CDI NOTES - a science 

because it involves the

application of knowledge of forensic
Etymology of Investigation sciences.
The term came from the Latin word - a process because it involves
INVESTIGARE (vestigare in some systematic procedure.
books) which means “to track or to look
into for traces”. TIMELINE AND PERSONALITIES IN
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
Fundamentally, it may have been
derived from VESTIGIUM, another Latin 2100 B. C. BABYLON: as civilization
word which means footprint. (MS developed, social and cultural traditions
Encarta Reference Library, 2009) were codified into formal laws.
The Code of Hammurabi was then
Criminal Investigation came from the implemented to detect those who
Latin term Investigat, which means “to refused to obey the law. It imposes
inquire or to discover” during the 5th the Lex Taliones
century (Microsoft® Encarta® 2008. ©
1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation). 5th CENTURY B.C., ROME: Rome
created the first specialized
  investigative unit. It was named as
Definition of Terms QUESTORS/TRACKERS/MURDERERS
due to their cruel treatment to suspects
Investigation refers to the process of in investigating crimes.
carrying out a detailed examination or
inquiry usually in official manner, to 6th CENTURY B.C. ATHENS: Unpaid
discover something or somebody. magistrates (judges), were appointed by
the citizens to make decisions for the
Criminal Investigation is a logical cases presented to them.
process of collection and analysis of
facts about persons, things and places 9th CENTURY. ENGLAND: King Alfred
relative to a crime. It includes: the Great established a system of
“mutual pledge” (social Control), which
- Identification of the guilty party organized for the security of the country
- The location of the whereabouts of the into several levels;
guilty party, and AT ABOUT THE TIME OF CHRIST,
- Providing admissible evidence to ROME: The Roman Emperor Augustus
establish the guilt of the parties involved picked out special, highly qualified
in the crime. members of the military to form the
Praetorian Guard, the Praefectus Urbi
Criminal investigation is an and the Vigiles of Rome.
undertaking that seeks, collects, and
gathers evidence of a crime for a case 1285 A.D., ENGLAND: THE STATUTE
or specific purpose OF WINCHESTER was enacted
establishing a rudimentary criminal
Criminal Investigation as an art based justice system in which most of the
on intuition and sometimes by chance.
responsibility for law enforcement of our present-day credit card system.
remained with the people themselves. He is credited, as the founder of La
Surete, France’s National Detective
1720’s, ENGLAND: JONATHAN WILD Organization.
– He was a buckle maker and a brothel
operator; a master criminal who became 1829, LONDON: ROBERT PEEL – The
the London’s most effective criminal founder and chief organizer of London
investigator. Metropolitan Police. He introduced the
techniques in detecting crimes such as
1750s, ENGLAND: HENRY FIELDING detectives concealing themselves, and
– An English man who wrote a novel secretly photographing and recording
entitled “TOM JONES” and was conversations.
appointed as magistrate (sheriff) for the
areas of Westminster and Middle Age, 1833, ENGLAND: London Metropolitan
London. He was the creator of the Bow Police employed the first undercover
Street Runners. officer.
1753, ENGLAND: JOHN FIELDING 1835, TEXAS RANGERS was organized
– The younger brother of Henry Fielding as the first law enforcement agency
who took over the control of Bow Street with statewide investigative authority.
Court in 1753. Despite of his closed This is the forerunner of the Federal
vision (blind), he guided the runners, Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
they became quite effective.
1839, BIRTH YEAR OF
1800, LONDON: PATRICK PHOTOGRAPHY: WILLIAM HENRY
COLQUHOUN – A prominent London FOX TALBOT explained a photographic
President who proposed the unique process he had invented to the Royal
idea of creating sizeable uniformed Society of London.
force to police the city of London in
order to remedy the public outcry (1847-1915), DR. HANS GROSS – The
concerning the increase of criminality earliest advocate of criminal
during the early 1800s. investigation as a science.

EARLY 18TH CENTURY, 1852, U.S.A: CHARLES DICKENS is a

ENGLAND: The first body of great novelist in which through his story
public-order officers to be named police entitled bleak house, he introduced the
in England was the Marine Police, a term detective to the English language
force established in 1798 to protect (Adams & Taylor, 1995).
merchandise in the port of London. 1852, U.S.A: ALLAN PINKERTON was
1811, FRANCE: EUGENE the America’s foremost private
“FRANCOIS” VIDOCQ - established a detective. This individual truly deserves
squad of ex-convicts to aid the Paris the title of “America’s Founder of
Police in investigating crimes. He Criminal Investigation.” Among methods
worked under the theory of “Set a thief pioneered were “shadowing,” the art of
to catch a thief.” He introduced the suspects surveillance, “roping,” working
concept of “Trade Protection
Society,” which became the forerunner
in undercover capacity, they have the 1892, ENGLAND: FRANCIS GALTON
motto, “We never sleep.” – An English man who published his
study on classifying fingerprints and
1856, U.S.A: KATE WAYNE: The first recognized the uniqueness of the
woman detective in the history of fingerprints to be used as evidence
criminal investigation. She was hired by against a suspect
the Pinkerton Agency and contributed
to the resolutions of big cases of the 1909-1924 JOHN EDGAR HOOVER
United States of America. – He became the head of the Federal
Bureau of Investigation, which was
1866, U.S.A: THOMAS BYRNES - He is established by the attorney general from
an unusually keen-minded individual 1909 to 1924.
who trained his detectives in
recognizing individual criminal 1913, PHILIPPINES - The genesis of
techniques. He founded the criminal Criminal Investigation in the Manila
“modus operandi,” or method/mode of Police Department, presently the
operation. Western Police District took place.
1866, LIBERTY, MISSOURI, USA: THE 1918, ENGLAND, a new concept was
JESSIE JAMES GANG made the first introduced in the field of Criminal
hold-up which marks the beginning of Investigation. This is known as “Team
the gang’s 15-year hold-up and robbery Policing.”
spree (12 bank hold-ups and 12 train
stage coach robberies in 11 states). 1954, USA: DR. PAUL KIRK – The best
Clay County Savings Association was known Criminalist who headed the
their first victim and their take was Department of Criminalistics at the
$60,000.00. University of California, USA.

1877, ENGLAND: HOWARD VINCENT 1966, USA: MIRANDA Vs ARIZONA

– He headed the newly organized – The US Supreme Court established
Criminal Investigation Department in procedural guidelines for taking criminal
Scotland Yard. confessions. The case is the origin of
the present Miranda rights of every
1882, FRANCE: ALPHONSE accused under the custody of police.
BERTILLON – A French Police Clerk
who introduced and established the first RELEVANT LAWS/ PROVISIONS
systematic identification system based APPLICABLE IN CRIMINAL
on the Anthropological Signalment INVESTIGATION
(Anthropometry). He is considered as  ACT No. 175. The law that establishes
the founder of Criminal Investigation. the Insular Police Force which was
1887, DR. ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE – entitled “An Act Providing For The
He popularized the scientific Criminal Organization And Government of an
Investigation by creating the fictional Insular Constabulary.” It is the organic
detective Sherlock Holmes and his act creating the Philippine Constabulary
friend Watson. (PC). Approved July 18, 1901.
ACT No. 225. This is the law which PD No. 482. The law that integrates the
established the Philippine Constabulary. police force in the provincial level
Approved October 3, 1901. particularly the provinces of Pampanga,
Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, and Misamis
REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE OF Oriental. This was approved June 13,
1917, SECTION 825. The Law stated 1974.
that the Philippine Constabulary is a
national Police Institution for preserving PD No. 765. The law which stipulated
the peace, keeping the order and that the office of the National Police
enforcing the law. Commission was under the office of the
Ministry of the National Defense (now
RA No. 4864. The law otherwise known Department of National Defense).
as the Police Act of 1966, It created the Approved August 8, 1975.
Office of the Police Commission (now
National Police Commission). It was RA No. 6975. The law otherwise known
under the Office of the President and as the Department of Interior and Local
was created as the supervisory agency Government (DILG) Act of 1990. This is
to oversee the training and the law that created the PNP and
professionalization of the local Police subsequently dissolving the PC whose
forces. officers and rank and file were given the
privilege either to join the AFP or the
Proclamation No. 1081 was the date of PNP within the period as provided
declaration of Martial Law in the country therein.
by the former president of the
Philippines Ferdinand E. Marcos on RA No. 8551. This law is known as The
September 21, 1972. Consequently, PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of
military officers from the Philippine 1998 which is at present is the
Constabulary (PC) were designated as operational law that governs over the
Officers-in-Charge of the respective PNP. This was approved February 25,
police department of the different cities 1998.
and municipalities and took control of
the supervision, administration and 1987 PHIL CONSTITUTION, Art 3,
operation thereof. Those were the days Sec. 12(1). “Any person under
where a young first lieutenant of the PC investigation for the commission of an
requires a peace officer with a higher offense shall have the right to be
rank including the chief of police to informed of his right to remain silent and
salute him. to have a competent and independent
counsel preferably of his choice. If the
PD No. 421. This is the law that person cannot afford the services of a
integrates the police force in greater counsel, he must be provided with one.
scope in Manila area to test its These rights cannot be waived EXCEPT
effectiveness particularly the first four in writing, signed and in the presence of
cities: Manila, Quezon, Caloocan and a counsel.”
Pasay. It was Mayor Arsenio Lacson
who proposed the idea that police 1987 PHIL CONSTITUTION, Art 16,
should be integrated. Sec 6. “The state established and
maintained one police force, which shall
be National in Scope and Civilian in decipher falsehood from truth and
Character, to be administered and separate the gain from the chaff.
controlled by the National Police
Commission. The authority of the local Acting Ability is the ability to go down
executives over the police shall be to the level of different types of
provided by law.” individuals.

RA No. 7438. An act defining certain Mastery of the Oral and Written
rights of person arrested, detained or Communication
under custodial investigation as well as The Keen Power of Observation and
the duties of the arresting, detaining, Description
and investigation officers and providing
penalties for violation thereof. Courage is the moral fortitude to tell the
truth no matter who will be hurt.
Working Knowledge of laws
THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR
The power to “read between the
Criminal investigator is the superstar in lines.” This is the ability of the
the process of investigation. He must investigator to interpret the words or
be capable of observation and a rational phrases encountered in the process of
thinker. Many times, a police investigation.
investigator is being tested with his
discretion. Working knowledge of martial arts
and firearms proficiency
 ROLES of Investigator
DESIRABLE Traits of the Investigator
Determine whether a crime has been
committed 1. Superior Reasoning Ability is the
ability to analyze logically a multitude of
Identify the victim/s and the offender facts and determine how they interrelate
Locate and apprehend the accused is basic to the investigative process.

Present evidence of guilt for the       Elements from the foundation of the
suspect/s critical thinking process:

Assist in case follow-up Differentiating between fact and

opinion.
Qualities of a Criminal Investigator
Determining cause-and-effect
Perseverance - bring the desired relationships
conclusion in spite of obstacles.
Determining the accuracy and
Endurance is the ability to last completeness of information presented.
physically and mentally.
Recognizing logical fallacies and faulty
Incorruptible Honesty and Integrity. reasoning.
The intelligence and Wisdom of Developing inferential skills through
Solomon. Investigator could easily deductive or inductive reasoning
2. Imagination and Curiosity To determine whether a crime has been
committed;
Imagination means forming mental
images of what is not present. To legally obtain information or
evidence;
Curiosity is the desire to learn by being
inquisitive.\ To identify persons involved in the
crime;
3. Intuition
To arrest suspects ;
This is the immediate apprehension or
cognition – quick and ready insight To recover stolen properties;
without the conscious use of reasoning.
To present the best possible case to the
4. Observational Ability prosecutor.
Under most circumstances, the KINDS of Criminal Investigation
investigator will use the sense of seeing
and hearing, the former being the more Generally speaking, there are only two
significant. kinds of criminal investigation:

5. Organizational Ability 1. Investigation while the suspect is

under arrest and detention; and
The police investigator is continually
processing various types of information. 2. Investigation while the suspect is “at
large”. It means that the suspect is not
6. Legal Knowledge under arrest or detention, as
distinguished from fugitive from justice.
Today’s investigator must possess a
solid grounding in criminal and to a  The Four Phases of Criminal
lesser degree, in civil law. Investigation
7. Cultural Understanding and a Wide 1. The identification of criminal.
Range of Interest 2. The criminal is traced, located
and arrested.
An awareness and understanding of 3. The facts or evidence to prove
cultures different from the investigator’s the guilt of the accused are
own can be of great advantage. gathered.
8. Persistence 4. Pieces of evidence are presented
in court.
Continuing in the face of opposition, or
refusing to give up when faced with an  Components of Criminal
adverse situation. Investigation

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION PATTERN Refers to a series of

similarities that may link particular
Goals of Criminal Investigation cases or indicate that the same person
Generally, the goals of criminal is committing a series of crimes.
investigation are the following:
LEADS These are clues or pieces of - It is usually considered as some form
information that aid in the progress of of inquiry concerning of criminal activity.
an investigation.
Inquest
TIPS Specifically refer to leads provided
by the citizens that aid in the progress - It is an effort to search the basic cause
of an investigation. of an incident such as the commission
of a crime.
THEORIES Beliefs regarding the based
on the evidence, patterns, leads, tips Inquisition
and other information developed and - A more historical description than a
uncover in the case. current usage to describe any
Trichotomy of Criminal Investigation penetrating investigation concerning a
religious issue.
1. Training Being a critical factor in
developing good and competent Probe
investigator is the key to freedom from - Similar to formal investigation is an
bandage of ignorance. extensive, searching inquiry conducted
2. Tools To establish facts and develop by a government agency.
evidence, a criminal investigator must Research
use these tools-information, interview,
interrogation, and instrumentation. - It is the most employed type of
investigation refers to the careful,
3. Technique Essence of tactical patient investigation done by scientist
strategy in investigation. or scholars in their efforts to identify
 Importance of Criminal Investigation original sources of data or causes of
problem.
1. The problem on crimes and criminals
should be carefully studied and Investigative Reporting
provided with solutions. - Relatively speaking, is a recent type of
2. It helps the five pillars of the Criminal investigation pursued by the members
Justice system in recognizing and of the press on their own initiative. It is
identifying criminal and provides clues designed to satisfy two purposes.
or information in promoting social - To attract readers/viewers
justice.
- To get to the roots of the problem
3. An aid in enforcing the laws and the
protection of lives and properties. Categories of Criminal Investigation
according to John Dempsey
 Forms of Investigation
Criminal Investigation vs Non-Criminal
Formal Investigation Investigation
- It refers to official inquiry conducted Criminal Investigation - carried out by
by a government agency in an effort to the police.
uncover facts and determine the truth.
Non-Criminal Investigation - involves Recognition- involves the efforts of
on non-criminal incidents or events. identifying data, including physical
things that may provide relevant
 Reactive Investigation vs Proactive information regarding the criminal case
Investigation being investigated.
Reactive Investigation - initiated on Collection- refers to the act of
the basis of a complaint. gathering those identified data or facts,
                Categories of Reactive or physical things that are significant to
Investigation the case under investigation.

1. Walk-through Preservation- includes act of keeping

the collected evidences in their true and
 - Suspect is easily determined and original for, preventing contamination or
located. destruction of its substantive value.
 2. Where-are-they Evaluation- the process of determining
   - Suspect has been tentatively the probative value of the evidence.
identified but has not been located. Presentation- it is the function that is
3. Whodunit primarily manifested inside the
courtroom.
  - This is a case in which no suspects
are initially identified. STARTING POINTS OF CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION
 Proactive Investigation - these are
designed to catch a criminal in the act - State the problem
of committing a crime. - Form hypotheses
- Observe and experiment
1. Decoy operations are of blending - Interpret data
and decoy types to catch criminals - Draw conclusions
in flagrante delicto.
THE SIX (6) CARDINAL POINTS OF
 2. Undercover operations usually in INVESTIGATION
the form of buy-bust and entrapment.
WHO QUESTIONS: These are
- Buy-bust operation questions used to inquire on the identity
of the victims or offended party, name
- Entrapment
of suspect, accomplices, accessories
 3. Overt Investigation vs Covert and witnesses of the crime.
Investigation
WHAT QUESTIONS: The purpose of
- Overt Investigation - openly these types of questions is to find out
what happened or what took place
- Covert Investigation - in secret before, during and immediately after the
Basic Steps In Crime Scene commission of the offense.
Investigation WHERE QUESTIONS: These are
questions that localize the place of the
incident- the city or town, the district or It is the knowledge or facts which the
barangay, the street or road, the investigator had gathered or acquired
number of the house or building. Where from persons or documents, which are
questions are necessary in specifically pertinent or relevant concerning the
pinpointing the particular location of the commission of the crime or criminal
crime scene. activities.
WHEN QUESTIONS: These are CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION
questions needed to determine and fix AS TO ITS SOURCES
the time, day, month and year when the
crime was committed. When questions 1. Regular Sources
should be specified and as accurate as 2. Cultivated Sources
possible.
3. Grapevines sources
WHY QUESTIONS: These are
questions that endeavor to ascertain the METHODS USED IN ACQUIRING
motives, causes, antecedents, previous, INFORMATION
incidents, related facts, background ELICITATION
occurrences that might help explain the
commission of the offense. - Obtain information through the
process of direct communication.
HOW QUESTIONS: These are designed
to help the investigator determine how - One or more of the parties to the
the crime was committed, the communication is/are unaware of the
means/tools are employed, the crime specific purpose of the conversation.
was discovered, and the culprit enters
 Phases:
the building/room.
- Determination of the mission.
 
- Selection of the subject.
- Accomplishment of the mission.
The Golden Rule in Criminal
Investigation
The golden rule states “Do not touch, Devices in the conduct of elicitation
alter, move, or transfer any object at
the crime scene unless it is properly Approach is the process of setting
marked, measured, sketched and/or people to start talking.
photographed.” Types:
The purpose of this rule is to avoid the 1. Flattery – people are susceptible to
mutilation, alteration and contamination praise.
(MAC) of the physical evidences found
at the crime scene. Variants:

INFORMATION Teacher-pupil approach – subject is

treated as an authority.
Kindred Soul approach – subject is It literally means putting a thing or place
placed in a pedestal having some in a case
specialized quality
 Methods:
Good Samaritan approach – sincere
and valid offers of help and assistance - Personal reconnaissance
are made to the subject. - Map reconnaissance
Partial disagreement approach - Research
–produce talking by the word “I’m sure”
if I fully agree. - Prior information

2. Provocative approach – utilization of - Hearsay

conversational gambits.  Information desired in Casing
Variants: - Area condition and habit
Teaser Bait Approach – elicitor - Active opposition
accumulates the sources of knowledge
about a particular subject. - Disposal plan – in case of possible
compromise
Manhattan from Missouri Approach
– elicitor adapts an unbelievable - Escape and evasion
attitude above anything.
 3. SURVEILLANCE
Joe Blow Approach – it is “I know the
consist of keeping persons, place or
answer to everything” approach.
other targets under physical
National Pride Approach – defend observation
their country and its policies.
 Definitions of Terms
Probe is the process to keep the
Pre-surveillance Conference is a
person or subject talking incessantly.
conference held before a surveillance is
Types: conducted.
Competition Probe –used in Stake-out is the observation of places
connection with the teacher-pupil or areas from a fixed point.
approach.
Tailing or Shadowing is the
Clarity probe – used to elicit observation of a person’s movement.
information in an area which the
Undercover man is a person trained to
response is not clear.
observe and penetrate certain
High Pressure probe – it serves to pin organization suspected of illegal
down a subject in a specific area activities
Hypothetical probe – it presents Liaison Program is the assignment of
hypothetical situation trained intelligence personnel to other
agencies in order to obtain information
 2. CASING
Safe house is a place, building, - Shadowing, Tailing or Roping
enclosed mobile, or an apartment,
where police undercover men meet his - Shadowing or tailing - act of the
action agent. surveillant of following his subject to
detect criminal activities.
Drop is a convenient, secured, and
unsuspecting place where agents can - Roping - surveillant assumes different
leave notes, small package or envelope. roles and identity in order to obtain
information.
Convoy is an accomplice or associate
of the subject. Procedures in Fixed Surveillance

Decoy any person almost similar to the - Using a room in a nearby house

subject used to avoid or elude or building
surveillance. - The use of listening devices and
to record them.
Contact refers to any person whom the - Other surveillant may remain
subject picks or deals with while he is outdoor
under surveillance.
Tools Used in Fixed Surveillance
Made occurs the operation was
compromised. - Binocular or telescopes
- Movie Cameras with telephoto
Lost happens when the agent do not lens
know the whereabouts of their subject. - Wire tapping device with tape
recording apparatus.
Rabbit (Hare) is a term referring to the - Other listening devices
subject of shadowing and tailing.
In case there is difficulty in wire tapping
Test for tailing is the common trick of device, an expert in lip reading must be
the subject when he becomes employed.
conscious that he is being tailed.
The Methods of Foot Surveillance
Types of Surveillance
- One Man Shadow
1. According to Intensity and - Two-Man Shadow
Sensitivity - Three-Man Shadow or ABC
- Discreet Shadow

- Close  4. OBSERVATION AND

DESCRIPTIONS
- Loose
- Observation is the complete and
 2. According to Methods accurate awareness by an individual of
- Stationary his surroundings.

- Moving - Description is the factual reporting of

what is observed.
- Technical
Psychological Processes for Guerilla is a member of paramilitary
Accurate Observation group organized to grass the enemy.
- Attention Strongman is an agent available to
- Perception provide special protection.
- Reporting
Provocateur induces an opponent to
 Types of Attention act to his own detriment.
- Involuntary Cover Action exert influence from
- Voluntary foreign government upon discretion of
- Habitual the sponsor.
 Factors Governing Report 3. Support Agent
- Vocabulary  6.    COVER 
- Time log Cover – any device utilized conceals the
true nature of its acts and/or existence
- Recurrence of similar incidents from the observer.
 5. CLANDESTINE OPERATION  Essential Types of Cover
–COVERT/DISCREET
- Natural cover
      A secret action undertaken in behalf - Artificial
of the government or other friendly - Cover within a cover
forces. - Multiple cover
 Basic Organizational Elements  Hazards to Cover
- Sponsor - Static or document opposition
- Target or rabbit (ordinary citizen)
- Agent or asset - Unhostile active opposition
 Classification of Clandestine Agent (police, security agencies)
- Hostile active opposition (enemy
1. Principal Agent intelligence operatives)
2. Action Agent  Cover Story – a biographical data
Spy is the primary and the most which will portray the personality of the
important human collector agent he assumed.

Propagandist mold the attitudes,  Cover Support –assigned in target

opinions and actions of an individual areas with the primary mission of
group supporting the cover story.

Saboteur undertake positive actions  Organizational Cover – any account

against unfriendly power resulting in the consisting of biographical data which
loss of an article, material or facility. when adopted by an individual will
assume the personality he wants to
adopt.
   - Agent controls the agent
operationally and
7. Undercover Assignment - An administratively.
investigation technique in which an - Rapport with each other.
agent conceals his official identity to - Respect with each other.
obtain information.
 
Uses of Undercover
Basic Agent Management
Used independently to get first-hand
information about the subject of - Agent handler must be in charge of
investigation. the operation.
Supplement other investigative - The act insures the agent adherence.
techniques like:
- Good rapport must be established
Types of Undercover Assignment between the agent handler and the
agent.
- Dwelling
- Work - The agent handler must constantly
- Social reinforce the agent motivation.
- Jurisdictional Assignment
- Combination assignment Key Element of Agent Management
- Rope job – striking up friendship - Direction and Control
with the subject.
a. Leadership            b. Action           
 Undercover Agent
c. Personal example
- Special Qualification
- Knowledge of the language - Natural Weaknesses
- Background regarding events - Agent training
- Knowledge about the customs
and habits - Agent testing
- Physical appearance
Agent examination
- An artist or an actor 
Control
Factors to consider in the Selection
of Action (Undercover) Agents - Authority to direct agent to carry out
task or the requirements in behalf of the
- Placement
clandestine organization in acceptable
- Access
manner and security.
- Primary Access
- Secondary Access Two Categories of Control
- Outside Access
- Positive control
 General Nature of Agent Handling
- Negative control
- Sharing secret purpose.
Termination Problem
- Amount of knowledge the agent has  Motives of Informants
- Inclination to use knowledge to the - Vanity
disadvantage of the intelligence service. - Civic Mindedness
- Fear
- Moral obligation to the agent - Repentance
   Steps of
Informants Recruitment (SIAT)

Provocation - Selection
- Investigation
- Action taken in order to incite reaction - Approach
from a known adversary or to observe - Testing
adversary.
 Factors to consider in Informant
 Purposes Recruitment
- Reveal the true status of an assumed - Sex
adversary. - Health
Make a known adversary take seldom - Ability
demanding action. - Age
- Education
 Provocateur - Personality
- An individual from the enemy forces  Dismissal of Informants
who is deliberately introduced in our
custody with a specific mission of - The handler should avoid antagonizing
causing some unfavorable action or the informant.
reaction on our part. - Explain properly and humanely the
 8.    INFORMANT AND INFORMER reasons of dismissal.

A. Informant - any person who gives - If file of the informant exists, dismissal
information to the police authorities must be in writing for future references.
relative to a crime. B. The Informer is a person who
 The Types of Informants provides information to the police on a
regular basis. They are either paid
- Anonymous Informant regularly or in a case-to-case basis, or
- Rival-Elimination Informant none at all. 
- False Informant
- Frightened Informant INTERVIEW
- Self-Aggrandizing Informant Interview is the simple questioning of a
- Confidential Informant person who cooperates with the
- Mercenary Informant investigator.
- Double-Crosser Informant
- Women Informant Cognitive Interview conducts of
interview upon willing and cooperative
witnesses, to narrate their accounts The interview should be concluded
without interruption. when the witness has nothing pertinent
to offer.
Question and Answer interview style
whereby after each question by the  Reasons Why Witnesses Refuse to
investigator, the interviewee is required Talk or Testify
to answer.
- Fear of Reprisal
  The Golden Rule in Interview - Great Inconvenience
- Hatred Against the Police
“Never conduct or let anyone conduct - Bias of the Witness
an interview if the interviewer has not - Avoidance of Publicity
gone to the crime scene.”  - Family Restriction
Qualities of a Good Interviewer  
- Rapport
- Forceful Personality
- Knowledge of Human Behavior
- Conversational Tone of Voice
- -Acting Qualities Stages of Handling the Interview
- Humility Preparation – investigator should
 Interview Format (IRONIC) review the facts in order that he would
be ready for the questioning.
1. Identity
Approach – investigator must carefully
- The investigator should identify select his kind of approach.
himself to the witness by name, rank
and agency. Warming Up –clear the atmosphere,
promote a conducive ground for
2. Rapport cordiality, respect and trust for each
other.
3. Opening Statement
Cognitive Interview
4. Narration
Rules in Questioning a Person
- Allowing the witness to present in a Involved in a Crime
narrative form without injecting
questions. - Ask Question at a Time
- Avoid Implied Answers
5. Inquiry - Questions should be clearly
- After the witness has told the story, stated
the investigator can make clarifying - Saving Faces
inquiries. - Yes and No Answers are not
Allowed
6. Conclusion
Types of Witnesses According To
Their Attitude
- Know-nothing Type
- Disinterested Type Witness refers to any person who has
- The Drunken Type directs knowledge of facts concerning
- Talkative Type an event or activity.
- Honest Witnesses
- Timid Witnesses Forms of Interrogation
- Witnesses who refuse to answer Direct – the subject is aware but he
INTERROGATION may not learn the true objectives of the
interrogation
Definition of Terms
Indirect – the subject is aware.
Interrogation is the vigorous and
confrontational questioning of a Types of Interrogation
reluctant suspect about his participation Screening. This is usually applied
in a crime. immediately after capture to obtain
Custodial Interrogation or background information about the
Investigation is the investigation interrogee (subject).
conducted by the investigator on the Formal interrogation (detailed). This is
suspect who is under police custody. the systematic attempt to exploit to an
Debriefing is the interrogation of a appropriate depth those areas of the
friendly interrogee who has information interrogee’s knowledge.
at the direction of or under the control Debriefing. It is generally used when
of friendly unintelligence service. the area of knowledge ability of the
Interrogation Report is an oral or interrogation is known.
written statement of information by the Interview. Similar to debriefing
questioning of an interrogee. although it is less formal.
Interrogator is a person who does the Interrogation of lay personnel (special
questioning. type). In this type, the techniques are
Interrogee refers to any person similar to interrogation but special effort
subjected to the interrogation process. must be made.

Screening is the initial examination of Tactical interrogation. The level of

an interrogee to determine the extent of interrogation where the source has
his knowledge. specific and detailed information that
requires a trained expert in the subject
Source refers to any person who for matter to be explored. 
any reason submits information of
intelligence interest usually on a Phases of Interrogation
voluntary basis. - Planning of Interrogation
Suspect refers to any person believed - Approach (Meeting the
to be associated with prohibited activity. Interrogee). The first meeting in which it
is extremely critical because the
outcome may depend on the initial Opportunity to Lie – The suspect is
impression created by the interrogator.  given all the opportunities to lie.
- Questioning. This is the heart of the 6. The Mutt and Jeff or Sweet and
interrogation. Sour Method
- Termination. The termination of the 7. Removing the Ethnic or Cultural
interrogation will depend on various Barrier
factors such as the physical condition
of the subject. 8. Searching for the Soft Spot

- Recording. The interrogator should Additional Modern Techniques of

take notes in cryptic if possible. Interrogation

- Reporting. The end product of an Rationalization –use of reasons

interrogation is the Tactical Interrogation Projection –putting the blame to other
Report containing the information persons, not alone to the suspect.
gained.  Report must be made orally or
in written form.  Minimization – It is the act of
minimizing the culpability of the
The Techniques of Interrogation suspect.
1. Emotional Appeal Physical Signs of Deceptions
2. Sympathetic Approach
3. Friendliness - Excessive Sweating
4. Tricks And Bluff Techniques: - Face Color Change
- The pretense Of Solid Evidence - Dry Mouth
Against The Accused - Excessive Breathing
- Increase of Pulse Beat
-The Weakest Link - Avoidance of Direct Eye Contact
-Drama CRIME SCENE
-Feigning Contact with Family Members       A place or location where the crime
-The Line Up was alleged to have been committed or
it pertains to the specific location of the
- Reverse Line Up commission of the crime. 
5. Stern Approach – The investigator  CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
displays a stern (demands immediate
response) personality towards the       It is the process of recognizing,
suspect by using the following searching, collecting, preserving, and
methods: documenting physical evidence at the
crime scene. 
Jolting –investigator selects the right
moment to shout to the subject with a       It covers the process of identifying
pertinent question in an apparent and interviewing witnesses and/or
righteous outrage. victims at the crime scene, including-on
the spot arrest of suspects.
ORGANIZATION OF CSI disposable evidence equipment and
personal protection equipment.
A.   Overall Coordination
      It carries out the identification,
Depending on the nature of the crime, documentation, collection, marking,
the resources needed at the scene and packaging, and transmission of physical
other variables, crime scene evidence room or the crime laboratory.
coordination may be provided by the
investigator in charge as he or she C.   Investigative Services
moves from one point to another with a
mobile incident command van that       This includes interviewing
serves as temporary headquarters. witnesses, conducting and
documenting the neighborhood
The senior investigator at the scene will canvass and a field interrogation of
ultimately be responsible for what is to suspect if he or she is in custody, and
be done at the scene and what types of carrying out and recording the results of
additional resources are requested.  For a vehicle information canvass.
example, if there is a dead body, the
medical examiner or coroner must be OBJECTIVES OF CSI
called to the scene. To help establish what happened
The overall coordinator will make sure through crime reconstruction and to
that all the members of the crime scene identify the responsible person.  This
team are briefed simultaneously by the can be done by carefully documenting
first officer on the scene so that the conditions at a crime scene and
everyone hears and knows the same recognizing all relevant physical
thing.  This person is also responsible evidence.
for ensuring that there is continuous  THE BASIC NATURE OF CSI
flow of information between members
of the team. CSI is a difficult and time-consuming
job.  There is no substitute for this
careful and thoughtful approach. 
B.    Technical Services Before, one or two investigators usually
perform CSI but today, this task is given
      It is the responsibility of the ranking to a special team of investigators
representative of the department’s particularly in cases of serious and
central crime laboratory or its crime premeditated crimes.
scene processing unit, along with nay
subordinate specialists who are In the Philippine setting, CSI is better
assigned to the scene. known as SOCO (Scene of Crime
Operation) if investigation is done by a
      It is concerned with the actual group of trained PNP Personnel called
processing of the scene for physical SOCO TEAM.  In cases where the
evidence.  This includes establishing a evidence encountered needs special
point for a trash generated by processing due to significant or
processing the scene, including sensational cases, the Scene of the
biohazard bags for the collection of Crime Operation specialists of the
Crime Laboratory should be requested.  Interview complainant and witnesses
The idea of enhancing SOCO was
conceived in the last quarter of 1995 by Maintain integrity of crime scene and
the PNP. protect evidence

A. Cases to be investigated Interrogate the suspect as necessary

1.    Murder Note conditions, events and remarks

2.    Homicide Arrange for evidence collection or
3.    Robbery collect it yourself
4.    Rape with homicide
5.    Arson Report the entire incident fully and
6.    Other heinous crime or sensational accurately
cases as requested and directed by the Yield responsibility to follow-up
higher headquarters. investigator or superior officer
B. The CSI Team
ADAPT, on the other hand, stands for:
The SOCO Team is composed of:
Assess the crime scene
1.    SOCO Team Leader
Detain witnesses
2.    Specialists or Technicians (Forensic
Chemist/Technician, Fingerprint Arrest the suspects
Technician/Expert, Forensic
Protect the crime scene
Photographer, Medico-Legal Officer,
Firearms Examiner/Expert, Take down notes
Measure/Sketcher)
The PNP being the primary national law
3.    Driver/Evidence Custodian enforcement agency in the country has
established protocols in investigating
PROTOCOLS OF POLICE
crimes.  These protocols affirm the fact
INVESTIGATION
that criminal investigation is a process. 
For the first officers who responds to a When PNP personnel investigate a
criminal incident, the acronyms criminal incident, they must observe
PRELIMINARY and ADAPT provide due process of law – there are SOP or
basic guides in dealing with the crime protocols to be followed.
scene. 
 
PRELIMINARY stands for:
Protocol 1 – Jurisdictional Investigation
Proceed to the crime scene promptly by the Territorial Unit Concerned
and safely
      The police station, which has
Render assistance to injured persons territorial jurisdiction of the area where
the crime incident was committed, shall
Effect arrest of the criminal immediately undertake the necessary
Locate and identify witnesses investigation and processing of the
crime scene, unless otherwise directed
by higher authorities for a certain case
to be investigated by other units or (officer-on-case); and, the status of the
agency. case.
Protocol 2 – Office Police Blotter Protocol 3 – Investigation Team:
Organization and Equipment
a. A police blotter is an 18” x 12”
logbook with hard-bound cover that a. All investigators in any police units
contains the daily register of all crime must be a graduate of prescribed
incident reports, official summary of investigation course with a rank of at
arrests, and other significant events least PO2 (pre-requisite to assignment).
reported in a police station.
b. Composition
b. As a general rule, all crime incidents
must be recorded in the official police ·         Team leader
blotter. ·         Investigator/recorder
c. A separate police blotter, however, ·         Photographer
shall be maintained for offenses
requiring confidentiality like violence ·         Evidence custodian
against women and children and those ·         Composite illustrator or artist
cases involving child in conflict with the
law to protect their privacy pursuant to c.  Equipment of the investigator
Republic Act 9262 (Anti-Violence
·         Police line
Against Women and Children Act of
2004) and Republic Act 9344 (Juvenile ·         Video camera
Justice and Welfare Act of 2006).
·         Voice recorder
d. The duty police officer shall record
the nature of the incident in the police ·         Camera
blotter containing the five W’s (what, ·         Measuring device
where, who, why, when) and one H
(how) if the information and inform his ·         Gloves
superior officer or the duty officer ·         Flashlight
regarding the occurrence of such
incident. ·         Fingerprint kit
e. In answering the above 5 w’s and 1 H ·         Evidence bag
and the case disposition, all such
·         Evidence tag
material details about the incident,
including the nature of the action or ·         Evidence bottles or vials
offense; the date, time, and place of
occurrence; the names of the · Investigator’s tickler containing
suspect/s, the victim/s, the witness/es, Investigator’s checklist, anatomical
if any; facts of the case; significant diagram form, evidence checklist, and
circumstances that aggravate or turn-over receipt
mitigate the event or the crime should Protocol 4 – Duties of the First
be entered along with the identity of the Responder
officer to whom the case is assigned
a. Proceed to the crime scene to h. Evacuate the wounded to the nearest
validate the information received. hospital using emergency services.
b. Record the exact time of arrival and i. Account for the killed, wounded and
all pertinent data regarding the incident arrested persons for proper disposition.
in his issued pocket notebook and
notify the Tactical Operation Center j. Conduct initial investigation.
(TOC). k. Brief the investigator-on-case upon
c. Cordon off the area and secure the arrival and turn over the crime receipt
crime scene with a police line or which should be properly signed by the
whatever available material like ropes, first responder, SOCO and the
straws or human as barricade to investigator.
preserve its integrity. Protocol 5 – Duties and
d. Check whether the situation still Responsibilities of the Investigating
poses imminent danger and call for Team
back-up if necessary. a. Take full control of the crime scene to
e. Identify possible witnesses and include the conduct of crime scene
conduct preliminary interview and search; taking of photographs; making
ensure their availability for the incoming sketches; lifting of fingerprints;
investigator-on-case. markings of physical evidence; (chain of
custody) the transmittal of evidence to
f. Arrest the suspect/s if around or in crime laboratory; interview of witnesses;
instances wherein the suspect/s is/are gathering and evaluation of evidence;
fleeing, make appropriate notification follow-up of the case and the
for dragnet operations. documentation and filing of appropriate
charges in court.
g. Prepare to take the “Dying
Declaration of severely injured persons b. Establish a command post in the
with the following requisites: immediate vicinity of the crime scene.
· The death is imminent, and declarant c. Designate a holding area in the
is conscious of that fact; immediate vicinity of the crime scene
(for the media, VIPs and other
· That the declaration refers to the personalities present).
cause and surrounding circumstances
of such death; d. Conduct case conference with the
first responder, SOCO, other law
· That the declaration relates to facts enforcers and rescue personnel.
which the victim is competent to testify
to; and e. Note any secondary crime scene (if
situation requires).
· That the declaration is offered in a
case wherein the declarant’s death is f. Release the crime scene after
the subject of the inquiry (Section 37, investigation.
Rule 130 of the Rules of Court)
Protocol 6 – Investigation of Suspects
a.    Procedures when arrest is made b. Affidavit of Arrest of arresting officers
must be taken immediately not later
· Secure the person arrested. than 24 hours.
· Inform the arrested person on the c. In Inquest cases, the
cause of his arrest and his rights as investigator-on-case and the arresting
provided for in the Constitution. officer/s shall observe Article 125 of the
· Conduct thorough search for weapons RPC.
and other illegal materials against the Protocol 9 – Preparation of Reports and
suspects. Filing of Charges.  The
· Use reasonable force in making arrest. investigator-on-case shall submit the
following:
· Confiscated evidence shall be properly
documented and marked. a.    Spot report within 24 hours to HHQ

· Bring the arrest person to the police b.    Progress report

station for investigation. c.    After operation report
  d.    Final report after the case is filed
b. Booking procedures of the arrested before the prosecutor’s office or court
person or suspect e.    Accomplishment report
·The arrested suspect shall be Protocol 10 – Procedure in the Release
fingerprinted, photographed and of the Crime Scene
subjected to medical examination to
include liquor and drug tests. a.    Ensure that appropriate inventory
has been made.
·Conduct record check.
b.    Release is accomplished only after
Protocol 7 – Taking of Sworn completion of the final survey and
Statements of Suspects.   proper documentation of evidence,
The execution of a suspect’s “WAIVER” witness/es, victim/s and suspect/s.
as stipulated in Article 125 of the c.    If the crime scene is within a private
Revised Penal Code (RPC) shall always property, the same must be released to
be done in the presence of his chosen the lawful owner witnessed by any
counsel or any independent counsel. barangay official.  In case of
Protocol 8 – Taking of Sworn government facility, it should be
Statements of the Witnesses released to the administrator.

a. Sworn Statement or Affidavit of Protocol 11 – Follow-up of case.  The

complainant/s and witness/es must be investigator shall conduct police
taken immediately by the operation to identify and apprehend
investigator-on-case. suspect/s based on the results of the
initial investigation conducted.
Protocol 12 – Preparation of Case equipped with “police line” to secure
Investigation Plan (CIPLAN).  The the place of incident a camera.
conduct of police operation involving
sensational cases, high profile and 8.      Inform the duty investigator
heinous crimes must be covered by (preferably one team of investigators).
Case Investigation Plan.  
Protocol 13 – Attendance to Court B.    At the crime scene the first
Duties.  The investigator-on-case and responder shall perform his or her duty
arresting officers shall endeavor to as stated in Chapter 1, Protocol 4.  In
ensure their attendance during court addition, check the condition of the
hearings while COP/Heads of Units victim while the other members of the
shall supervise and ensure the first responders shall simultaneously
attendance of witness/es. secure the area by putting a police line
Protocol 14 – Uniform of the or any material (like rope, straw and
Investigator.  Prescribed uniform should etc.).
be worn by investigators when 1.    If in serious condition
conducting investigation so as to
identify them as PNP personnel. a.    Bring the victim immediately to the
nearest hospital using emergency
GENERAL INVESTIGATIVE services.
PROCEDURES
b.    Photograph and make a sketch of
The following are the PNP established the victim (if the victim is dead).
procedures in:
c.    Get the dying declaration, if
A.   Receiving walk-in complaints (or necessary.
receiving callers)
However, if there is still a chance to ask
Duty Desk Officer shall: more questions, then follow-up should
1.      Record the time it was reported. be done.  The statement, once reduced
into writing, shall be duly signed by or
2.      Get the identity of the with thumb mark of the victim.
caller/complainant.
 2.    If not in serious condition
3.      Get the place of the incident.
a.    Bring the victim immediately to the
4.      Get the nature of the incident. nearest hospital using emergency
services.
5.      Get the number of victim/s.
b.    Get the identity and other data of
6.      Record a brief synopsis of the the victim.
incident.
c.    Get initial interview from the victim.
7.      Direct the nearest mobile car or
beat patrollers or the nearest police Note: The other member/s of the first
precinct to act as first responder responders shall remain at the crime
scene to secure the premises
 3.    If the suspect is arrested at the the crime, while a member of the team
scene or someone must call an ambulance
from the nearest hospital.  Before
a.    Get the names of the persons who removing the victim, mark, sketch and
turned over or arrested the suspect. photograph his or her relative position. 
b.    Isolate the arrested person/s and Only a coroner or a medical examiner
separate them from any probable shall remove the dead body unless
witness of the incident. unusual circumstances justify its
immediate removal.
c.    Record what time the suspect was
arrested. 6.    Designate a member of the team or
ask other policemen or responsible
d.    Wait for the investigator to interview persons to stand watch and secure the
the suspect. scene and permit only authorized
e.    If the suspect volunteers any persons to enter the same.
statement, take note of the time, 7.    Identify and retain for questioning
location and circumstances of the the person who first notified the police,
statements. and other possible witnesses.
INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE AT 8.    Determine the assailant through
THE CRIME SCENE inquiry or observe him if his identity is
A.   Upon arrival at the crime scene immediately apparent.  Arrest him if he
is still in the vicinity.
1.    Receive the crime scene from the
first responder. 9.    Separate witnesses in order to get
independent statements.
2.    Record time/date of arrival at the
crime scene, location of the scene, B.    Recording
condition of the weather, condition and The investigator begins the process of
type of lighting, direction of wind and recording pertinent facts and details of
visibility. the investigation the moment he arrives
3.    Photograph and/or video the entire at the crime scene.  He should record
the crime scene. the time when he was initially notified
prior to his arrival.  He also writes down
4.    Before entering the crime scene, all the identification of persons involved
investigators must put on surgical and what he initially saw.  He also
gloves. draws a basic sketch of the crime scene
and takes the initial photograph (if
5.    Before touching or moving any
photographer is available, avail his
object at the crime scene in a homicide
services).  This is to ensure that an
or murder case, determine first the
image of the crime scene is recorded
status of the victim, whether he is still
before any occurrence that disturbs the
alive or already dead.  If the victim is
scene.  As a rule, do not touch, alter or
alive, the investigator should exert effort
remove anything at the crime scene
to gather information from the victim
until the evidence has been processed
himself regarding the circumstances of
through notes, sketches and photograph the impression and make a
photograph, with proper measurements. cast or mold.
C.   Searching for evidence 7.    Note stains, spots and pools of
liquid within the scene and treat as
1.    Each crime is different, according evidence.
to the physical nature of the scene and
the crime or offense involved.  8.    Treat as evidence all other items,
Consequently, the scene is processed such as hairs, fibers, and earth particles
in accordance with the prevailing foreign to the area in which they are
physical characteristics of the scene found; for example, matter found under
and with the need to develop essential the victim’s fingerprints.
evidentiary facts peculiar to the
offense.  A general survey of the scene 9.    Proceed systematically and
is always made, however, to note the uninterruptedly to the conclusion of the
locations of obvious traces of action, processing of the scene.  The search for
the probable entry and exit points used evidence is initially completed when,
by the offender/s and the size and after a thorough examination of the
shape of the area involved. scene, the rough sketch, necessary
photograph and investigative notes
2.    In rooms, buildings, and small have been completed and the
outdoor areas, a systematic search of investigator has returned to the point
evidence is initiated (in the interest of from which the search began.
uniformity, it is recommended that the
clockwise movement be used).  The 10.  Further search may be necessary
investigator examines each item after the evidence and the statements
encountered on the floor, walls, and obtained have been evaluated.
ceiling to locate anything that may be of 11.  In large outdoor areas, it is
evidentiary value. advisable to divide the area into strips
3.    You should give particular attention about four (4) feet wide.  The policeman
to fragile evidence that may be may first search the strip on this left as
destroyed or contaminated if it is not he faces the scene and then the
collected when discovered. adjoining strips.

4.    If any doubt exists as to the value 12.  It may be advisable to make a
of an item, treat it as evidence until search beyond the area considered to
proven otherwise.  be the immediate scene of the incident
or crime.  For example, evidence may
5.    Ensure that the item or area where indicate that a weapon or tool used in
latent fingerprints may be present is the crime was discarded or hidden by
closely examined and that action is the offender somewhere within a
taken to develop the prints. square-mile area near the scene.
6.    Carefully protect any impression of 13.  After completing the search of the
evidentiary value in surfaces conducive scene,  the investigator examines the
to making casts or molds.  If possible, object or person actually attacked by
the offender.  For example, a ripped
safe, a desk drawer that has been pried items can be identified by the collector
open or a room from which items has at any time in the future.  This
been stolen, would be processed after precaution will help immeasurably to
the remainder of the scene has been establish the credibility of the collector’s
examined for traces of the offender. report or testimony and will effectively
avoid any suggestions that the item has
14.  In a homicide case, the position of been misidentified.  Markings on the
the victim should be outlined with a specimen must at least contain the
chalk or nay other suitable material following:
before the body is removed from the
scene.  If the victim has been ·         Exhibit case number
pronounced dead by a doctor or is
obviously dead, it is usually advisable to ·         Initials and signature of the
examine the body, the clothing and the collecting officer
area under the body after the remainder ·         Time and date of collection
of the scene has been searched.  This is
to enable the policeman or investigator  
to evaluate all objects of special interest Note: It is also important to note the
in the light of all other evidence found at place or location where the evidence
the scene. was collected.
D.    Collection of Evidence F.     Evaluation of Evidence
This is accomplished after the search is Each item of evidence must be
completed, the rough sketch finished, evaluated in relation to all evidence,
and photographs taken.  Fragile individually and collectively.  If
evidence should be collected as they necessary, these pieces of evidence
are found.  All firearms found to have must be subjected to crime laboratory
tampered serial numbers shall be examination (i.e. firearms for ballistic
automatically subjected to macro examination, hair strands etc.).
etching at the PNP Crime Laboratory.  A
corresponding request to the Firearms G.   Preservation of Evidence
and Explosive Office (FEO) must be
It is the investigator’s responsibility to
made for verification purposes.  The
ensure that every precaution is
investigator places his initials, the date
exercised to preserve physical evidence
and time of discovery on each item of
in the state in which it was
evidence for proper identification.  Items
recovered/obtained until it is released to
that could not be marked should be
the evidence custodian.
placed in a suitable container and
sealed. H.    Releasing of Evidence
E.    Markings of Evidence All collected evidence can only be
released upon order of the court or
Any physical evidence obtained must
prosecutor, as the case maybe.
be marked or tagged before its
submission to the evidence custodian.   I.  Chain of custody
These are information to ensure that the
A list of all persons who came into 2.    The quantity of specimen should be
possession of an item of evidence, adequate.  Even with the best
continuity of possession, or the chain of equipment available, good results
custody, must be established whenever cannot be obtained from insufficient
evidence is presented in court as an specimens.
exhibit.  Adherence to standard
procedures in recording the location of 3.    Submit a known or standard
evidence, marking it for identification, specimen for comparison purposes.
and properly completing evidence 4.    Keep each specimen separate from
submission forms for laboratory others so there will be no intermingling
analysis is critical to chain of custody.  or mixing of known or unknown
Every person who handled or examined material.  Wrap and seal in individual
the evidence and where it is at all times packages when necessary.
must be accounted for.  As a rule, all
seized evidence must be in the custody 5.    Mark or label each of evidence for
of the evidence custodian and positive identification as the evidence
deposited in the evidence room or taken from a particular location in
designated place for safekeeping. connection with the crime under
investigation.
 
6.    The chain of custody of evidence
J.     Transmittal of evidence to crime must be maintained.  Account for
laboratory evidence from the time it is collected
Proper handling of physical evidence is until it is produced in court.  Any break
necessary to obtain the maximum in this chain of custody may make the
possible information upon which material inadmissible as evidence in
scientific examination shall be based, court.
and to prevent exclusion as evidence in
court.  Specimens which truly represent
the material found at the scene,
unaltered, unspoiled or otherwise
unchanged in handling will provide
more and better information upon
examination.  Legal requirements make
it necessary to account for all physical
pieces of evidence from the time it is
collected until it is presented in court. 
With these in mind, the following
principles should be observed in
handling all types of evidence:
1.    The evidence should reach the
laboratory in same condition as when it
was found, as much as possible.