men ofthe same
nationality are next to one another. Find also the number of ways in which they can sit at a round table,

Q.ll 5 balls are to be placed in 3 boxes. Each box can hold all 5 balls. In how many different ways can we
place the balls so that no box remains empty if,
(i) balls & boxes are different (ii) balls are identical but boxes are different
(iii) balls are different but boxes are identical (iv) balls as well as boxes are identical
(v) balls as well as boxes are identical but boxes are kept in a row.

Q.12 In how many other ways can the letters of the word MULTIPLE be arranged;
(i) without changing the order of the vowels
(ii) keeping the position of each vowelfixed&
(iii) without changing the relative order/position ofvowels & consonants.

Q.13 Find the number of ways in which the number 3 0 can be partitioned into three unequal parts, each part
being a natural number. What this number would be if equal parts are also included.

Q. 14 In an election for the managing committee of a reputed club, the number of candidates contesting
elections exceeds the number of members to be elected by r (r > 0). If a voter can vote in 967 different
ways to elect the managing committee by voting atleast 1 ofthem & can vote in 55 different ways to elect
(r - 1 ) candidates by voting in the same manner. Find the number of candidates contesting the elections
& the number of candidates losing the elections.

Q.15 Find the number of three digits numbersfrom100 to 999 inclusive which have any one digit that is the
average ofthe other two.

(!i Bansal Classes Permutation and Combination [7]

Q.16 Prove by combinatorial argument that:
n+I
(a) C r = »Cr + »C r _ 1
/T-A n + nif>
c —c Jif . mr 4. n/» . m^ 4. C. > C• C.
W r 0 r 1 r- 1 2 r-2 r 0'
Q.17 A man has 3 friends. In how many ways he can invite one friend everyday for dinner on 6 successive
nights so that nofriendis invited more than 3 times.

Q.18 12 persons are to be seated at a square table, three on each side. 2 persons wish to sit on the north side
and two wish to sit on the east side. One other person insists on occupying the middle seat (which may
be on any side). Find the number of ways they can be seated.

Q.19 There are 15 rowing clubs; two of the clubs have each 3 boats on the river;fiveothers have each 2 and
the remaining eight have each 1;findthe number ofways in which a list can be formed ofthe order ofthe
24 boats, observing that the second boat of a club cannot be above the first and the third above the
second. How many ways are there in which a boat of the club having single boat on the river is at the
third place in the list formed above?

Q.20 25 passengers arrive at a railway station & proceed to the neighbouring village. At the station there are
2 coaches accommodating 4 each & 3 carts accommodating 3 each, Find the number ofways in which
they can proceed to the village assuming that the conveyances are always fully occupied & that the
conveyances are all distinguishablefromeach other.

Q.21 An 8 oared boat is to be manned by a crew chosen from 14 men ofwhich 4 can only steer but can not
row & the rest can row but cannot steer. Of those who can row, 2 can row on the bow side. In how
many ways can the crew be arranged.

Q. 22 How many 6 digits odd numbers greater than 60,0000 can be formed from the digits 5, 6, 7, 8,9,0 if
(i) repetitions are not allowed (ii) repetitions are allowed.

Q. 23 Find the sum of all numbers greater than 10000 formed by using the digits 0 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 no digit being
repeated in any number.

Q. 24 The members of a chess club took part in a round robin competition in which each plays every one else
once. All members scored the same number of points, except four juniors whose total score were 17. J.
How many members were there in the club? Assume that for each win a player scores 1 point, for di uw
1/2 point and zero for losing.

Q.25 In Indo-Pak one day International cricket match at Shaijah, India needs 14 runs to win just before the
start ofthefinalover. Find the number ofways in which India just manages to win the match (i.e. scores
exactly 14 runs), assuming that all the runs are made off the bat & the batsman can not score more than
4 runs off any ball.

Q.26 A man goes in for an examination in which there are 4 papers with a maximum of m marks for each
paper; show that the number of ways of getting 2m marks on the whole is
I (m+ l)(2m 2 + 4m + 3).

Q.27 The number of ways in which 2n things of 1 sort, 2n of another sort & 2n of a 3rd sort can be divided
between 2 persons so that each may have 3 n things is 3 n 2 +3 n + I.

(!iBansalClasses Permutation and Combination [7]

Q. 28 Six faces of an ordinary cubical die marked with alphabets A, B, C, D, E and F is thrownntimes and the
list of n alphabets showing up are noted. Find the total number ofways in which among the alphabets
A, B, C, D, E and F only three of them appear in the list.
Q.29 Find the number of integer betwen 1 and 10000 with at least one 8 and atleast one 9 as digits.

Q.30 The number of combinations n together of 3n letters of which n are 'a' and n are 'b' and the rest unlike is
(n + 2). 2"- 1 .
EXERCISE-III

Q.l Let n & k be positive integers such that n > kfr+1). The number of solutions
(xj.xj,.... , x k ) , x j > 1, X j > 2,... , x k > k , all integers, satisfying Xj + X2+.... +x k =n,
is . [ JEE '96,2 ]

Q. 2 Find the total numb er of ways of selectingfivelettersfromthe letters of the word INDEPENDENT.
[REE'97, 6]

Q.3 Select the correct alternative(s). [ JEE '98, 2 + 2 ]

(l) Number of divisors of the form 4n + 2 ( n > 0) of the integer 240 is
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C)10 (D)3
(ii) An n-digit number is a positive number with exactly 'n' digits. Nine hundred distinct n-digit numbers are
to be formed using only the three digits 2, 5&7. The smallest value ofn for which this is possible is :
(A) 6 (B)7 (C)8 (D)9

Q.4 How many different nine digit numbers can be formedfromthe number 2233 55888 by rearranging its
digits so that the odd digits occupy even positions ? [JEE '2000, (Scr)]
(A) 16 (B) 36 (C) 60 (D) 180

Q. 5 Let Tn denote the number of triangles which can be formed using the vertices of a regular polygon of
' n' sides. If T n + 1 - Tn = 21, then V equals: [ JEE '2001, (Scr) ]
(A) 5 (B)7 (C)6 (D)4

Q.6 The number of arrangements of the letters of the word BANANAin which the two N's do not appear
adj acently is [JEE 2002 (Screening), 3 ]
(A) 40 (B) 60 (C) 80 (D) 100

Q.7 Number of points with integral co-ordinates that lie inside a triangle whose co-ordinates are
(0, 0), (0, 21) and (21,0) [JEE 2003 (Screening), 3]
(A) 210 (B) 190 (C) 220 (D)None
(n 2 ) !
Q. 8 Using permutation or otherwise, prove that . ..„ is an integer, where n is a positive integer.
(n!)
[JEE 2004, 2 out of 60]
Q.9 A rectangle with sides 2m - 1 and 2n - 1 is divided into squares ofunit length by
drawing parallel lines as shown in the diagram, then the number of rectangles
possible with odd side lengths is
(A) (m + n+ l) 2 (B) 4m + n ~ 1
(C) m2n2 (D) mn(m + l)(n + 1)
[JEE 2005 (Screening), 3]

(!iBansalClasses Permutation and Combination [7]

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-I
Q.l (a) 5-(6!), (b) 3! • 4!, (c) 12

Q.2 6 if the balls of the same colour are alike & 64 if the balls of the same colour are different
24
Q.3 744 Q.4 C2 . 15C3 Q.5 960 Q.6 43200

111.4!
Q J Q 8
' n[*C2-(m-l) + m[»C2-(n-l)] Q.9 12!;(3!)42|

Q.IO 576 Q.ll 420 Q.12 145 Q.13 P~2C.

m+n+k
Q.14 C 3 - (mC3 + nC3 + k C 3 ) Q.16 5400 Q,17 22100,52

n+5
Q.19 C, Q.20 13 , 156 Q.21 29106 Q.22 4316527

Q.23 (a) 72 ; 78120 ; (b) 23 ; (c) 32 Q.24 2111

(14)! 45
Q.25 (ii) 792 ; (iii) ^ ; (v) r = 3 Q.26 Q.27 Cfi
5!9!

Q.28 1638
EXERCISE-II
49
Q.l 44 Q.2 2600 Q.3 710 ; | — | 10 Q.4 485

Q.5 532770 Q.6 (i) 15, (ii) 126, (iii) 60, (iv) 105 Q.7 26250

Q.9 120, 216, 210 Q. 10 (i) linear: (47) 8! ; (ii) circular: (244). 6!

Q.ll (i) 150 ; (ii) 6 ; (iii) 25; (iv)2; (v) 6

Q.12 (i) 3359 ; (ii) 59; (iii) 359 Q.13 61,75 Q.14 10,3

(!iBansalClasses Permutation and Combination [7]

Q.15 121 Q.17 510 Q.18 2! 3! 8!

Q.22 240,15552 Q.23 3119976 Q.24 27

6
Q.25 1506 Q.28 C3[3n - ^ ^ - 2) - 3C2]

Q.29 974
EXERCISE-III
m
Q.l Ck_, where m = (1/2) (2n - k2 + k - 2)

Q.2 72 Q.3 (i) A; (ii) B Q.4 C

Q.5 B Q.6 A Q.7 B

Q.9 C

(!i Bansal Classes Permutation and Combination [7]