LASER LIGHT SECURTY ALARM

A MINI PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENINEERING

Submitted by
GARRE AKHIL
BRANCH: EEE
PIN NO: 18555A0210
Under the Supervision of
Mr. V. SURESH M.Tech (Ph.D.)
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (A)

CHAITANYA KNOWLEDGE CITY, NH-16,
RAJAMAHENDRAVARAM, AP
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, AP, India
JUNE 2020
LASER LIGHT SECURTY ALARM
A MINI PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENINEERING

Submitted by
GARRE AKHIL
PIN NO: 18555A0210
Under the Supervision of
Mr. V. SURESH M.Tech (Ph.D.)
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (A)

CHAITANYA KNOWLEDGE CITY, NH-16,
RAJAMAHENDRAVARAM, AP
JUNE 2020
GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (A)
(Autonomous)
CHAITANYA KNOWLEDGE CITY, NH-16, RAJAMAHENDRAVARAM, AP

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “LASER LIGHT SECURTY ALARM” is the bonafide
work of “GARRE AKHIL, BRANCH:EEE & PIN NO:18555A0210”, who carried out the
project work under my supervision during the year 2020, towards partial fulfillment of the
requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering as administered under the Regulations of Godavari Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Rajamahendravaram, AP, India and award of the Degree from Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University, Kakinada. The results embodied in this report have not been
submitted to any other University for the award of any degree.

Signature of the head of the Department Department Signature of the Supervisor

Mr. RAVI KISHORE Mr. V. SURESH M.Tech (Ph.D.)
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Assistant Professor

SUPERVISOR

EEE DEPARTMENT

GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

Department Of: __________________ TECHNOLOGY (A)
CHAITANYA KNOWLEDGE CITY, NH-16,
Date: _______________ RAJAMAHENDRAVARAM, AP

___________________________________________________________________________
External Viva voce conducted on _______________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous)
CHAITANYA KNOWLEDGE CITY, NH-16, RAJAMAHENDRAVARAM 533296, AP
CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICATION

I solemnly declare that this project report “LASER LIGHT SECURTY ALARAM”
” is the bonafide work done purely by me/us, carried out under the supervision of
Prof./Dr./Mr./Ms.
________________________________________________, towards partial fulfillment of the
requirements of the Degree of _____________________________ in ___________________
______________ Engineering as administered under the Regulations of Godavari Institute of
Engineering & Technology, Rajamahendravaram during year of 2019.

I also declare that no part of this document has been taken up verbatim from any source
without permission from the author(s)/publisher(s). Wherever few sentences, findings,
images, diagrams or any other piece of information has been used for the sake of completion
of this work, I have adequately referred to the document source. In the event of any issue
arising hereafter about this work, I/we shall be personally responsible
.
It is further certified that this work has not been submitted, either in part of in full, to any
other department of the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, or any other
University, institution or elsewhere, in India or abroad or for publication in any form

Signature of the Student(s)

Date:--------------- GARRE AKHIL

PinNo: 18555A0210
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us immense pleasure in express our gratitude in everyone who helped us in the
successful completion of our main project titled,” LASER LIGHT SECURTY ALARM” .

We express our sincere thanks to project Guide MR. V. SURESH ,electrical &
electronical engineering, Godavari institution of engineering and technology
,Rajahmundry for her extraneous support in providing the requirements and her valuable
suggestions and co-operation in making this mini project a success.

We express our sincere thanks to MR. RAVI KISHORE head of the department of
electrical & electronical engineering, GIET College, Rajahmundry for his extraneous support
in providing the requirements and his valuable suggestions and co-operation in making this
mini project a success.
We wish to thank our respected principal sri. Prasad, Godavari institution of
engineering technology, Rajahmundry for providing such a great opportunity in completion
of project. We wish to express our sincere gratitude to the management for providing
facilities in the completion of mini project successfully.

We wish to thank our respected principal sri. Prasad , Godavari institution of engineering and
technology, Rajahmundry for providing such a great opportunity in completion of project, we
wish to express our sincere gratitude to the management for providing facilities in the
completion of mini project successfully.

Finally, we thank one and all who helped us directly and indirectly in completing the mini
project successfully.

Project Associates
Chapter No CONTENTS PAGE NO

ABSTRACT

1 INTRODUCTION 1-2

1.1 Introduction to Laser Security System

1.2 Need for Laser Security System

1.3 Future Scope of Laser Security System

1.4 Advantages of Laser Security System

1.5 Disadvantages of Laser Security System

2 2-4
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Survey
2.2 History
2.3 What is Laser?
3 5-15
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
3.1 LDR
3.2 Laser Light
3.3 Resister 1kohm
3.4 Transistor
3.4.1 Transistor Features
3.4.2 Applications
3.5 LED
3.5.1 Advantages
3.5.2 Disadvantages
3.5.3 Applications
3.6 Small Buzzer
3.6.1 Applications
3.7 9V Battery
3.7.1 connectors
3.8 Connecting Wire
4 16-19
CIRCUIT DESIGN
4.1 Circuit Diagram
4.2 Steps for Constructing Circuit
4.3 Testing with Laser Sensor
4.4 Working of laser light security system
4.5 Advantages
4.6 Disadvantages
4.7 Applications

5 CONCLUSION 20
ABSTRACT

The objective of this project is to design a Laser and LDR based security system .This is
based on the principle of voltage divider circuit. When the laser beam continuously falls on
the LDR, the voltage drop across it is very low as the resistance of LDR becomes less. And as
soon as the laser beam is interrupted by means of object or a barrier the voltage drop across it
becomes high due to change in the LDR resistance .The triggers the alarm or siren in the
circuit .This project is very simple and helped us to learn more about the components we
generally use in our labs and has increased our knowledge to a certain extend.
Chapter.1

INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction to Laser Light security Alarm

Wireless security systems can be easily controllable through a laser security system
are infrared motion sensors and a basic alarm unit. It works based on heat detection from a
person’s body in case of any security fault. Based on this alarm unit is triggered. The system
alerts the security monitoring person and the local law enforcement body if required. At the
same time a high pitched sound also sirens. There are two types of laser beams are available,
green and infrared modules. System via an infrared module will be not visible. Another beam
like green would be visible to the naked eye and serve as a deterrent purpose.

Laser Light Security Alarm Lock Working Along With Circuit Diagram and these
Laser door alarm is based on the interruption of Laser beam. The laser pointer is used as the
source of light beam. If somebody tries to break the laser path, then an alarm will be
generated in a few seconds. Normally laser door alarm circuit will have two sections. First
one, laser transmitter is a laser pointer readily available. This is powered with 9 volt DC
supply and fixed on one side of the door frame. The receiver will have a Photo transistor at
the front end. We use 547BC NPN Transistor as a laser sensor. We use the inverting input to
keep at half supply voltage

1.2 Need for laser security system

1. These are Laser Light Security Alarm is easly works with the help of light..
2. The vital components of the laser system are infrared motion sensors and a
basic alarm unit.
3. The LDR works based on light detection from the surface of body
4. Subsequently, the alarm unit is triggered off.
5. It alerts the security alarm rings immediately
6. Simultaneously a high pitched sound also sirens off..

1.3 Future scope laser security system

Laser door alarm is based on the interruption of Laser beam. The laser pointer is used as the
source of light beam. If somebody tries to break the laser path, then an alarm will be
generated in a few seconds. Normally laser door alarm circuit will have two sections. First
one, laser transmitter is a laser pointer readily available. This is powered with 3 volt DC
supply and fixed on one side of the door frame. The receiver will have a Photo transistor at

1
the front end. We use BC 547 transistor as a laser sensor. Here IC1 is used as a voltage
comparator with its inverting input tied to a potential divider R2-R3. We use the inverting
input to keep at half supply voltage.

1.4 Advantages of laser security systems

The first thing we’re going to look at are the benefits of this type of burglar alarm system.
After all, you want to know the reasons that you should even consider it for your family and
why you should be thinking that it’s a viable option.
The first benefit is that you’re going to have the freedom to build the system yourself.
That’s not just to say you get to put up all the pieces and get it running on your own .an it is
Rather, you’re going to have the ability to choose the pieces that you want and completely
customize the system that you’re getting. This is great because it means you’re not going to
have a one size fits all type of security system.

1.5 Disadvantages of Laser Security System

The first negative is that the system for this type of security is actually very visible.
There are cameras, boxes, reflectors and a whole lot more that need to be set up and each of
those things is likely going to be easily spotted by someone that wants to cause trouble or
break into your home.

2
Chapter.2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Survey
Security and comfort is an aspect of that man seeks in living of safety for family
possessions and wellbeing is significant. There is an inseparable relationship between man
and their belongings are foretold by Alvin Toffler in his prediction of the future in his book
“Future Shock”. Man give importance to the welfare of his family and protection from
possible instances of accidents and crime. With this matter, man has created an innovative
further security and safety.

In the past few years, the crimes and cases within global has been gradually arising.
The cases of theft has reached 26.8% and robbery cases with 27.42%, crimes vs. property
with the percentage of 25.02% car napping with the percentage of 2.89% and crime vs.
persons 18.18%. The alarming percentages of crimes have triggered the research to create his
research project. In this chapter the researchers made available compilations of information
on laser and its significance to the innovations of the security. The following accounts will be
for greater attainment of understanding about laser systems and security. Studies about this
new technologies have come into reality and the efforts of humanity to elevate the
innovations of the past generations up to the present era.

2.2 History
During the 90’s Albert Einstein first introduced the theoretical pillar for laser through
his re-derivation of plank’s law of radiation Rudolf W. Ladenburg confirm the existence of
the emission of negative and absorption. In 1939, Valetin A. Fabrikant proposed that this
emission can be also amplified in short waves with the discovery of hydrogen spectra, Willis
E. Lamb, and R.C. Retherford accidentally performed the first demonstration of stimulated
emission.

Simultaneously, at Columbia university graduate student Gordon gould and townes

met and talk about radiated emission has general subject afterwards gould noted his ideas for
a laser pumping including using an open resonator at a conference in 1969 gordon gould
published the term “The laser” in a paper.

2.3 What is Laser?

A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on
the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "laser" originated as an
acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation". The first laser was

3
built in 1960 by Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical
work by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow.

A laser differs from other sources of light in that it emits light which is coherent.
Spatial coherence allows a laser to be focused to a tight spot, enabling applications such as
laser cutting and lithography. Spatial coherence also allows a laser beam to stay narrow over
great distances (collimation), enabling applications such as laser pointers and lidar. Lasers
can also have high temporal coherence, which allows them to emit light with a very narrow
spectrum, i.e., they can emit a single color of light. Alternatively, temporal coherence can be
used to produce pulses of light with a broad spectrum but durations as short as a femtosecond
("ultrashort pulses").

Lasers are used in optical disk drives, laser printers, barcode scanners, DNA
sequencing instruments, fiber-optic, semiconducting chip manufacturing (photolithography),
and free-space optical communication, laser surgery and skin treatments, cutting and welding
materials, military and law enforcement devices for marking targets and measuring range and
speed, and in laser lighting displays for entertainment. They have been used for car
headlamps on luxury cars, by using a blue laser and a phosphor to produce highly directional
white light.

Wireless security systems can be easily controllable through a laser security system
are infrared motion sensors and a basic alarm unit. It works based on heat detection from a
person’s body in case of any security fault. Based on this alarm unit is triggered. The system
alerts the security monitoring person and the local law enforcement body if required. At the
same time a high pitched sound also sirens. There are two types of laser beams are available,
green and infrared modules. System via an infrared module will be not visible. Another beam
like green would be visible to the naked eye and serve as a deterrent purpose.

Lasers are distinguished from other light sources by their coherence. Spatial coherence is
typically expressed through the output being a narrow beam, which is diffraction-limited.
Laser beams can be focused to very tiny spots, achieving a very high irradiance, or they can
have very low divergence in order to concentrate their power at a great distance. Temporal
(or longitudinal) coherence implies a polarized wave at a single frequency.

4
Chapter.3

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

3. Components Required
 3.1 LDR
 3.2 Laser Light
 3.3 Resister 1kohm
 3.4 Transistor

3.4.1 Transistor Features

3.4.2 Applications

 3.5 LED

3.5.1 Advantages

3.5.2 Disadvantages

3.5.3 Applications

 3.6 Small Buzzer

3.6.1 Applications

 3.7 9V Battery

3.7.1 connectors

 3.8 Connecting Wires

3.1 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

 The LDR acts as a light sensor in this project. As the intensity of the light falling on
the LDR increases, the resistance of the LDR decreases and vice – versa. The LDR is
used in combination with the laser to form the light sensor and source
 An LDR (Light dependent resistor), as its name suggests, offers resistance in response
to the ambient light. The resistance decreases as the intensity of incident light
increases, and vice versa. In the absence of light, LDR exhibits a resistance of the
order of mega-ohms which decreases to few hundred ohms in the presence of light. It
can act as a sensor, since a varying voltage drop can be obtained in accordance with
the varying light. It is made up of cadmium sulphide (CdS).
 An LDR has a zigzag cadmium sulphide track. It is a bilateral device, i.e., conducts in
both directions in same fashion.

5
FIGURE NO 3.4.1 LIGHT DEPEND RESISTOR

3.5 Laser Light

Laser Pointer acts as the main source of light in this project. We have used a small
laser pointer with an output power of less than 1mW. The laser pointer emits red light and
the wavelength of the laser output is between 630 nm to 680 nm.

 The word LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of

Radiation. These are available in different types like semiconductor, infrared, Gas
laser diode. This has an energy wavelength of approximately 900 nanometers with a
beam divergence of 3 million radians i.e. equal to a beam width small beam width.

 Laser technology products will calculate distance by measuring the time of flight of
very short pulses of infrared light. It is different from the traditional surveying
instrument method of measuring phase shifts by comparing the incoming wavelength
with the phase of the outgoing light pulse.

6
Laser Security System For Home
 Solid objects will reflect back a certain percentage of the emitted light energy. It only
needs to be a small percentage for our sensitive detector to pick it. We can measure
the time it takes for a laser pulse to travel to the target and back with a reflection. By
knowing the constant speed of light we can calculate the distance traveled
 To get increased accuracy our laser process as many as sixty pulses in a single
measurement period. Target acquisition times range will be half second.
Sophisticated accuracy validation algorithms are in place to ensure a reliable
reading.
 LTI lasers are completely eye safe and meets FDA Class 1. The radiated light power
of our lasers is on the order of 50 micro watts. i.e. approximately one twentieth the
light power of a typical TV remote control.
 The Laser security systems are high tech innovations that have gained popularity in
home and office security systems. These are used to be expensive solutions for
security needs. Depending on cost and fast technological advancements laser
security systems becoming more adoptable. The features and specifications of the
laser security system can be had in detail from the security system dealers who
provide high end solutions based on requirement.

7
3.3 Resistor
A resistor ia passive element that implements electrical resistance as a circuit
element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels,
to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.
High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used
as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed
resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating
voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or
a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be
composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated
circuits.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial
resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal
value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.

3.3.1 The Coding of a 1k Ω Resistor

Count out loud from 0 up to 9. How many unique digits did you say? Right, there are 10
digits. If we agree on a unique color for each of the 10 digits, we can encode numbers of any
size using sequences of colors, which brings us to the resistor color code. A resistor reduces
(or resists) the flow of current. The value of the resistance is expressed as a number of ohms
(the symbol Ω is used for ''ohm''). The number of ohms is coded with a color and appears as a
band on the device itself. Three color bands are used to represent the value because we only
encode the first significant figure, the second significant figure and the number of zeros. In
this lesson, we work this out for a 1k Ω resistor where ''k'' is the abbreviation for the prefix
''kilo'', meaning 1000. So, a 1k Ω resistor has a value of 1000 ohms and the number we will
code is 1000.
There are three steps for coding a 1kΩ resistor
A resistor reduces (or resists) the flow of current. The value of the resistance is expressed as
a number of ohms (the symbol Ω is used for ''ohm''). The number of ohms is coded with a
color and appears as a band on the device itself. Three color bands are used to represent the
value because we only encode the first significant figure, the second significant figure and the
number of zeros. In this lesson, we work this out for a 1k Ω resistor where ''k'' is the
abbreviation for the prefix ''kilo'', meaning 1000. So, a 1k Ω resistor has a value of 1000
ohms and the number we will code is 1000.

8
Orange 3 ×103 – 15 P

Yellow 4 ×104 (±5%) – 25 Q

Green 5 ×105 ±0.5% D 20 Z

Blue 6 ×106 ±0.25% C 10 Z

Violet 7 ×107 ±0.1% B 5 M

Gray 8 ×108 ±0.05% (±10%) A 1 K

White 9 ×109 – –

Gold – ×10−1 ±5% J –

Silver – ×10−2 ±10% K –

None – – ±20% M –

1. Any temperature coefficient not assigned its own letter shall be marked "Z", and the

3.4 Transistor2.
coefficient found in other documentation.

For more information, see EN 60062.

3. Yellow and Gray are used in high-voltage resistors to avoid metal particles in the
BC547 is lacquer.
an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of
[3]

resistance, is commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a larger
current at collector & emitter terminals.
BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum
current gain of 800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549.
The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of
its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the
transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is
amplified and taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter configuration for
amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching
applications, transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In
the absence of base signal, it gets completely off.

3.4.1 BC547 Transistor Features

 Bi-Polar NPN Transistor
 DC Current Gain (hFE) is 800 maximum
 Continuous Collector current (IC) is 100mA
 Emitter Base Voltage (VBE) is 6V
 Base Current(IB) is 5mA maximum
 Available in To-92 Package

BC547 as Switch
When a transistor is used as a switch it is operated in the Saturation and Cut-Off Region as
explained above. As discussed a transistor will act as an Open switch during Forward Bias
and as a Closed switch during Reverse Bias, this biasing can be achieved by supplying the

9
required amount of current to the base pin. As mentioned the biasing current should
maximum of 5mA. Anything more than 5mA will kill the Transistor; hence a resistor is
always added in series with base pin. The value of this resistor (R B) can be calculated using
below formulae.
RB = VBE / IB
Where, the value of V BE should be 5V for BC547 and the Base current (I B depends on the
Collector current (IC). The value of IB should not exceed mA

Pin Diagram:

FIGURE NO 3.4.1 BC 547 TRANSISTOR

3.4.2 Applications
 Driver Modules like Relay Driver, LED driver etc..
 Amplifier modules like Audio amplifiers, signal Amplifier etc..
 Darlington pair

3.5 LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light
when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes,
releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence.[5] The
color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy
required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor.[6] White light is obtained
by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor
device.[7]
Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-
intensity infrared light.[8] Infrared LEDs are used in remote-control circuits, such as those
used with a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were of low
intensity and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet,
and infraredwavelengths,with high light output.

10
Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps, replacing small incandescent bulbs, and
in seven-segment displays. Recent developments have produced high-output white light
LEDs suitable for room and outdoor area lighting. LEDs have led to new displays and
sensors, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced communications technology.

LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster
switching. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation
lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes,
lighted wallpaper and medical devices.[9]
Unlike a laser, the color of light emitted from an LED is neither coherent nor monochromatic,
but the spectrum is narrow with respect to human vision, and functionally monochromatic.

3.5.1 ADVANTAGES
 Efficiency: LEDs emit more lumens per watt than incandescent light bulbs. [117] The
efficiency of LED lighting fixtures is not affected by shape and size, unlike
fluorescent light bulbs or tubes.
 Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color without using any color filters as
traditional lighting methods need. This is more efficient and can lower initial costs.
 Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2[118]) and are easily attached to
printed circuit boards.
 Warmup time: LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED achieves full
brightness in under a microsecond.[119] LEDs used in communications devices can
have even faster response times.
 Cycling: LEDs are ideal for uses subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike
incandescent and fluorescent lamps that fail faster when cycled often, or high-
intensity discharge lamps (HID lamps) that require a long time before restarting.
 Dimming: LEDs can very easily be dimmed either by pulse-width modulation or
lowering the forward current.[120] This pulse-width modulation is why LED lights,
particularly headlights on cars, when viewed on camera or by some people, seem to
flash or flicker. This is a type of stroboscopic effect.

11
 Cool light: In contrast to most light sources, LEDs radiate very little heat in the form
of IR that can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics. Wasted energy is
dispersed as heat through the base of the LED

3.5.2 DISADVANTAGES
 Temperature dependence: LED performance largely depends on the ambient
temperature of the operating environment – or thermal management properties.
Overdriving an LED in high ambient temperatures may result in overheating the LED
package, eventually leading to device failure. An adequate heat sink is needed to
maintain long life. This is especially important in automotive, medical, and military uses
where devices must operate over a wide range of temperatures, which require low failure
rates. Toshiba has produced LEDs with an operating temperature range of −40 to 100 °C,
which suits the LEDs for both indoor and outdoor use in applications such as lamps,
ceiling lighting, street lights, and floodlights. [91]
 Voltage sensitivity: LEDs must be supplied with a voltage above their threshold
voltage and a current below their rating. Current and lifetime change greatly with a small
change in applied voltage. They thus require a current-regulated supply (usually just a
series resistor for indicator LEDs). [125]
 Color rendition: Most cool-white LEDs have spectra that differ significantly from
a black body radiator like the sun or an incandescent light. The spike at 460 nm and dip at
500 nm can make the color of objects appear differently under cool-white LED
illumination than sunlight or incandescent sources, due to metamerism,[126]red surfaces
being rendered particularly poorly by typical phosphor-based cool-white LEDs. The same
is true with green surfaces.
 Area light source: Single LEDs do not approximate a point source of light giving a
spherical light distribution, but rather a lambertian distribution. So, LEDs are difficult to
apply to uses needing a spherical light field; however, different fields of light can be
manipulated by the application of different optics or "lenses". LEDs cannot provide
divergence below a few degrees.

3.5.3 Applications
LED uses fall into four major categories:

 Visual signals where light goes more or less directly from the source to the human
eye, to convey a message or meaning
 Illumination where light is reflected from objects to give visual response of these
objects
 Measuring and interacting with processes involving no human vision[134]
 Narrow band light sensors where LEDs operate in a reverse-bias mode and respond to
incident light, instead of emitting ligh

12
3.6 BUZZER
A Buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device. be mechanical, electromechanical,
or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm
devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke

3.6.1 Applications
While technological advancements have caused buzzers to be impractical and undesirable,
there are still instances in which buzzers and similar circuits may be used. Present day
applications include

 Novelty uses
 Judging panels
 Educational purposes
 Annunciator panels
 Electronic metronomes
 Game show lock-out device
 Microwave ovens and other household appliances
 Sporting events such as basketball games
 Electrical alarms
 Joy buzzer (mechanical buzzer used for pranks)

3.7 BATTERY
9-volt battery, is a common size of battery that was introduced for the early transistor
radios. It has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a polarized snap connector at
the top. This type is commonly used in walkie-talkies, clocks and smoke detectors.
The nine-volt battery format is commonly available in primary carbon-zinc and alkaline
chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in rechargeable form in nickel-cadmium,
nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion. Mercury-oxide batteries of this format, once common,
have not been manufactured in many years due to their mercury content. Designations for this
format include NEDA 1604 and IEC 6F22 (for zinc-carbon) or MN1604 6LR61 (for alkaline).
The size, regardless of chemistry, is commonly designated PP3—a designation originally
reserved solely for carbon-zinc, or in some countries, E or E-block.[1]

13
Most nine-volt alkaline batteries are constructed of six individual 1.5 V LR61 cells
enclosed in a wrapper.[2] These cells are slightly smaller than LR8D425 AAAA cells and can
be used in their place for some devices, even though they are 3.5 mm shorter. Carbon-zinc
types are made with six flat cells in a stack, enclosed in a moisture-resistant wrapper to
prevent drying. Primary lithium types are made with three cells in series.[3]
In 2007, 9-volt batteries accounted for 4% of alkaline primary battery sales in the
United States. In Switzerland in 2008, 9-volt batteries totalled 2% of primary battery sales
and 2% of secondary battery sales

FIGURE NO 3.7 BATTERY

3.7.1 Connectors
The battery has both terminals in a snap connector on one end. The smaller circular
(male) terminal is positive, and the larger hexagonal or octagonal (female) terminal is the
negative contact. The connectors on the battery are the same as on the load device; the
smaller one connects to the larger one and vice versa.[2] The same snap-style connector is
used on other battery types in the Power Pack (PP) series. Battery polarization is normally
obvious, since mechanical connection is usually only possible in one configuration.
A problem with this style of connector is that it is very easy to connect two batteries together
in a short circuit, which quickly discharges both batteries, generating heat and possibly a
fire.[8] Because of this hazard, nine-volt batteries should be kept in the original packaging
until they are going to be used

FIGURE NO 3.7.1 CONNECTORS

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3.8 CONNECTING WIRES
A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used
to bear mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications signals. Wire is commonly
formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate. Wire gaugescome in
various standard sizes, as expressed in terms of a gauge number. The term wire is also used
more loosely to refer to a bundle of such strands, as in "multistranded wire", which is more
correctly termed a wire rope in mechanics, or a cable in electricity.
Wire comes in solid core, stranded, or braided forms. Although usually circular in
cross-section, wire can be made in square, hexagonal, flattened rectangular, or other cross-
sections, either for decorative purposes, or for technical purposes such as high-
efficiency voice coils in loudspeakers. Edge-wound[1] coil springs, such as the Slinky toy, are
made of special flattened wire

FIGURE NO 3.8 CONNECTING WIRES

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Chapter 4

CIRCUIT DESIGN
4.1 Circuit Diagram
 The design of the laser security system circuit is very simple. We will see the design
of the circuit in this section and in the working explanation we will see the working of
the individual component.

 Coming to the design of the circuit, first, the LDR and a 10 K Ω resistor are connected
in a voltage divider fashion and its output (common point) is connected to the pin 3
(non – inverting) of the Op- Amp IC LM358.

 For the inverting terminal (pin 2), connect the wiper of a 10 KΩ potentiometer (other
two terminal of the POT are connected to VCC and GND).

 The output of the Op – Amp (Pin 1) is connected to the base of the transistor (BC547)
through a resistor.
The trigger pin of 555 (Pin 2) is pulled high using a 10 KΩ resistor.

 The reset pin (pin 4) of the 555 is connected to VCC through a 10 KΩ resistor and a
push button is connected between Pin 4 of 555 and GND. A bypass capacitor of 100
nF is connected between pins 5 and GND. A buzzer is connected to pin 3 of 555 IC.

 Rest of the connection are shown in the circuit diagram.

FIGURE NO 4.0 BUZZER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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4.2 STEPS FOR CONSTRUCTING CIRCUIT
 The BC547 Transistor has 3 pins. When the flat side is facing you that time the 1st pin
is called the collector, the 2nd pin is called the base and the 3rd pin is called
the emitter.
 now lets get started;
 1. Place the BC547 Transistor on the breadboard.
 2. Then connect the LDR from the base and emitter of the BC547 Transistor.
 3. Now connect one end of the 330/100 ohm resistor to the base of the BC547
Transistor and the other end of the resistor to a blank space on the breadboard.
 4. Connect the anode of the L.E.D to the resistor and the cathode of the L.E.D to
the collector.
 5. Connect the buzzer in the same way you connected the L.E.D.
 6. Now connect the Battery; positive side of the battery to the resistor and negative
part of the battery to one side of the LDR

4.3 TESTING WITH LASER SENSOR

As soon as you connect the battery the L.E.D and buzzer will come "ON" (if you're in
a dark room). Focus the Laser diode/light on the LDR and you will see the L.E.D and Buzzer
going "OFF" If you interrupt the laser light focusing on the LDR the circuit will trigger and
the alarm will ring!

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FIGURE NO : 5.1 TESTING OF LIGHT SENSOR

An infrared motion detector works by using beams of infrared light to detect changes
in heat. When a person moves into the beam of light, the sensor is alerted by the body heat
given off by the individual.

4.4 WORKING OF LASER LIGHT SECURITY ALARM

A simple, cheap and effective laser based security system is developed in this project.
Let us see the working of this project. First, the Op – Amp circuit acts as a comparator i.e. it
compares the voltages at the inverting and non – inverting terminals and produces an output
accordingly.

The LDR – 10 KΩ resistor Voltage divider is connected to the non – inverting

terminal of Op –Amp and a POT is connected to the inverting terminal. Assume, the laser
pointer is placed directly in line of sight to the LDR and the light from the laser is
continuously being incident on LDR. In this situation, the resistance of LDR falls down to
few Ohms (or tens of Ohms) and as a result, the voltage at the non – inverting terminal will
be less than that at the inverting voltage. The output of the Op –Amp is low and the transistor
is OFF.

FIGURE NO: 4.3 WORKING OF LASER LIGHT

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If the laser light is blocked by an intruder from falling on the LDR (even for a small
duration), the resistance of the LDR goes to few hundreds of Ohms and as a result, the output
of the Op –Amp will be HIGH. This will turn on the Transistor. As the output of the
transistor bc547 is connected, if the transistor is ON, the trigger pin gets a short low pulse and
as a result. A small active low trigger pulse at the trigger pin will set its output to HIGH and
in order to reset it we need to push the reset button. Until the reset push button is pushed, the
alarm will stay on hence, we can place the reset button at a secret location so that only the
owner can disable the alarm. can also be used to check if pets or babies crossed a certain
boundary.

FIGURE NO : 4.4 TESTING IN ROOM LASER L

4.5 ADVANTAGES
 Easy to install and work; both within as well as outside homes.
 Very effective perimeter alarm systems around properties like parks, pools, garages or
even driveways.
 Indoor systems utilize the normal power outlets and jacks making them inconspicuous.
 Outdoors, they can easily be hidden behind the bushes or plants without causing any
harm.
 .Consume less power, though the laser system on the whole is expensive
 The circuit, construction and setup for the Laser Security System is very simple.
 If used with a battery, the laser security system can work even when there is a power
outage.

4.6 DISADVANTAGES
 The laser security system works only if the laser is obstructed. If the intruder passes
without obstructing the laser, it is considered as a failure.
 In order to secure a larger area, we need more lasers and corresponding sensors.

4.7 APPLICATIONS
 Laser Security System can be used in safety lockers in our homes, where even if the
locker’s code is hacked, it acts as an additional layer of security.
 Apart from security systems, this laser based setup can also be used to check if pets or
babies crossed a certain boundary.

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Chapter 5
CONCLUSION

Laser security systems are a high tech technology that used to be a part of
home security only available to the wealthy. It is manually switch dependent sensors and
a basic alarm unit. Laser security system a person moves in front of the sensor, that
person triggers the system's alarm by cutting the laser

Why? Because there are other technologies that are simpler, cheaper, more robust,
and less likely to give a false alarm and more likely to give an alarm when you need it.If
you've ever seen Beethoven, thieves defeat the laser security system by carefully stepping
over it. Had a motion sensor or glass break sensor been used instead, the security system
would have gone off sooner. In most cases, magnetic sensors are the best and cheapest for
doors

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References
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.engineersgarage.com
 www.circuitstoday.com
 www.allaboutcircuits.com
 www.edgefx.com
 www.acknowledgementsample.com
 www.modulight.com
 www.teachengineering.org
 www.instructables.com

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