Oral Communication in Context

TASK BASED LEARNING MODEL

Grade Eleven
LEARNING AREA: Oral Communication in Context
SECOND QUARTER
MODULE: TWO DURATION 7 weeks
Learning to Use the Types of Communicative Strategy
Understanding the Types of Speeches
TOPICS Principles of Speech Writing
Principles of Speech Delivery
ONLINE RESOURCES:
Oral Communication in Context
RESOURCES: For Senior High School
Published in 2016 by C & E Publishing, Inc.

SUBJECT TEACHER: Ms. Xyra D. Hernandez

The Valley Cathedral Academy, Inc.
Labac, Naic, Cavite
Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION

1
Types of
Communicative Strategy
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to
⌂ distinguish various types of communicative strategies;
⌂ use acceptable, polite, and meaningful communicative strategies;
⌂ engage in a communicative situation;
⌂ explain the effects of a shift in communicative strategy;
⌂ demonstrate effective use of communicative strategy in a variety of speech situations;
⌂ practice learning and thinking skills, life skills, and ICT literacy; and
⌂ reflect on your learning on the types of communicative strategy.

People communicate every day to establish and maintain relationships, know and understand
themselves, and find meaning in the daily grind. Moreover, since humans are social beings who survive
more effectively through sensible discourses, they are always driven to learn the skills of creating and
sustaining meaningful conversations. Successful communication requires understanding of the relationship
between words and sentences and the speech acts they represent. However, a conversation may be complex
at times; that is why some people get lost along the way and misunderstand each other. It is only when we
willingly cooperate and speak in socially approved ways that we can make a conversation meaningful .

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The Valley Cathedral Academy, Inc.
Labac, Naic, Cavite
Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION

LESSON PROPER

Types of Communicative Strategy

Since engaging in conversation is also bound by implicit rules, Cohen (1990) states that strategies must be used to start
and maintain a conversation. Knowing and applying grammar appropriately is one of the most basic strategies to maintain
a conversation. The following are some strategies that people use when communicating.
1. Nomination
A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and productively establish a topic. Basically, when you employ
this strategy, you try to open a topic with the people you are talking to.
When beginning a topic in a conversation, especially if it does not arise from a previous topic, you may start off with
news inquiries and news announcements as they promise extended talk. Most importantly, keep the conversational
environment open for opinions until the prior topic shuts down easily and initiates a smooth end. This could
efficiently signal the beginning of a new topic in the conversation.
2. Restriction
Restriction in communication refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker. When communicating in the
classroom, in a meeting, or while hanging out with your friends, you are typically given specific instructions that
you must follow. These instructions confine you as a speaker and limit what you can say.
For example, in your class, you might be asked by your teacher to brainstorm on peer pressure or deliver a speech on
digital natives. In these cases, you cannot decide to talk about something else. On the other hand, conversing with
your friends during ordinary days can be far more casual than these examples. Just the same, remember to always
be on point and avoid sideswiping from the topic during the conversation to avoid communication breakdown.
3. Turn-taking
Sometimes people are given unequal opportunities to talk because others take much time during the conversation.
Turn-taking pertains to the process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor. There is a code of
behavior behind establishing and sustaining a productive conversation, but the primary idea is to give all
communicators a chance to speak.
Remember to keep your words relevant and reasonably short enough to express your views or feelings. Try to be polite
even if you are trying to take the floor from another speaker. Do not hog the conversation and talk incessantly
without letting the other party air out their own ideas. To acknowledge others, you may employ visual signals like
a nod, a look, or a step back, and you could accompany these signals with spoken cues such as “What do you
think?” or “You wanted to say something?”
4. Topic Control
Topic control covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in conversations. For
example, in meetings, you may only have a turn to speak after the chairperson directs you to do so. Contrast this
with a casual conversation with friends over lunch or coffee where you may take the conversational floor anytime.
Remember that regardless of the formality of the context, topic control is achieved cooperatively. This only means that
when a topic is initiated, it should be collectively developed by avoiding unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts.
You can make yourself actively involved in the conversation without overly dominating it by using minimal
responses like “Yes,” “Okay,” “Go on”; asking tag questions to clarify information briefly like “You are excited,
aren’t you?”, “It was unexpected, wasn’t it?”; and even by laughing!
5. Topic Shifting
Topic shifting, as the name suggests, involves moving from one topic to another. In other words, it is where one part
of a conversation ends and where another begins.
When shifting from one topic to another, you have to be very intuitive. Make sure that the previous topic was nurtured
enough to generate adequate views. You may also use effective conversational transitions to indicate a shift like
“By the way,” “In addition to what you said,” “Which reminds me of,” and the like.
6. Repair
Repair refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may encounter
in a conversation. For example, if everybody in the conversation seems to talk at the same time, give way and
appreciate other’s initiative to set the conversation back to its topic.
Repair is the self-righting mechanism in any social interaction (Schegloff et al, 1977). If there is a problem in
understanding the conversation, speakers will always try to address and correct it. Although this is the case, always
seek to initiate the repair.

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The Valley Cathedral Academy, Inc.
Labac, Naic, Cavite
Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION
7. Termination
Termination refers to the conversation participants’ close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation. Most
of the time, the topic initiator takes responsibility to signal the end of the discussion as well.
Although not all topics may have clear ends, try to signal the end of the topic through concluding cues. You can do
this by sharing what you learned from the conversation. Aside from this, soliciting agreement from the other
participants usually completes the discussion of the topic meaningfully.

APPLICATION

Identify the type of communicative strategy in each statement.

1. “Do you have anything to say?”

2. “One of the essential lessons I gained from the discussion is the importance of sports
and wellness to a healthy lifestyle.”
3. “Excuse me? I think we should speak one at a time, so we can clearly understand what
we want to say about the issue.”

4. “Go on with your ideas. I’ll let you finish first before I say something.”
5. “Have you heard the news about the latest achievement of our government?

6. “Hey, how are you? I missed you!”

7. “Best regards to your parents! See you around!”
8. “Good to see you. Anyway, I came to visit you because I want to personally offer
apologies for what I did yesterday.
9. “Sorry, I can’t decide on that now. I am still focused on my writing assignment. Let’s talk
next time, okay?”
10. “Now, it’s your turn to ask questions.”

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\ Think of a time when you had to explain one message in two different instances with varying contexts. For
example, you might have told your parents over dinner how badly you want to study in your dream university and
in another instance, you talked about the same thing with your friends while having coffee.
In an essay with a minimum of 500 words, discuss why your communicative strategies change as there are
adjustments in every speech context, speech style, and speech act. Discuss your language, duration of interaction,
your relationship to the listener, your roles and responsibilities as a speaker, your message, and your delivery and
how these differ in the two varying instances and contexts.
Use the following format: font 12, Times New Roman; spacing, 1.5.

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The Valley Cathedral Academy, Inc.
Labac, Naic, Cavite
Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION

LESSON PROPER
The Speech Writing Process
Just like events planning, or any other activities, writing an effective speech follows certain steps or processes. The
process for writing is not chronological or linear; rather, it is recursive. That means you have the opportunity to repeat
a writing procedure indefinitely, or produce multiple drafts first before you can settle on the right one. Figure 1 shows
the schematic diagram.

• Conducting an audience analysis

• Determining the purpose of the speech
• Selecting a topic
• Narrowing down a topic
• Gathering data

• Editing and/or Revising • Selecting a speech pattern

• Rehearsing • Preparing an outline
• Creating the body of the speech
• Preparing the introduction
• Preparing the conclusion

Fig. 1. Speech Writing Process

The following are the components of the speech writing process.
• Audience analysis entails looking into the profile of your target audience. This is done so you can tailor-fit your
speech content and delivery to your audience. The profile includes the following information.
Q demography (age range, male-female ratio, educational background and affiliations or degree program taken,
nationality, economic status, academic or corporate designations)
Q situation (time, venue, occasion, and size)
Q psychology (values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences, cultural and racial ideologies, and needs)
A sample checklist is presented below.

Audience Analysis

Age Range

Male-Female Ratio

Educational Background

Educational Institution

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Labac, Naic, Cavite
Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION

Place of Residence (city, province, town)

Marital Status

Economic Status (Household income

above 30,000 or below 30,000)

Language Spoken

Religious Affiliations/beliefs
• The purpose for writing and delivering the speech can be classified into three—to inform, to entertain, or to
persuade.
Q An informative speech provides the audience with a clear understanding of the concept or idea presented by the
speaker.
Q An entertainment speech provides the audience with amusement.
Q A persuasive speech provides the audience with well-argued ideas that can influence their own beliefs and decisions.
The purpose can be general and specific. Study the examples below to see the differences.
General Purpose Specific Purpose

• To inform Grade 11 students about the process of conducting an

automated student government election
To inform Grade 11 students about the definition and relevance of
• information literacy today
To inform
• To inform Grade 11 students about the importance of effective money
management

General Purpose Specific Purpose

• To entertain Grade 11 students with his/her funny experiences in

automated election
• To entertain Grade 11 students with interesting observations of people
To entertain who lack information literacy
• To entertain Grade 11 students with the success stories of the people in
the community

• To persuade the school administrators to switch from manual to

To persuade automated student government election
• To persuade Grade 11 students to develop information literacy skills
• To persuade the school administrators to promote financial literacy
among students

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The Valley Cathedral Academy, Inc.
Labac, Naic, Cavite
Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION
• The topic is your focal point of your speech, which can be determined once you have decided on your purpose. If
you are free to decide on a topic, choose one that really interests you. There are a variety of strategies used in
selecting a topic, such as using your personal experiences, discussing with your family members or friends, free
writing, listing, asking questions, or semantic webbing.
• Narrowing down a topic means making your main idea more specific and focused. The strategies in selecting a
topic can also be used when you narrow down a topic.
In the example below, “Defining and developing effective money management skills of Grade 11 students” is the specific
topic out of a general one, which is “Effective money management.”

General Purpose To inform

To inform Grade 11 students on the importance of effective money

Specific purpose
management

Topic Financial literacy or effective money management

Effective money management

Effective money management of Grade 11 students
Narrowing down a topic
Developing an effective money management of Grade 11 students
through listing
Defining and developing effective money management skills of
Grade 11 students
• Data gathering is the stage where you collect ideas, information, sources, and references relevant or related to
your specific topic. This can be done by visiting the library, browsing the web, observing a certain phenomenon or
event related to your topic, or conducting an interview or survey. The data that you will gather will be very useful
in making your speech informative, entertaining, or persuasive.
• Writing patterns, in general, are structures that will help you organize the ideas related to your topic. Examples
are biographical, categorical/topical, causal, chronological, comparison/contrast, problem-solution, and spatial.
Below are different writing patterns from which you can select the one that best suits your topic and/or purpose.
Pattern Descriptions Examples

To inform my audience about my

Presents Specific Purpose grandfather, the late former President
descriptions of Ramon Magsaysay
Biographical your life or of a
person, famous Describing the life and works of my
or not Specific Topic grandfather, the late former President
Ramon Magsaysay

To persuade the community members to

reduce, reuse, and recycle as means of
Specific Purpose eliminating garbage and protecting the
Presents related
Categorical/ categories environment
Topical supporting the
Why the community members should
topic
Specific Topic promote reducing, reusing, and recycling

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Labac, Naic, Cavite
Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION

To inform my audience on the effects of

Specific Purpose
overeating
Presents cause
Causal Explaining the possible effects of
effect relationships
Specific Topic overeating to one’s health

To inform my audience about the

Specific Purpose significant events in the 1986 EDSA
Revolution or People Power
Presents the idea
Chronological
in time order Describing the significant events before,
Specific Topic during, and after the 1986 EDSA
Revolution or People Power

To persuade the audience that living in

Specific Purpose the Philippines is better than living in
Presents
Australia
Comparison/ comparison/
contrast contrast of two or
Explaining why the
three points
Specific Topic Philippines is more habitable than
Australia
To persuade the audience to support the
educational
Specific Purpose
Presents an programs of the national government
identified
problem, its Explaining the reasons for supporting the
Problem-solution causes, and
government’s educational programs seen
recommended
solutions Specific Topic as the primary means of increasing the
literacy rate in the Philippines

• An outline is a hierarchical list that shows the relationship of your ideas. Experts in public speaking state that once
your outline is ready, two-thirds of your speech writing is finished. A good outline helps you see that all the ideas
are in line with your main idea or message. The elements of an outline include introduction, body, and conclusion.
Write your outline based on how you want your ideas to develop.

Below are some of the suggested formats.

1. Table format

Purpose To persuade

To persuade the community members to reduce, reuse, and recycle as means

Specific purpose
of eliminating garbage and protecting the environment

Promoting the importance of reducing, reusing, and recycling in eliminating

Topic
wastes and protecting the environment

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Labac, Naic, Cavite
Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION

Pattern Problem-solution

Share facts on the current situation of the environment.

Introduction
State the message of the speech (specific topic).

Discuss how improper waste disposal becomes an environmental problem.

Body Explain how reducing, reusing, and recycling would eliminate wastes and
protect the environment.

State the specific purpose of your speech again.

Conclusion
Call for action.
2. List format
1.0
As of today, there is an alarming increase of wastes in our community.
1.1 According to Solid Waste Management Office, if we do not take immediate action,
we might face more perils caused by natural calamities.
1.2 Now, I am going to talk about how to eliminate wastes and protect the environment.
2.0 Improper waste disposal causes environmental problems.
2.1 Wastes contaminate the soil.
2.2 Wastes contaminate the water.
2.3 Wastes can cause floods.
3.0 There are ways to eliminate wastes and protect the environment.
3.1 Reducing, reusing, and recycling can help eliminate wastes.
3.2 People should start doing these at home.
4.0 We must act now.
4.1 This solution should be supported by the local government.
4.2 Let us learn from the lessons in natural calamities we have experienced.

• The body of the speech provides explanations, examples, or any details that can help you deliver your purpose
and explain the main idea of your speech.
One major consideration in developing the body of your speech is the focus or central idea. The body of your speech
should only have one central idea.
The following are some strategies to highlight your main idea.
Q Present real-life or practical examples
Q Show statistics
Q Present comparisons
Q Share ideas from the experts or practitioners

• The introduction is the foundation of your speech. Here, your primary goal is to get the attention of your audience
and present the subject or main idea of your speech. Your first few words should do so.

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Labac, Naic, Cavite
Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION
• The following are some strategies.
Q Use a real-life experience and connect that experience to your subject.
Q Use practical examples and explain their connection to your subject.
Q Start with a familiar or strong quote and then explain what it means.
Q Use facts or statistics and highlight their importance to your subject.
Q Tell a personal story to illustrate your point.

• The conclusion restates the main idea of your speech. Furthermore, it provides a summary, emphasizes the
message, and calls for action. While the primary goal of the introduction is to get the attention of your audience,
the conclusion aims to leave the audience with a memorable statement.
The following are some strategies.
Q Begin your conclusion with a restatement of your message.
Q Use positive examples, encouraging words, or memorable lines from songs or stories familiar to your audience.
Q Ask a question or series of questions that can make your audience reflect or ponder.

• Editing/Revising your written speech involves correcting errors in mechanics, such as grammar, punctuation,
capitalization, unity, coherence, and others. Andrew Dlugan (2013), an awardwinning public speaker, lists six
power principles for speech editing.
Q Edit for focus.
“So, what’s the point? What’s the message of the speech?”
Ensure that everything you have written, from introduction to conclusion, is related to your central message.

Q Edit for clarity.

“I don’t understand the message because the examples or supporting details were confusing.”
Make all ideas in your speech clear by arranging them in logical order (e.g., main idea first then supporting details, or
supporting details first then main idea).

Q Edit for concision.

“The speech was all over the place; the speaker kept talking endlessly as if no one was listening to him/her.”
Keep your speech short, simple, and clear by eliminating unrelated stories and sentences and by using simple words.
Q Edit for continuity.
“The speech was too difficult to follow; I was lost in the middle.”

Keep the flow of your presentation smooth by adding transition words and phrases.

Q Edit for variety.

“I didn’t enjoy the speech because it was boring.”
Add spice to your speech by shifting tone and style from formal to conversational and vice-versa, moving around
the stage, or adding humor.

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Labac, Naic, Cavite
Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION
Q Edit for impact and beauty.
“There’s nothing really special about the speech.”

Make your speech memorable by using these strategies: surprise the audience, use vivid descriptive images, write
well-crafted and memorable lines, and use figures of speech.

• Rehearsing gives you an opportunity to identify what works and what does not work for you and for your target
audience. Some strategies include reading your speech aloud, recording for your own analysis or for your peers or
coaches to give feedback on your delivery. The best thing to remember at this stage is: “Constant practice makes
perfect.”

Some Guidelines in Speech Writing

1. Keep your words short and simple. Your speech is meant to be heard by your audience, not read.
2. Avoid jargon, acronyms, or technical words because they can confuse your audience.
3. Make your speech more personal. Use the personal pronoun “I,” but take care not to overuse it. When you need to
emphasize collectiveness with your audience, use the personal pronoun “we.”
4. Use active verbs and contractions because they add to the personal and conversational tone of your speech.
5. Be sensitive of your audience. Be very careful with your language, jokes, and nonverbal cues.
6. Use metaphors and other figures of speech to effectively convey your point.
7. Manage your time well; make sure that the speech falls under the time limit.

APPLICATION

Write T if the statement is true; write F if it is false.

__________1. An outline determines whether your supporting ideas match your main idea or not.
__________2. Any speech should include an introduction, body, and conclusion.
__________3. In the introduction, you explain the importance of your topic by giving examples.
__________4. Knowing the audience and the occasion is crucial in writing a speech.
__________5. Rehearsing is a major requirement.
__________6. Speech writing is a recursive process.
__________7. The approach that you will use in your introduction can determine the success of your speech.
__________8. The primary objective of speech writing is getting the right or appropriate topic.
__________9. The purpose of the speech will help you identify ideas that will support your main idea or message.
__________10. Word choice is one consideration in writing a speech.

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Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION

Read the sample speech below, and then, using the Six Power Principles for Speech Editing of Andrew Dlugan, edit the speech.
Underline the part which you think needs editing for focus, clarity, concision, continuity, variety, and impact and beauty. Then, write
the revised version in the second column and the principle you used in the last column.

Speech Editing
Speech Title: May Fifteen Edited/Revised Version
Principle

May 15 of this year, I woke up with a

happy heart. I thought to myself, “when I
reach 50 years old, 60 or beyond, I will look
back to this day and smile.” Then, I paid
attention to my college graduation picture,
framed on a 4x6 decorative wood edging
emblazoned with beautiful memories. I
reached for it, and held it closely, and uttered,
“10 years, and I think you did a pretty good
job!” I slowly put it back to the side table, off
to my working station across my sliding
window to fulfill one in my daily routine:
journal writing.
Then, I started: Dear journal, “In my 10
years as a member of the noblest profession
in the universe, I have encountered several
influential, inspiring and fabulous people. So,
today, as a tribute, I’m going to write about
them, starting off with my top three
favorites”.
To begin with, I did not like my first pick.
She was someone who would always, always
disagree with my ideas and decisions. I
remember one time while I asked her to sign
my college admission papers, she was
infuriated because of my choice because I
ticked Mass Communications as my priority.
It was a very long battle of verbal argument.
As expected, I did not win. Another, I came
home from school sharing I would want to
extract the tooth of my lab partner without
an anesthesia because he’s irresponsible and
ridiculous. Instead of letting me vent and
giving me a back rub, she defended the
behavior of my lab partner saying, “He must
have a bad day. You have to understand.”
Precisely, she’s a devil’s advocate.

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Labac, Naic, Cavite
Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION

Speech Editing
Speech Title: May Fifteen Edited/Revised Version
Principle

But, I have loved her. In fact, I have been playing

as a devil’s advocate since college. I think it’s
important to see a situation from different
perspectives. In that sense, I can think critically and
make reasonable decisions. In the academic context, I
employ it as a strategy to make my students be
effective communicators, critical and creative
thinkers, service-driven citizens, and reflective life-
long learners through exposing them to several
relevant activities. I learned this from her, from
someone I know a devil’s advocate.
However, she left me. And for once, it broke my
heart.
If United Kingdom has the late Margaret
Thatcher, and China has Wu Yi, I have a friend, too,
an Iron Lady who is my second choice. And, I’m lucky
to have known her.
Coined by Russian journalist Captain Yuri Gavrilov in
1976, the iron metaphor is used to describe a lady
who is “strong-willed”. Strongwilled, that’s a perfect
word that describes my friend. I was in grade six back
then when I witnessed the misery that happened to
her family. I knew how it felt though I was still
younger. Their business went bankrupt; her husband
was hospitalized fighting against death; and, she was
falling downward spiral. But, she did not let go. She
stood her ground, fought back, and turned every
tragedy into triumph. That’s why she’s an Iron Lady
to me.
Being strong-willed and turning tragedy into
triumph are lessons which I learned from my Iron
Lady friend. Had I not applied these lessons to my
personal and professional life, I would have lost my
sanity and remained miserable.
However, she left me. And for the second time, it
broke my heart.
Of course, we all have heard the story about a
university professor who sought a Japanese master
for enlightenment about his questions on Zen. The
master served the professor with tea, poured the
cup full, and kept on pouring. The professor
suddenly said, “It is overflowing”. The master
replied, “You are like this cup. I cannot show you
Zen unless you empty your cup.”

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Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION

Speech Editing
Speech Title: May Fifteen` Edited/Revised Version
Principle
I first learned this story from my third choice,
i.e., my teacher who I used to call master. That
was supposed to be a lifechanging tale for me
because I was very stubborn and unreceptive
back then. But, my master taught me to be more
open with new perspectives and continue to seek
inspirations from other people who I can call
masters, too, and to absorb and just filter later.
As Bruce Lee said, “Absorb what is useful.”
Hopefully, after I have taken everything in, I will
have evolved into a better educator, just like my
master and ultimately, a better creative person. I
want to reach that “zen point”, where everything
is intuitive and instinctive, where teaching and I
are one (like the samurai and the sword are one),
where I can see beyond what my eyes tell me as
what swordsman Miyamoto Musashi said.
Yes, I am aware of the dangers of having too
many masters. But mixed martial arts taught us
that we can learn different fighting styles from
different masters, and eventually, evolve into a
well-rounded warrior. I guess the secret lies in
keeping an open mind. I learned that from my
master. So, I just make sure that when I meet
other people and listen to their stories, I go with
an empty cup.
Nevertheless, she left me. Again, it broke my
heart.
Right after I signed on my journal entry, I
heard euphonous voices of these three
personalities fused into one calling my name. It
was my mom. She came in to my room with two
pieces of cake each shaped with letters P and J
enough to be carried by her hands. The letters
are initials of my first name- Philippe John.
Planted on the edge of each cake were five tiny
well-lit candles. I stood from my post, grabbed
the pieces from my mom’s shaky hands, and put
them on my desk. Then, I hugged her. It was one
of the tightest hugs I had given her. And, she
told me, “You’re now a decade young teacher.
Way to go, my love, and I promise I will not
leave you anymore. Never.”
I couldn’t thank her more. May 15 of this
year, I woke up with a happy heart. And, again. I
thought to myself, “when I reach 50 years old,
60 or beyond, I will look back to this day again
and again and again.”

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Labac, Naic, Cavite
Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION

LESSON PROPER
Insights on Public Speaking
After listening to the speeches of the champions, you may have noticed that aside from the speech content, their delivery
was also essential to their victory. The speakers seemed so natural and at ease that you wonder: Are effective speakers made,
or are they naturally born effective speakers? It is true that some people are born with special gifts in public speaking, but it is
also true that most of the best public speakers either underwent intensive formal training or got involved in several speaking
situations that, over time, enabled them to hone the skill.
According to Stephen Lucas (2011), author of The Art of Public Speaking, a good delivery means that you are capable and
able to present your message in a clear, coherent, and interesting way. In addition to this, he also says:

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Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION

Good delivery…conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly, interestingly, and without distracting the
audience. Most audiences prefer delivery that combines a certain degree of formality with the best
attributes of good conversation—directness, spontaneity, animation, vocal and facial expressiveness,
and a lively sense of communication (p. 244).

As a student of public speaking, you should know that public speaking is not simply reading your speech or
talking about your topic. It requires making connections with your audience and presenting yourself formally to the public.
There are types of speeches according to purpose and delivery from which you can choose the best one or the most
appropriate in a given situation.

Types of Speech According to Purpose

1. An informative speech provides the audience with a clear understanding of a concept or idea. The lectures of your teachers
are the best examples of this type.
2. An entertainment speech amuses the audience. The humorous speeches of comedians and performers are the best
examples of this type.
3. A persuasive speech seeks to provide the audience with favorable or acceptable ideas that can influence their own ideas
and decisions. The campaign speeches of the running candidates for government posts are the best examples of this type.

Types of Speech According to Delivery

1. Extemporaneous
Description • Speaking with limited preparation
• Guided by notes or outline

• Delivered conversationally

• Most popular type

Speaking • When you are a candidate for a post in a student government and you deliver
Situations your campaign speech before a voting public
• When you are assigned to report a topic in class

Advantages • Helps you look confident

• Engages the audience

Disadvantages • May not have adequate time to plan, organize, and rehearse

Tips • Create an outline

• Organize your points logically (most important to least important or vice versa)

• Use facts and real-life experiences as your examples

• Manage your time well

• Rehearse, rehearse, rehearse

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ORAL COMMUNICATION
2. Impromptu
Description • Speaking without advanced preparation

• Unrehearsed speech

• Spoken conversationally

Speaking • In an event where you are asked to say a few words

Situations • First day at work or in class, or during an interview

Advantages • Spontaneous or natural speaking

• More focused and brief

Disadvantages • Tendency to be disorganized

• Lacks connection with the audience

• Nerve-racking for inexperienced speakers and beginners

Tips • Once you are requested to say something, pause for a moment to plan in
your head what to say.
• State your main point briefly and deliver it at a pace your audience can
follow.
• End by saying thank you.

3. Manuscript
Description • Speaking with advanced preparation

• Planned and rehearsed speech

• Reading aloud a written message

Speaking • Newscasting with a TelePrompter or an autocue device

Situations Presenting the legal proceedings and verdict in court
•

• Reading the rules and criteria in a contest

Advantages • Exact repetition of the written words

• Guided speech

Disadvantages • Boring and uninteresting presentation

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

• Lacks audience rapport or connection

Tips • Rehearse the speech over and over again until you sound natural.

• Observe accomplished news anchors and note how conversational they sound
when they deliver the news.
4. Memorized
Description • Speaking with advanced preparation

• Planned and rehearsed speech

• Reciting a written message word-for-word from memory

Speaking • When you perform in a stage play

Situations When you deliver a declamation, oratorical, or literary piece
•

• When an actor or actress in a scene performs a script from memory

Advantages • Exact repetition of the written words from memory

• Free to move around the stage

Disadvantages • Speakers might end up speaking in a monotone pattern. Alternatively,

he/she might take a fast pace.
• When the speaker cannot control his/her stage fright, he/she might have
difficulty remembering his/her memorized speech.
Tips • Rehearse the speech over and over again until you sound natural and feel
confident.
• Observe how actors/actresses perform their script in a theater, television, or
movie scenes.

Delivery for Different Situations

Bear in mind that not all speaking situations happen in the classroom. Some may happen in unfamiliar
environments. To illustrate, you may run or be nominated for a school or local government office, so a room-to-room
and public campaign speech is required; or you may be invited to welcome a visitor in your school or community, so
an opening or welcoming remark is necessary; or you may be asked to represent your school or community in a literary
contest. These are a few situations where your delivery skill will be simultaneously challenged and honed.
As a public speaker you need to be ready to deal with the most common challenges in different speaking environments.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION
Below are some of them.
1. Speaking to a specific audience size
Description • Audience size depends on the venue size.

Advantages • You can determine your approach with your audience: more intimate
and personal for a smaller size; more formal for a larger size.
Disadvantages • This can be challenging and intimidating.

Tips • Ask the organizers about the estimated number of the audience so you
can adjust your delivery.
• Practice, practice, practice.

2. Speaking in an open-air venue or outside a building

Description • Examples are open courts or grounds, football fields, farms, etc.

Advantages • You will feel more relaxed due to the atmosphere of the venue.

Disadvantages • You will encounter a lot of communication barriers such as noise,

inattentive audiences, discomfort, challenging weather, possible
absence of technology such as audio-visual equipment, etc.
• You might be forced to make adjustments, especially in voice
projection.
Tips • Check the venue prior to your speaking engagement.

• Ask the organizers about the availability of equipment.

• Challenge yourself on how you can get and maintain the attention of
your audience.
• Use the outdoor setting or venue to your advantage as a way of
jumpstarting your speech or as an example to support your main point.
• Practice, practice, practice.

3. Speaking in different venues

Description • Speaking venues that vary according to size: classroom, meeting or
conference room, ball room, social hall, auditorium, covered court, open
court, etc.
Advantages • You will be exposed to different venues, which will add to your public
speaking experience.
Disadvantages • You will have to make big adjustments in terms of your nonverbal cues:
volume of voice, body language, facial expression, etc.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

Tips • Check the venue days before your scheduled speech and arrive hours
earlier in the venue, so you can determine the adjustments to make.
• For a large venue, speak more slowly, use pauses frequently to highlight
the most important ideas of your speech, and make use of facial
expressions and gestures. When you use visual aids, make them more
visible.
• In a small venue, your audience will see you up close. Therefore, manage
your notes well when you use them and adjust your nonverbal cues as
necessary.
• Practice, practice, practice.

4. Speaking with a microphone

Description • Its main function is to increase the volume of your voice, not to
clarify the pronunciation and enunciation of words.
Advantages • With a microphone, you can easily get the attention of your
audience because of the loudness of your voice.
Disadvantages • Using a microphone can be challenging because there is a tendency
to underuse or overuse it.
Tips • Check the microphone if it functions well.

• Check your voice in the microphone to see whether you are audible
enough.
• In a small venue, you may not use a microphone, but you need to
manage your voice’s volume well.
• Practice, practice, practice.

5. Speaking with a podium or lectern

Description • A podium or lectern is a reading desk with a stand and a slanted top.

Advantages • Notes can be placed on the slanted top, and will work best for
extemporaneous and manuscript speeches.
• The lectern can be used as a means to hide or cover nervousness or
stage fright.
Disadvantages • Some may have the tendency to hide their hands behind the podium,
which will not help them enhance their message.
Tips • Stand straight, as good posture exudes confidence.

• Avoid gripping the edges of the podium with both hands. Aside from
this, also avoid hiding them behind the podium.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

• For extemporaneous and impromptu speakers, step to the side

occasionally once you have composed yourself, so you can effectively
use your gestures, make eye contact, and connect more with your
audience.
• Practice, practice, practice.

Whatever speaking situation you are in, the most important thing is you master your speech. You can only do this by
constantly carrying out the right practices.

Tools for Effective Speech Delivery

To be effective in your delivery, watch and emulate people who speak in public excellently. While observing, take note
of the following:
• How they approach their audience (formal, informal, personal, conversational, intimate, among others)
• How they connect with their audience (using eye contact, body movements, and facial expressions)
• How they present themselves (stage presence: how they look, stand, walk, use nonverbal cues, act on and off the
stage)
• How they use their voice in terms of volume (loudness or softness), pitch (highness or lowness), rate or speed, pauses
to show emphasis and strengthen the clarity of the message, vocal variety
(effective changes in volume, pitch, rate and pauses), and pronunciation
The items enumerated are the tools that can help you develop your speech. Practice in front of a mirror and observe your
own delivery with these tools in mind. Alternatively, you can practice in front of your family, friends, classmates, or those
who have already done public speaking. You can ask for feedback or seek advice from them. Explore which tools work best
for you and develop a habit of effective delivery to enhance your public speaking skill. Keep practicing and engaging yourself
in speaking situations. Remember, you already have the public speaking skill, but you will only improve if you speak in public
constantly.

More Tips for Effective Speech Delivery

Following are more techniques and tips to help you deliver your speech well:
1. Use a conversational style more often. This is the style that is more natural; it is the style that you always use when
you express yourself with your family and friends. Audience members do not like the speaker to sound unnatural
or exaggerated.
2. Look your audience members in the eye so they will feel that they are part of your speech. Eye contact should be
maintained to keep the attention of your audience and enhance your delivery.
3. Remember to adjust your volume to the size of the audience and the venue. When addressing a large audience,
modulate your voice in such a way that you speak loudly without sounding like shouting or yelling.
4. Vary your rate or speed to keep your audience interested and to avoid a monotone pattern. The audience might get
bored if you speak very slowly and they might get confused if you speak very fast. Hence, your rate should be at
an appropriate speed.
5. Master your voice and find your pitch level (high or low). If you have a high pitch level, modulate or slightly move
it down. If you have a low pitch level, modulate or slightly move it up. Your performance will definitely be affected
if you do not modulate.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION
6. Use pauses when you emphasize the most important words, phrases, or sentences. Your pauses should not last for
three seconds. Otherwise, it will result in dead air or a moment of awkward silence.
7. Pronounce and enunciate words correctly. You will confuse the audience if you mispronounce words, and it could
distract them and affect your credibility.
8. Avoid fillers or expressions that substitute actual words in your speech because these words are distracting.
Examples of fillers are “like,” “um,” “ah,” “uh,” and “er.” To reduce the use of these fillers, detect the instances
when you use them: Do you generally use fillers after each sentence, between different ideas, or whenever you
make transitions? Then, instead of using them the next time you deliver a speech, simply stop and pause.
9. Start your speech by standing straight and balancing your weight. This will give a positive first impression.
10. Use precise movements. Avoid distracting mannerisms like swaying back and forth, leaning on the podium, licking
or biting your lips, playing with your wristwatch or jewelry, scratching parts of your body, frowning, and others.
Observe your mannerisms and learn how to avoid them when speaking in public.
11. Avoid having a poker face or a highly animated face. These facial expressions appear distracting and may even be
annoying. Instead, follow the most highly suggested tip: smile. However, make sure that the meaning of your speech
reflects in your facial expressions; do not smile if you are talking about something sad.
12. Dress properly and appropriately. Wearing the proper attire will make you look more confident and professional.
Make sure not to overdress, as this may distract your audience.
13. Observe ethics by coming prepared, being honest with your words, being polite, avoiding offensive words and
back-biting or talking negative things about other people, or copying someone’s work without proper
documentation.
14. Breathe in and out to relax before your speech. Most importantly, have fun.

APPLICATION

Based on what you have learned from this lesson, list down ten habits for good delivery that a speaker needs to
develop.
Example:
Practice in front of people and get their feedback.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

Below is an abridged version of the inaugural speech of former president Ramon Magsaysay delivered at the
Independence Grandstand, Manila on December 30, 1953.
Decide one part that each of you will deliver. Then, choose whether you want to deliver it as extemporaneous,
or as memorized. Take a video record of yourself and post it to our group page.

Abridged Version of the Inaugural Address of His Excellency Ramon Magsaysay,

Former President of the Republic of the Philippines
My Countrymen:
You have called upon me to assume the highest office within our gift. I accept
the trust humbly and gratefully. My sole determination is to be President for the
people.
The office of President is the highest in the land. It can be the humblest also,
if we regard it – as we must – in the light of basic democratic principles. The first
of these principles is the declaration of the Constitution that “sovereignty resides
in the people and all government authority emanates from them.” This simply
means that all of us in public office are but servants of the people.
As I see it, your mandate in the past election was not a license for the selfish
enjoyment of power by any man or group of men. On the contrary, it was an
endorsement of the principle – at times forgotten – that the general welfare is the
only justification for the exercise of governmental power and authority.
Your mandate was a clear and urgent command to establish for our people a
government based upon honesty and morality; a government sensitive to your
1 needs, dedicated to your best interests, and inspired by our highest ideals of man’s
liberty.
We have a glorious past. Now we must build a future worthy of that past.
It is significant that we begin on this day and on this ground hallowed by the
supreme sacrifice of Jose Rizal. All too often, however, we speak of Rizal – and of
Del Pilar, Bonifacio, Mabini, and our host of heroes – as if their work were done, as
if today their spirit had ceased to have any meaning or value to our people. The
truth is that we need their spirit now more than ever. We need it to complete the
work which they began.
We need men of integrity and faith like Rizal and Del Pilar; men of action like
Bonifacio; men of inflexible patriotism like Mabini. We need their zeal, their self-
reliance, their capacity for work, their devotion to service, their ability to lose
themselves in the common cause of building a nation.
I will have such men. From this day, the members of my administration,
beginning with myself, shall cease to belong to our parties, to our families, even
to ourselves. We shall belong only to the people.

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In the administration of public affairs, all men entrusted with authority must
adhere firmly to the ideals and principles of the Constitution.
I will render – and demand – uncompromising loyalty to the basic tenet of our
Constitution; that you, the people, are sovereign. The rule of government must be
of service to you.
Accordingly, I pledge my administration to your service. I pledge that we shall
extend the protection of the law to everyone, fairly and impartially – to the rich and
the poor, the learned and the unlettered – recognizing no party but the nation, no
family but the great family of our race, no interest save the common welfare.
The Bill of Rights shall be for me, and the members of my administration, a bill
of duties. We shall be guardians of the freedom and dignity of the individual.
More than this, we shall strive to give meaning and substance to the liberties
2
guaranteed by our Constitution – by helping our citizens to attain the economic well-
being so essential to the enjoyment of civil and political rights.
The separation of powers ordained by our Constitution – as an effective
safeguard against tyranny – shall be preserved zealously. Mutual respect for the
rights and prerogative of each of the three great departments of government must
be observed. […]
Heretofore, social justice has raised fervent but frustrated hopes in the hearts of
our less fortunate citizens. We must not permit social justice to be an empty phrase
in our Constitution. We must bring it to life for all.
In consonance with this purpose, my administration shall take positive, energetic
measures to improve the living conditions of our fellow citizens in the barrios and
neglected rural areas and of laborers in our urban and industrial centers. […]
Democracy becomes meaningless if it fails to satisfy the primary needs of the
common man, if it cannot give him freedom from fear on which a strong republic
can be built. His happiness and security are the only foundations on which a strong
republic can be built. His happiness and security shall be foremost among the goals
of my administration.
We must develop the national economy so that it may better satisfy the material
needs of our people. The benefits of any economic or industrial development
3
program shall be channeled first to our common people, so that their living
standards shall be raised.
While I shall give priority to our domestic problems, my administration will not
neglect our international responsibilities. We cannot escape the fact that, today, the
destinies of nations are closely linked. It is in this spirit that we regard the goodwill
and assistance extended to us through the various programs of international
economic cooperation with the more developed nations.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

It is to our common interest that this Republic, a monument to mutual

goodwill and common labor, should prove to the world the vitality of the
democracy by which we live.
We shall continue to cooperate with the United Nations in seeking collective
security and a just world peace.
To our Asian brothers, we send our fraternal greetings. They are beset by
problems of the same nature and complexity as those that confront us. We invite
them to share our experience in finding solutions to those problems through
democratic means. It is my hope that we can exchange experiences and
information on methods that each of us has found most effective in subduing
illiteracy, poverty, disease, under-productivity, and other common evils which have
afflicted our countries of past generations.

The problems and opportunities ahead of us set the measure of the effort we
must exert in the years to come. We must have unity to solve our problems,
cooperation to exploit our opportunities. I urge you to forego partisan differences
whenever the national interest clearly demands united action. We must not be
distracted from our work. We have no time for petty strife.
I have been warned that too much is expected of this administration, that our
people expect the impossible. For this young and vigorous nation of ours, nothing
is really impossible!
Let us have faith in ourselves, the same faith that fired the heroic generation
of revolution. They waged and won their struggle with nothing but bolos in their
4 hands and courage in their hearts. Without political training and experience, they
wrote a constitution comparable with the best and established the first republic in
Asia. Our own generation was told by doubters and enemies that we would never
have independence from the United States. We live today under a free and
sovereign Republic. Our faith was fulfilled.
Today, we are told anew that it is impossible to do what must be done. But
our people, sustained by God, under whose protection we have placed our destiny
and happiness, and strengthened by an abiding faith in His goodness and mercy
– our people, united and free – shall shape a future worthy of our noble heritage
if we but act; act together; act wisely; act with courage; and act unselfishly, in a
spirit of patriotic dedication.

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. (December 1953). Inaugural Address of President
Magsaysay, December 30, 1953.

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4
Organizing and Delivering a
Manuscript Speech
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to
⌂ identify the features of a manuscript speech;
⌂ write topics appropriate for a manuscript speech;
⌂ develop and deliver an effective manuscript speech;
⌂ evaluate and critique a manuscript speech;
⌂ apply learning and thinking skills, life skills, and ICT literacy in developing and delivering a
manuscript speech; and
⌂ reflect on your learning on delivering a manuscript speech.

LESSON PROPER
When speaking from a manuscript, you write and deliver a speech word for word. The question is, for whom
is the manuscript method most advantageous?
1. Public figures. Since public figures are always constrained by a hectic schedule, they need ghost writers.
Consequently, they would have to read the text of the speech as it is. The President’s State of the Nation
Address (SONA) is a concrete example of this situation.
2. Media personalities. Speakers on radio and television always battle with time limits. For example, a
televised panel discussion about a social issue may require radio and TV anchors to critically choose
and refine the words of their speech in advance.
3. Spokespersons for government and private organizations. This public speaking role requires a great deal
of contemplation and preparation. For example, we have speeches of different country’s spokespersons
in an international seminar on climate change.

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Potential Problems with the Manuscript Method

1. Since this type of speech follows a word-for-word method, you might be tempted to skip practicing the
speech.
2. In relation to the previous point, if you fail to practice your speech and decide to read it during the time of
delivery itself, you might be glued to the speech all throughout. You may overlook making eye contact with
your audience. Note that glancing at the audience only at the end of a sentence is not sufficient to establish
and maintain rapport during the speech.
3. Lastly, because everything is planned based on the time allotted, you will surely want to cover everything in
your speech before you run out of time. This might affect your connection with the audience, as there is a
tendency to ignore the audience and neglect responding to their feedback when busy with the speech. Pay
attention and make sure to check and adjust if the audience displays anxiety, impatience, or boredom.

Strategies in Organizing and Delivering the Manuscript Speech

1. Practice! Practice delivering the speech several times. Mark the text. Even if it’s a manuscript, know the speech
by heart. Only if you do these can you keep frequent eye contact with the audience.
2. Adapt! Even if you have a manuscript, feel free to modify the text when the situation demands it. If you observe
that your audience is bored, you may use shorter yet more vigorous words. If your audience is impatient, add
words of strong motivational power. If your audience is anxious, share personal anecdotes to lighten the mood.

Tips in Using the Manuscript Method

1. Prepare! Keep your text easy to use by neatly composing it in triple space.
2. Mark! Own your manuscript by highlighting key words and phrases. This way you will be guided during the
speech delivery.
3. Practice! You can make a lot of notes on the draft of your manuscript during the first few rehearsals, but make
sure to reprint your script, especially if you make too many changes.
4. Practice some more! Read the text over and over orally. This will help you avoid mispronounced words, faulty
starts, and wrong pauses. As you practice, vary the volume, rate, and pitch of your voice during appropriate
points in the speech.
5. Concentrate! Concentrate on keeping eye contact, but do not stare at only one section of the audience. It is best
if you familiarize yourself with the most important parts of your speech. If you do this, you will be more
confident in looking at your audience during the key points of the speech.
6. Act it out! Use a lectern or a podium when practicing the speech. If you can find one before the actual speech
delivery, practice using it so that you will be used to laying your notes flat on the podium and looking at them
once in a while.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

5
Organizing and Delivering a
Memorized Speech
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to
⌂ identify the features of a memorized speech;
⌂ write topics appropriate for a memorized speech;
⌂ develop and deliver an effective memorized speech;
⌂ evaluate and critique a memorized speech;
⌂ apply learning and thinking skills, life skills, and ICT literacy in developing and delivering a
memorized speech; and
⌂ reflect on your learning on delivering a memorized speech.

LESSON PROPER
A memorized speech requires you to commit the speech to memory so that you do not bring your notes when
delivering it. As with the manuscript speech, you also run the risk of sounding mechanical during a memorized delivery.
For this reason, keep your memorized speech short and work harder on your facial expressions and the tone of your
voice.

When should you memorize?

Although keeping a speech in memory is needed only on very rare occasions, memorizing a speech can help you
achieve a smooth and effortless delivery. You do not need to focus on notes or a manuscript. You can concentrate on
maintaining eye contact with your audience, establishing rapport, and interacting with your audience.

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Since memorizing can be very tough and mechanical, it is best that you memorize short speeches for special
occasions. A memorized speech works best for the introduction of a guest, acceptance of award or recognition, toast,
eulogy, tribute, and the like.

Disadvantages of the Memorized Speech

1. You might forget what you are supposed to say. Long pauses can create a very awkward moment between you and
your audience.
2. You might memorize the speech mechanically. This can result in a very unnatural delivery.
3. You might focus on content. Consequently, groping for the right words might make you look uptight and stiff.
4. You might be too tied to remembering your script. This will give you no chance to pay attention and respond to
audience feedback.

Advantages of Delivering a Memorized Speech

1. You do not need notes anymore. Since the speech is memorized, you do not have to worry about when to read and
when to glance at your audience.
2. You can plan gestures, facial expressions, and movement. When you know the speech by heart, it will be easier
for you to work on nonverbal communication.
3. You can concentrate on visual aids and props. A memorized speech will help you focus more on your props if you
have any.
4. You will feel more confident. If you know that you have committed the speech to memory, you will not be anxious
about running out of words or not knowing what to say.

Tips in Memorizing a Speech

1. Break it down! You cannot memorize a speech in one sitting. If your speech has four paragraphs, you should focus
on one paragraph at a time. Once you have memorized the first paragraph, focus on the next one.
2. Build it up! After memorizing the speech in snippets, you need to put them together. Recite the first paragraph and
move on to the second. After this, recite the first and second paragraphs and move on to the third. The next thing
you know, you have completed your speech.
3. Speak out! Do not memorize the speech silently. When you recite your speech over and over while memorizing it,
your brain multitasks and aids your memory retention.
4. Identify keys! Identify a key point in every paragraph. Even if you miss out some of the words in the actual speech
delivery, you can easily expound on the key points.
5. Have a break! After memorizing some parts of your speech, take a break for some hours or for a day. After this,
recite the speech again. This will test how well you can recall what you think you have memorized.
6. Record and listen! Record yourself delivering the speech and listen to it over and over again. Like a song, the
speech will get stuck in your head.
7. Use note cards! Write one key point on one note card. Bring these note cards wherever you go and take them out
whenever you have extra time to memorize, especially during idle times of the day.

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APPLICATION

Identify if the following are good or bad topics for a memorized speech. Write G for good and B for bad
before each topic.

1. The Origin of Alphabets

2. A New Beginning: A Retirement Speech
3. Welcoming the Freshmen
4. The First Woman Astronaut
5. A Birthday Wish
6. Chemical Warfare
7. A Toast for Forever: A Best Man’s Speech
8. Goodbye Grandpa: A Eulogy
9. The Story of Human Rights
10. The Reality Show Phenomenon

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------

Speeches for special occasions are a perfect fit for a memorized speech because they are short and simple. Now,
choose any of the following occasions and write a five-sentence speech.
1. Introducing a person
2. Giving a toast during a wedding
3. Presenting an award
4. Accepting an award
5. Giving tribute to a person, place, or event

Remember the following tips.

1. Keep the speech brief.
2. Observe the speech writing process.
3. Research on words, names, dates, and titles to be used in the speech, so that you choose only the most accurate
ones.
4. Give a short introduction as some members of the audience may not know a lot about the occasion.
5. Memorize the speech so that you can focus on maintaining eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, and voice
expression.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

6
Organizing and Delivering an
Impromptu Speech
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to
⌂ identify the features of an impromptu speech;
⌂ write topics appropriate for an impromptu speech;
⌂ develop and deliver an effective impromptu speech;
⌂ evaluate and critique an impromptu speech;
⌂ apply learning and thinking skills, life skills, and ICT literacy in organizing and delivering an
impromptu speech; and
⌂ reflect on your learning on organizing and delivering an impromptu speech.

LESSON PROPER
Impromptu speeches are delivered with little or no time for preparation. In most instances, you are called to speak
at the spur of the moment because you are expected to be knowledgeable about the subject.
For example, your teacher assigned you to read an article before the class starts. Then, during the class you were
asked to deliver an impromptu speech about what you have learned from the article. Another instance to illustrate an
impromptu situation is when you are asked by a friend or a relative about your current or planned vacation trip or when
you are campaigning for a position in school and you are asked by your fellow students to respond to their questions.

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Strategies in Organizing and Delivering an Impromptu Speech

Below are some of the strategies that you can follow when you organize and deliver an impromptu speech.
1. Past, Present, Future
Example: In the past, I was not comfortable in making impromptu speeches because I could not think right away
of what to say; maybe it was because of nervousness and lack of time to prepare. At present, however, I am
enjoying it because I constantly practice and keep on exposing myself to any speaking situation. In the future,
I look forward to teaching others how to survive impromptu speech situations.
2. Point-Reason-Example/Explanation-Point Example:

Point I love Facebook.

I have two reasons for this: one, it helps me easily reconnect with old friends;
Reason and, two, I am updated on the happenings around me.

Through Facebook, I am able to contact my old friends from other countries

and reminisce about wonderful memories. I am glad to be able to reconnect
Example/
with friends even if it’s only through online means. Also, through posts on
Explanation
Facebook, I learn about the current events in the country—a fact which has a
bearing on my role as a citizen of this nation.

Point Facebook, indeed, is a useful social network site. That is why I love it.

3. Opening, Rule of Three, Clincher Example:

Every time I see homeless families, it breaks my heart. That is why I try to do
Opening at least three little things to help them.

• First, I feature them in my writings which I submit to editors for

publication. I highlight their sad and bad experiences living in the streets
and their dreams and aspirations in life.

Rule of Three • Second, I actively participate in organizing and facilitating livelihood

programs for these families.
• Finally, I join different nonprofit organizations in campaigns and
awareness activities against poverty.

These three are my baby steps toward achieving my vision of helping

Clincher homeless people and freeing this nation from the bondage of poverty.

In some cases, you may find yourself unaware of or uninterested in the topic. This usually happens and it is
inevitable. Distinguished Toastmaster Craig Harrison (2010) shares the following strategies that can help you
address the problem.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION
a. Bridging. This entails building a connection between what you do know and what you do not know.
Example:

Topic You are asked about your reaction on the conflict in Russia.

You have no knowledge about the existing conflict in Russia because you
Problem do not follow it.

Solution Find a way to bridge what you don’t know and what you do know.

“I would imagine the conflict in Russia to be like a conflict in my own

family. The following are some steps that I observed in patching up
Response
the conflict, which, in a micro level, may be considered by the Russian
government…”
a. Reframing. This means rephrasing or redefining the topic into something that you want to talk
about. This usually occurs if you think the topic is inappropriate or it is not meant for you.
If you are given a topic that you do not like or is not right for you, don’t despair. Simply reframe it as a topic
you’d like to respond to. Redefine the topic as you believe it should be, or at least the way you’d like it
to be. Keep the structure but alter the subject. Rephrase the question or even challenge it; you can even
argue why the question given is not the right question at all.
Example:

You are asked to compare two forms of government: democratic and

Topic parliamentary

Problem You think that it is not right for you because you are a science major.

Find a pair of anything that you think is worth comparing. You can
Solution compare natural science and social science in terms of concepts and
processes, or computers and humans in terms of capacity and efficiency.

“This question reminds me of the complexities in differentiating two

concepts in science. These are natural science and social science. Just like
Response
democractic and parliamentary, these two differ in terms of concepts and
processes…”
b. Playing Devil’s Advocate. This refers to you standing on the opposite side.
Example:
You are asked whether or not the government should allocate a bigger
Topic budget for national defense.

You have no idea about the defense system and you are more
Problem knowledgeable with education.

Solution Say no to defense and yes to education.

“Instead of allocating more money to national defense, why not allot it to

Response education? Let me tell you why education should be prioritized…”

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ORAL COMMUNICATION
Some Useful Tips in Effective Impromptu Speech Delivery

1. Smile.
2. Relax by thinking about positive things. Keep telling yourself, “I
am a brilliant speaker. I will nail this presentation.”
3. Identify your purpose. Is it to inform, to entertain, to welcome, to
congratulate, to apologize, or to give birthday greetings?
Before the Speech
4. Think of one big word that can serve as your main point. If you
think you have enough, think of the rule of three.
5. Start outlining in your head. Focus on what to say first. Be
reminded that your first few words are crucial, so make them
strong, powerful and catchy.
Some Useful Tips in Effective Impromptu Speech Delivery

1. When you are called, keep composed. Walk slowly to the lectern
or the center stage.
2. Shake hands with the one who introduced you, if necessary.
3. As you stand to deliver, establish eye contact, and begin right
away with your opening statements. Part of your opening is
During the Speech greeting your audience.
4. From your initial idea to the next, use appropriate transitional
devices.
5. Observe appropriate and effective nonverbal cues.

6. Observe time limit. Remember, you barely have five minutes to

say something.

After the Speech 1. Say thank you.

2. Return to your place comfortably.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

Think of at least five impromptu speech situations and list the preparations you should make to succeed.
Speech situation Preparations

Example:
Giving a birthday message to a debutante I will ask around what the debutante aspires or
1. wishes for.
2. I will use what I learned about the debutante in
developing my speech.
3. I will look for a memorable opening related to
the debutante then use it properly.
4. I will practice.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

7
Organizing and Delivering an
Extemporaneous Speech
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to
⌂ identify the features of an extemporaneous speech;
⌂ write topics appropriate for an extemporaneous speech;
⌂ develop and deliver an effective extemporaneous speech;
⌂ evaluate and critique an extemporaneous speech;
⌂ apply learning and thinking skills, life skills, and ICT literacy in organizing and delivering an
extemporaneous speech; and
⌂ reflect on your learning on organizing and delivering an extemporaneous speech.

LESSON PROPER
Definition of Extemporaneous Speech
An extemporaneous speech is a planned and prepared speech. Unlike memorized or manuscript speeches which
are delivered word-for-word, an extemporaneous speech is delivered with the help of short notes and a clear outline.
Most people who speak in public often prefer the extemporaneous method of delivery. Although it might look
more challenging than the manuscript or memorized speeches, it is more spontaneous and personal.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

Three Steps in Studying your Extemporaneous Topic

1. Identify the type of extemporaneous question that you have to answer.
• Is it a question of fact?
This type of question is typically answerable by “Yes” or “No.” It revolves around whether something is true or
not, existent or not.
Example:
Q Is Syria’s crisis a problem of the whole world?

• Is it a question of value?
It is centered on whether a topic is good or bad, moral or immoral, just or unjust.
Example:
Q Is it better for the European nations to step in and aid Syria or ignore the country’s civil crisis?
• Is it a question of policy?
It is focused on what policy or rule should be followed.
Example:
Q Should European countries enforce laws to accommodate Syrian refugees?
2. Determine the purpose appropriate to your topic.
3. Stick to your topic and look at all of the sides and angles of the problem.

Steps in Preparing for a Successful Extemporaneous Speech

1. Reinforce! You may explore other main points, but always refer back to your thesis. This will greatly help your
audience remember your message.
2. Capture! State the central idea of your extemporaneous speech in one declarative sentence. Keep your sentence
specific. Ask yourself what you want your audience to know exactly.
3. Develop! Now that you have a clear central idea, you are ready to map out the supporting points in an outline.
4. Introduce! In the introduction, make sure you:
• grab the attention of the audience with a striking one-liner.
• give a short background by explaining why they have to listen.
• state your thesis.
5. Check! Develop at least three main points and check each of them with these questions:
• Does each point have one single idea?
• Does each point reiterate the thesis statement?
• Does each point prepare the discussion of the next main point?
6. Supply! Make sure that each main point has enough examples, testimonies, statistics, or cases. In doing this, you
give the audience new information or views to learn from.
7. Conclude! Reinforce your introduction by coming up with a closing attention-getter that is related to your opening.
Connect the needs and interest of your audience with the theme of your speech. Restate your thesis or review your
main points.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

Sample Outline for an Extemporaneous Speech

I. Introduction
A. Opening attention-getter
B. The need to listen
C. Thesis Statement
II. Body
A. Main Point 1
1. Subpoint 1
a. Evidence
b. Statistics
2. Subpoint 2
a. Evidence
b. Statistics

B. Main Point 2
1. Subpoint 1
a. Evidence
b. Statistics
2. Subpoint 2
a. Evidence
b. Statistics
III. Conclusion
A. Closing attention-getter
B. Restatement of thesis or review of main points

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ORAL COMMUNICATION
APPLICATION

Tell if each of the extemporaneous topics below is a thesis statement to a question of fact (F), question of
value (V) or a question of policy (P). Write the letter that corresponds to your answer before each number.

1. Video games make their players violent.

2. Marijuana should be legalized.
3. Using cell phones while driving is dangerous.
4. Adoptees should have the right to know who their parents are.
5. Zoos are not good for the conservation of the species.
6. Examination results provide real indication of ability.
7. Knowing your ancestry is important.
8. Absences cause students to fail a subject.
9. Love is more powerful than hate.
10. Forgiving is forgetting.
11. We are what we eat.
12. College students should have curfews.
13. The school is a second home.
14. A half truth is a whole lie.
15. Jeepneys cause traffic in the Philippines.
16. Junk food should not be sold in campus.
17. The President of the Philippines should be responsible for the 2015 Mamasapano massacre.
18. Filipinos eat healthy.
19. Assignments stress students on weekends.
20. Eating should be allowed in the classroom.

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Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION

8
Organizing and Delivering an
Entertainment Speech

By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to

⌂ identify the features of an entertainment speech;
⌂ write topics appropriate for an entertainment speech;
⌂ develop and deliver an effective entertainment speech;
⌂ evaluate and critique an entertainment speech;
⌂ practice learning and thinking skills, life skills, and ICT literacy in organizing and delivering
an entertainment speech; and
⌂ reflect on your learning on organizing and delivering an entertainment speech.

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Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION

LESSON PROPER
Aims of an Entertainment Speech
An entertainment speech aims to share goodwill, joy, and pleasure to the audience. The purpose of an entertainment
speech is not to educate, inform, or inspire because the primary goal is to make the audience relax, enjoy, and even laugh.
This means that you, the speaker, are expected to be friendly and relaxed, but still courteous during the speech delivery.
Moreover, you should know your audience well in order to entertain them effectively.

How to Make your Speech Entertaining

To make your speech entertaining, you may:
• tell jokes;
• share funny stories;
• dramatize experiences; and
• recall a scary story.

Steps in Writing an Entertaining Speech

1. Choose! Choose a light topic. Remember, you are there to give the audience a good time.
2. Enjoy! If you exude confidence and you obviously enjoy the moment, the audience will enjoy your presence, too.
3. Simplify! Simplify the flow of your speech. Your audience does not need a mentally exhausting message.
4. Visualize! Your words should be highly descriptive. Use vivid words and keep them flowing to make your audience
feel as if they were in your story.
5. Surprise! Astonish your audience with unexpected twists in your presentation. The more you surprise them, the more
entertaining your speech will become. Suggested Outline
1. Introduction
1.1 Open with an anecdote or funny story which captures the interest of the audience.
1.2 Introduce the main message of your speech.
1.3 Provide a sneak peak of the content of your entertaining speech.

2. Body (you may use any of the techniques below)

2.1 Talk about the series of events that made you think of your main message.
2.2 Use a humorous quote which highlights your message.
2.3 Share related stories and anecdotes of others.

3. Conclusion
3.1 Recall the main points you talked about in your speech.
3.2 Recount your main message.
3.3 Make a final statement which connects to the opening anecdote.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

9
Organizing and Delivering an
Informative Speech

By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to

⌂ identify the features of an informative speech;
⌂ write topics appropriate for an informative speech;
⌂ develop and deliver an effective informative speech;
⌂ evaluate and critique an informative speech;
⌂ apply learning and thinking skills, life skills, and ICT literacy in organizing and delivering an
informative speech; and
⌂ reflect on your learning on organizing and delivering an informative speech.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

LESSON PROPER
Types of Informative Speeches
Generally, there are four types of informative speeches which vary depending on the topic. These are speech about
objects or people, speech about processes, speech about events, and speech
about concepts.

Types Descriptions Specific Examples Purpose

Speech about objects This focuses on Yourself To inform the audience about
or people tangible items like your background, interests,
and ambitions
gadgets, products,
structures, or people. Sherlock Holmes To inform the audience about
Visual aids may be this fictional character’s
necessary. profile, including his traits
and abilities

Types Descriptions Specific Examples Purpose

New Iphone model To inform the audience about

the features and capabilities
of this new model
Manila Cathedral To inform the audience
about the historical and
architectural features of the
Manila Cathedral
Speech about This focuses on a First aid To inform the audience
processes process or sequence about how first aid for an
ankle sprain is administered
of events. Visual aids
are necessary. Short Story Writing To inform the audience about
how a publishable short story
is written
Photography To inform the audience how
to take good pictures
Web designs To inform the audience
about how basic web designs
are created
Speech about events This focuses on an Martial Law To inform the audience
event that happened, about the impacts of Martial
Law on economy and politics
is happening, or
might happen in the Zombie Invasion To inform the audience
future. about the possibility of a
zombie invasion

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

Accident To inform the audience about

the details surrounding a car
accident

Cosplay show To inform the audience

about cosplay shows and
the preparations made by
cosplayers and organizers
Speech about This focuses on Big Bang Theory To inform the audience
concepts beliefs, knowledge, about the development of
the Big Bang Theory
theories, principles or
ideas. Bermuda Triangle To inform the audience
about the mystery of the
Bermuda Triangle

Public-Private To inform the audience

Partnership (PPP) about the advantages and
disadvantages of PPP
Feminism To inform the audience
about a feminist’s
perspective on the
patriarchal state of the
country
Organizational Patterns
An informative speech can follow different patterns of organization to arrange and frame the details effectively.
A. Chronological Pattern. This can be used if you want to present the history, evolution, or development of your
topic in a sequential order, from past to present or beginning to end.

Below is an example of an outline following a chronological pattern.

1. Introduction
1.1 Attention getter
1.2 Thesis Statement/Main Point

2. Body
2.1 Step A, Year A, First
2.2 Step B, Year B, Second
2.3 Step C, Year C, Third
2.4 Step D, Year D, Fourth or Finally
3. Conclusion
3.1 Summary of the Points
3.2 Memorable Statement
Sample Speech Outline:

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

Chronological Informative Speech Outline

Topic: The 9/11 Attacks
Type: Speech about events
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about one of the greatest tragedies in the 21st
century.
Thesis Statement: The 9/11 attacks were unforeseen and have changed the world forever.

1. Introduction
1.1 Attention-getter: One of the most recent tragedies that the world has seen happened on
what was supposed to be a typical September day in 2001.
1.2 Thesis statement: The 9/11 attacks were unforeseen and have changed the world forever.
2. Body
2.1 The attacks were planned by the terrorist organization as an act of retaliation to the
United States of America.
2.1.1 Nineteen militants associated with the Islamist extremist group known as AlQaeda
were involved in the attacks.
2.1.2 The 9/11 attacks were reported to be financed by Osama bin Laden’s Al-Qaeda
terrorist organization as an act of revenge for the involvement of America in
various issues in Israel and the Middle East.

2.2 The attacks happened on September 9, 2001 in various parts of the US.
2.2.1 The north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City was hit first.
2.2.2 Afterwards, the Pentagon in Washington DC was attacked.
2.2.3 And then, another plane hit the south tower of the World Trade Center.
2.2.4 Lastly, another plane crashed in a rural field in western Pennsylvania.
2.3 These vicious attacks had profound effects.
2.3.1 Over 3,000 people were killed in the attacks in New York and Washington.
2.3.2 This event also plays a huge factor in distorting people’s perception of Middle
Eastern people even during current times.

3. Conclusion
3.1 Review of main points: The 9/11 attacks were a planned assault by militants against the
US to exact vengeance against their interference in international issues.
3.2 Memorable statement: This attack has changed the world in profound ways that we still
experience and has opened many wounds of conflict. Someday the wounds will heal,
but until then, we keep moving forward.
B. Spatial Pattern – this pattern is used when you want to talk about the physical structure of an object or the
way things fit together in a certain space (Glendale Community College; University of Washington Tacoma).
Topics that deal with geography fit this pattern best.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION
Below is an example of a speech outline following a spatial pattern.
Topic: Speech about a place
Specific Purpose: To inform tourists about the beauty and mysticism of the Mayon Volcano,
while at the same time recognizing the threat that it is very active and can
erupt anytime.
Thesis: Mayon Vocano’s beauty and mysticism belies the fact that it is very active and lies
along the Pacific Ring of Fire.

1. Introduction
1.1 Majestic Mayon Volcano rises 2,462 meters above the Gulf of Albay in Bicol Region with
an almost perfect cone. Legend has it that the volcano was formed from the grave of ill-
fated lovers.
1.2 Mayon Vocano’s beauty and mysticism belies the fact that it is very active and lies along
the Pacific Ring of Fire.
2. Body
2.1 Mayon Volcano is the highest point in Albay province in Bicol and can be viewed from
eight municipalities and cities in the region. It is a perfect stratovolcano that is part of
the Pacific Ring of Fire.
2.2 It is very active, having recorded a total of 49 eruptions in the last 400 years. The most
violent eruption, which happened in 1814, buried the town of Cagsawa.
2.3 Despite the dangers posed by Mayon, people still prefer to live in the surrounding
areas.
2.4 Farmers benefit from the bountiful harvest of crops because of the fertile soil.

3. Conclusion
3.1 Mayon Volcano is a beautiful volcano which has a past of dangerous eruptions.
3.2 It is indeed a wondrous combination of beauty and danger.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION
C. Topical/Categorical Pattern. This can be used if you want to inform your audience about the main features,
descriptions, or categories of your topic.
Below is an example of an outline following a topical/categorical pattern.
1. Introduction
1.1 Attention getter
1.2 Thesis Statement/Main Point
2. Body
2.1 Feature A, Description A, First Category
2.2 Feature B, Description B, Second Category
2.3 Feature C, Description C, Third Category
2.4 Feature D, Description D, Fourth or Final Category
3. Conclusion
3.1 Summary of the Points
3.2 Memorable Statement

Sample Speech Outline: Informative Outline

Topic: Theories of Development
Type: Speech about a concept
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the different development models
Thesis: Development can be defined depending on a theoretical approach.

1. Introduction
1.1 Disagreement of scholars on the development concept
1.2 Theoretical approaches to development
2. Body
2.1 Modernization and Green Revolution
2.2 Integrated Rural Development
2.3 Participatory Development
2.4 Sustainable Development
2.5 Millennium Development
3. Conclusion
3.1 Development as a complex concept
3.2 Development as a discourse

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ORAL COMMUNICATION
D. Cause-Effect Pattern. This can be used if you want to show the causal relationship of events or phenomena.
Your outline may follow different patterns of organization depending on the relationship between the causes and
effects of the event.

Single Cause-Multiple Effects Single Effect-Multiple Causes

1. Introduction 1. Introduction
1.1 Attention getter 1.1 Attention getter
1.2 Thesis Statement/Main Point highlighting 1.2 Thesis Statement/Main Point highlighting
the cause of an event or phenomenon the effect of an event or phenomenon
2. Body 2. Body
2.1 Effect A 2.1 Cause A
2.2 Effect B 2.2 Cause B
2.3 Effect C 2.3 Cause C
2.4 Effect D 2.4 Cause D
3. Conclusion 3. Conclusion
3.1 Summary of the Points 3.1 Summary of the Points
3.2 Memorable Statement 3.2 Memorable Statement
Multiple Causes-Multiple Effects Domino Effects
1. Introduction 1. Introduction
1.1 Attention getter 1.1 Attention getter
1.2 Thesis Statement/Main Point stating the 1.2 Thesis Statement/Main Point stating the
multiple causes and effects of an event or domino effects of an event or
phenomenon phenomenon
2. Body 2. Body
2.1 Cause A 2.1 Cause A
2.2 Cause B 2.2 Effect A
2.3 Cause C 2.3 Cause B
2.4 Effect A 2.4 Effect B
2.5 Effect B 2.5 Cause C
2.6 Effect C 2.6 Effect C
3. Conclusion 3. Conclusion
3.1 Summary of the Points 3.1 Summary of the Points
3.2 Memorable Statement 3.2 Memorable Statement

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ORAL COMMUNICATION
E. Comparison-Contrast. This can be used if you want to compare objects, events, or concepts underscoring their
similarities and differences.
Your outline may follow either a block or point-by-point format.

Block Point-by-point

1. Introduction 1. Introduction
1.1 Attention getter 1.1 Attention getter
1.2 Thesis Statement/Main Point1.2 Thesis Statement/Main Point
highlighting the concepts compared
highlighting the concepts compared
2. Body 2. Body
2.1 Object/Event/Concept A 2.1 Comparison Point A
2.1.1 Comparison Point A 2.1.1 Object/Event/Concept A
2.1.2 Comparison Point B 2.1.2 Object/Event/Concept B
2.1.3 Comparison Point
2.1 Comparison Point B
C 2.2 Object/Event/Concept B
2.1.1 Object/Event/Concept A
2.2.1 Comparison Point A
2.1.2 Object/Event/Concept B
2.2.2 Comparison Point B
2.1 Comparison Point C
2.2.3 Comparison Point C
2.1.1 Object/Event/Concept A
3. Conclusion
2.1.2 Object/Event/Concept B
3.1 Summary of the Points
3.2 Memorable Statement 3. Conclusion
3.1 Summary of the Points
3.2 Memorable Statement

49
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ORAL COMMUNICATION

10

Organizing and Delivering a

Persuasive Speech
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to
⌂ identify the features of a persuasive speech;
⌂ write topics appropriate for a persuasive speech;
⌂ develop and deliver a persuasive speech;
⌂ evaluate and critique a persuasive speech;
⌂ practice learning and thinking skills, life skills, and ICT literacy; and
⌂ reflect on your learning on organizing and delivering a persuasive speech.

50
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Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION

LESSON PROPER
Definition of Persuasive Speech
Persuasive speaking is the form of communication that people of diverse backgrounds mostly engage in. This kind
of speech can center on any arguably interesting topic under the sun. When you deliver your persuasive speech, your
primary goal is to influence the thoughts, feelings, actions, and behaviors or attitudes of your listeners (Gamble &
Gamble, 2012). Likewise, you also aim to change their perception and convince them that your argument is more
important, practical, attainable, or feasible. In essence, you—as a persuasive speaker—advocate for whatever your
message is.
Qualities of an Effective Persuasive Speech
Qualities Guide Questions

1. Well-defined goal • What is your specific goal in mind?

• Do you expect your audience to think differently, act differently, or both,

after they listen to your speech?
2. Clear main point • Is the main point of your speech clear to you?

• Is it specific and focused?

3. Sufficient supporting ideas • Do you have factual statements, reliable sources, or solid evidence to
support your main point?
• Do you have enough number of supporting statements?

4. Logical reasoning • How will you state your arguments?

(concrete reasons why • Will you use any of the following?
your listeners should Q deductive (general evidence to specific)
support your ideas)
Q inductive (specific evidence to general)
Q causal (cause/s and effect/s, or vice versa)
Q analogy (compared to things or situations)
5. Effective and powerful ways to • Do you use any of the following effective techniques to grab the attention
gain the attention of your of your listeners and engage them in your speech?
audience Q powerful and relevant question
Q striking statistics
Q shocking incident
Q memorable anecdotes
Q humorous observations or experiences
6. Compelling ideas to make • Do you appeal to your listeners’ minds?
your target audience feel and • Do you appeal to your listeners’ hearts?
think
7. Salient motives to target the • Do you motivate your audience by incorporating ideas and thoughts
salient needs of your audience important to their growth and development as individuals?

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

Types of Claims in Persuasive Speech

1. Speech that Questions Fact
This type questions the existence of a particular event or happening. In this case, the persuasive speaker poses
questions of fact, derives conclusions from different sources of information, and attempts to convince the audience
to believe in his/her ideas.
Below are a sample argument and a sample outline.
Argument: Death penalty as a punishment is not effective, as it does not deter crime.
A. Purpose: To persuade listeners that the death penalty is ineffective as a punishment as it does not deter
crime.
B. Main Point: Death penalty does not work as an effective punishment because it does not deter crime.
C. Supporting Idea: In a survey of various experts from the American Society of Criminology, the
Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, and the Law and Society Association, it was found that majority
of the experts did not see death penalty as a deterrent to homicide (Radelet & Lacock, 2009).
2. Speech that Questions Value
This type focuses on questions of value regarding topics on the self, family, friendship, religion, government,
freedom, love, and money, among others. In this case, the persuasive speaker (1) makes a statement or claim which
reflects his/her judgment, (2) attempts to convince his/her audience of his/her judgment, and (3) justifies it based
on standards.
Below are a sample argument and a sample outline.
Argument: Sentencing criminals to death is wrong.
A. Purpose: To persuade listeners that the death penalty is wrong.
B. Main Point: Sentencing criminals to death is wrong because human life is precious; no man has the
right to sentence a fellow human being to death, and even so there is no fair way of meting out this
punishment.
C. Supporting Idea: Criminals might be sentenced to death based on other external factors, such as their
race. In fact a study by the American Civil Liberties Union (2003), found that there is a racial bias in
the application of the death penalty.
3. Speech that Questions Policy
This type questions the current state of things which can impact the future. In this case, the persuasive speaker
asks relevant questions that can help in making a decision on whether or not something should be implemented,
observed, or done.
Below are a sample argument and a sample outline:
Argument: The government should not revive death penalty.

A. Purpose: To persuade listeners that the death penalty should not be revived by the government.
B. Main Point: The government should not revive death penalty as it does not directly decrease the crime
rate.
C. Supporting Idea: In the United States, it was found that states with no death penalty have lower murder
rates compared to those which have death penalty in place (Bonner & Fessenden, 2000).

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

Organizational Patterns
The following are some of the suggested patterns that you can use to organize your persuasive speech.
1. A. F.O.R.E.S.T. (anecdotes, facts and figures, opinion, rhetorical questions, emotive language, superlatives,
tripling)
Below are the rules in applying this pattern.
(1) Anecdotes. Begin your speech with a personal story, observation, or experience.
(2) Facts and figures. Provide striking statistics that can support your ideas.
(3) Opinion. Add in your opinion. You can begin your statement with, “I believe that…”.
(4) Rhetorical questions. Think of and add engaging rhetorical questions (i.e., questions which do not intend
to elicit answers, but to make a point).
(5) Emotive language. Appeal to your audience’s emotion.
(6) Superlatives. Use superlatives to exaggerate an idea.
(7) Tripling. The rule of three in the English writing principle simply entails using three words together to
reinforce your point. This may add to the effectiveness of your persuasion. A classic example is Julius
Caesar’s statement: “Veni, vidi, vici” (I came, I saw, I conquered).

Below is an example.
Anecdote 1.0 Introduction
1.1 It is sad to share how my friend’s father died of lethal injection years ago.
1.2 He suffered and was killed for a crime that he never did.
1.3 There is no reason for the state to revive the death penalty.
2.0 Body
2.1 When RA 7659 or the Death Penalty Law was still active, six innocent people
Facts and Figures out of 10 convicts were executed.
2.1.1 Reviving this is unjustifiable.
Opinion 2.1.2 How many more innocent men and women will suffer?
Rhetorical Question 2.1.3 We are a nation that values life and thinks that everyone deserves
Emotive language chances to change and live for their families.
2.1.4 Revive the law only when the lives of those wrongly sentenced are
Superlatives revived.
2.1.5 Think. Analyze. Act.
Tripling
2. Problem-Solution Here’s how:
(1) Identify the problem.
(2) Provide a solution, which will show the practicality of your proposal.

For example:
A. Purpose: Persuade listeners that the LGBT community should be protected from discrimination.
B. Main Point: LGBT members deserve to be protected by the state against exclusivity in any workplace or
office.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION
C. Supporting Idea: There have been horrible reports and cases of discrimination at work in terms of
promotion and benefits. Hence, there is a need to create and implement a policy related to this.
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Current status of LGBT in the workplace
1.2 Discrimination of LGBT in the workplace
Problem
2.0 Body
2.1 Policy that clearly defines the rights of LGBT
Solution
2.1.1 for protection
Support 1
2.1.2 for recognition
Support 2
3. Problem-Cause-Solution
Below are the rules in applying this pattern.
(1) Identify the problem.
(2) Analyze the root causes of the problem.
(3) Provide a solution to the problem.

For example:
A. Purpose: Persuade listeners why the state or government needs to converge with the private sector in
maintaining and protecting national heritage sites.
B. Main Point: Preserving our national heritage sites such as century-old churches, theaters, and other
artifacts is the least priority of the government, so they should tie-up with private establishments to
maintain these historical places.
Supporting Idea One can observe that these sites are losing their historical and cultural value.
1.0 Introduction
1.1 List of historical sites in the Philippines
1.2 Not priority of the government
Problem 2.0 Body
2.1 Budget allocation
Root cause 2.1.1 Percentage allocated to preservation of sites
Support 1 2.2 Promote public-private partnership
Solution 2.2.1 Reports showing successful partnerships
Support

4. Comparative Advantages
Below are the rules in applying this pattern.
(1) Identify the problem.
(2) Present at least two solutions to the problem.
(3) Compare the two in terms of practicality and feasibility.
For example:
A. Purpose: Persuade listeners on the need for political reform.
B. Main Point: Politics in the Philippines is very dirty.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION
C. Supporting Idea: There have been a lot of anomalies and illegal transactions going on in the political
system.
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Vision of Philippine politics
1.2 Dirty politics
2.0 Body
Problem
2.1 Pass the genuine Freedom of Information (FO1) Bill into law
2.1.1 achieve transparency
Solution 1
2.1.2 achieve good governance
Support 1
2.2 Abolish Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) or Pork
Support 2
Barrel
Solution 2
2.2.1 Minimize illegal transaction
2.2.2 Minimize corruption
Support 1
2.3 Can be good solutions
Support 2
2.3.1 Practical
Comparison
2.3.2 Feasible
Support 1
Support 2
5. Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Alan Monroe, a professor from Purdue University, created an outline for making speeches based on the
psychology of persuasion (Ehninger, Monroe, & Granbeck, 1978). This outline is known as Monroe’s
Motivated Sequence.
Here’s how to apply this technique.
1. Grab the attention of the audience by identifying the challenge you plan to confront, or the problem
you plan to address.
2. Establish the need or urgency to address the identified challenge or problem.
3. Present possible solutions to your audience to satisfy the need.
4. Help your audience visualize. Use vivid words to convince your audience about the benefits they
can gain from the solutions you presented.
5. Engage the audience to participate in promoting change through a call for action.

For example:
A. Purpose: Persuade the audience to abstain from consuming alcohol.
B. Main Point: Abstaining from alcohol will help students live a healthy and safe life for themselves
and those around them while avoiding any criminal actions.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

Campaign Against Underage Drinking

Attention-grabber 1.
Picture the following situation: It is Friday night; classes have just ended, and you and your
friends are looking for something fun to do. Everyone heads to your classmate’s house, and
soon bottles of alcohol are being passed around. As the night deepens, everyone falls under the
spell of alcohol, things get out of hand, and some commit mistakes they would not do when
sober.
a. This phenomenon of underage drinking is steadily affecting more young Filipinos, as a
study from the University of the Philippines found that 5.3 million youths drink alcoholic
beverages.
b. I have researched this topic heavily, and today I will present the startling facts about
underage drinking that many teenagers might not know.
c. This speech aims not only to inform you of the risks of underage drinking, but also to
convince you to take action and campaign against underage drinking to protect the youth.
According to a study on the alcohol drinking patterns of high school students in selected parts
Need 2.
of the Philippines, a little more than one-third of the sample population drink alcohol. These
can have serious effects on underage drinkers, such as the following:
a. Studies have shown that people who drink at a young age are more likely to experiment
with harder drugs.
b. People in an inebriated state have higher chances of being victims of sexual assault.
c. Alcohol abuse among the young could lead to sexual behavior, which in turn leads to
teenage pregnancy or sexually-transmitted diseases. We have to educate the youth about
the dangers of drinking alcohol.
a. Videos and posts on the risks of underage drinking can be shared on various social
Satisfaction 3. platforms.
b. In school, events can be organized to promote knowledge of the disadvantages and
consequences of underage drinking.
We have to take it upon ourselves to act now if we do not want the youth to be victims of the
following potential effects of underage drinking:

Visualization 4. a. Accidents caused by underage drinking

b. Dropping out of school due to alcohol addiction
c. Sexual assault brought by drunken behavior
d. Teenage pregnancies
e. Alcoholism
I earnestly challenge you to abstain from alcohol and to take action and campaign against
underage drinking. Are you with me?

Call to action 5.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

Methods of Persuasion
Consider what Lucas (2011) writes about how the audience can be persuaded by a speaker. The audience can be
persuaded by the following reasons.
• They perceive that the speaker has credibility.
• They are convinced by the evidence presented by the speaker.
• They are convinced by the speaker’s reasoning.
• Their emotions are touched by the speaker’s ideas or use of language.

The above ideas highlight some of the methods you can use in your persuasive speech. These methods are
commonly used and proven to be effective by any prominent and excellent speaker across the globe. The following are
some tips on how to enhance your credibility, how to use evidence, how to use reasoning, and how to observe ethics
and emotional appeal in a persuasive speech.
1. How to enhance your credibility
a. Explain how you became an expert on the topic.
You can do this by sharing how well you read, investigated, or researched the topic.
For example: You could share that in the beginning you did not know much about your topic until you
researched about it. By saying you researched on your topic, your audience will feel that you made an
effort in building your credibility by collecting information.
b. Connect your experiences, beliefs, values or attitudes with your audience’s.
You can do this by telling your audience that you have the same experiences, beliefs, values or attitudes.
For example: In the beginning of your speech, you can emphasize to your audience that regardless of
background, status, age, gender, beliefs, and values, among others, you all have one thing in common
and then add that which you have in common. By saying this, your audience will feel respected and
comfortable because you can identify with their experiences, beliefs, or values.
c. Practice more often so you can deliver your speech with conviction.
You can do this by exposing yourself more often to speaking situations such as reciting and reading
announcements in class, introducing people in a program, hosting events, participating in debates, or
acting as a spokesperson of a group. Also, simply practicing more often before your actual speech
performance will increase your confidence and help you deliver your speech with conviction.

2. How to use evidence

a. Specify evidence.
You can do this by citing statistics, research studies, and other valid and credible information.
For example: When stating a fact, do not simply say a general detail. Instead of saying, “There is a law that
protects women and their children against violence,” state the exact details, as in, “RA 9262 is an act that
protects women and their children against violence.” By specifying your evidence, you give the
impression that you know what you are saying.
b. Avoid outdated evidence.
You can do this by reading and digging new evidence to keep yourself updated on the significant facts and
figures.
For example: If you are arguing about social networking site addiction and you are using data taken from
2000 or earlier, your speech might not hold enough credibility and it might not retain the interest of your

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Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION
audience as well. Since we are now in the Information Age, data quickly get old and replaced by more
current ones, so they quickly become irrelevant. Therefore, always make sure to use current available
data. This way, your speech will be more accurate and your audiences will be more interested to listen.
c. Choose reputable or credible sources for your evidence.
You can do this by carefully identifying and evaluating your sources.
For example: You are persuading your audience that your solution in improving the interest of readers in
Philippine literature is the most efficient method, but you cite sources such as fan sites, Wiki answers,
Yahoo answers, or blogs. This creates a bad impression, as it might come off that your arguments and
points are based on unreliable facts. As a guide, Google, Yahoo, or any search engine can provide you a
wealth of reputable or credible sources for your evidence.

3. How to use reasoning

Avoid logical fallacies or errors in reasoning.
You can do this by studying the types of logical fallacies. The following are some of the most common errors
in reasoning.
• Ad Hominem: This happens when you attack the character of a person instead of his argument.
Example: Professor X does not deserve to be the head of this organization because he is separated from
his wife.
How to avoid: When you give your rebuttal, focus on the arguments of the person, not on his/her
character or values.

• Circular Argument: This happens when the idea of a stated argument is repeated.
Example: My mother is a good teacher because she teaches me well.
How to avoid: Do not repeat the argument; instead, prove it.

• False Analogy: This happens when two things, which might be alike in some respects, are compared
and assumed to be similar in other ways.
Example: President Aquino is the Socrates of the 21st century.
How to avoid: Look at the characteristics, features, or components of two people or objects closely to
see whether they can really be compared or not.

• False Authority: This happens when a statement of someone who is not an expert in the field in
question is being used in an argument.
Example: I avoid drinking coffee at night because of the advice of my English teacher.
How to avoid: Check properly the qualifications of the person being cited.
• False Cause and Effect: This happens when the connection between two consecutive events are not
clear.
Example: Because I attended a party, I got a high grade in my persuasive speech.
How to avoid: Clarify the connections between the events by explaining both backgrounds clearly.
• Hasty Generalization: This happens when a conclusion is drawn from insufficient evidence.
Example: The senator stuttered while giving his speech, therefore government officials are not good in
public speaking.
How to avoid: Provide enough pieces of evidence before making any conclusions.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION
• Red Herring: This happens when the answer does not address the question.
Example: Question: Should the President sign Cyberbullying bill into law? Answer: The President has
other priorities.
How to avoid: Do not avoid opposing arguments. Instead, address them properly.
4. How to use emotional appeal
a. Internalize what you are saying.
The audience will be more convinced of your message if you also show conviction in what you are saying.
For example: If you use emotionally charged words, but you deliver it in a monotonous voice, the audience
will not see the sincerity of your message. Instead, make sure to observe your non-verbal cues and to
ensure that you believe in what you are saying.
b. Use emotion appropriately.
Although a well-executed emotional appeal can be used as a strong weapon in persuasive speech, take note
to use it only when appropriate to the message. Use it as an accessory only; make sure not to replace
evidence and reasoning with pure emotion.
For example: If you are making a speech on a question of fact, there is little need to use emotional appeal to
your audience since you are dealing with facts and information. However, if you are making a persuasive
speech to change a certain policy, you can add emotional appeal to your speech to capture not only the
minds but also the hearts of your audience.

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Labac, Naic, Cavite
Senior High School Department

ORAL COMMUNICATION

PERFORMANCE TASK
Delivering Different Kinds of Speeches
A. PERSUASIVE SPEECH (Written)
In 300 to 500 words, write a short persuasive speech about any of the topics listed below. Make sure you have an
introduction, body, and conclusion.
1. Use the following formats for the speeches you will submit.
• Clean copy: short bond paper, double-spaced, font size 12, font style Times New Roman
You may pick any of the following topics. You are free to agree or disagree with the topic, as long as you present your
arguments persuasively.
List of Topics for a Persuasive Speech
o Lying is always wrong. o ‘Normal’ depends on your environment.
o Truth is never debatable. o Culture is essential, just like fresh air and food.
o Modern media is to blame for lowering moral o Equality is a myth.
standards, reading levels or escalating violence. o We are what we eat.
o Online games can be good for you. o What we think, we are.
o Disabilities of any sort are an opportunity for personal o Plastic surgery should be only for those who really
growth. need it.
o Internet chat rooms are evil. o Higher education is over-rated.
o Facebook (or any other form of social media) is o Monitoring media of any sort should be banned.
replacing the need for face to face communication. o Women should stay in the home to look after their
o Cyberbullying controls families properly.
o There is never an excuse or reason good enough to o The idea of peace on earth is naive.
declare war. o Freedom of speech is a fallacy.
o Money is not the root of all evil. o Nationalism creates enemies.
o Power does not necessarily corrupt. o Cultural differences should be celebrated.
o Healthcare is the responsibility of the individual, not o Designer children—is this good for future
the state. generations?
o Homelessness is the result of choice. o All education should be free.
o Winning at all costs is not right. o Conformity cripples creativity.
o Becoming a parent should be an earned privilege. o Cloning is justifiable.
o Gay marriage is acceptable. o Poverty begins in the mind.
o Being ‘green’ is fashionable. o Divorce damages children.
o Religion has no place in government. o Juvenile crime is a cry for help.
o Choices of clothing reflect who you are. o Gangs are the result of family breakdown.
o Global warming is real. o Children raised by single parents are disadvantaged.
o Being a good person is learned. o Boys/girls need father figures to grow into mature
o What is ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ changes from generation adults.
to generation. o Being politically correct encourages masking our
o Having chores/a pet/ an after-school job teaches real feelings.
responsibility. o Graffiti is art.
o Food engineering is the way of the future.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION
B. IMPROMPTU SPEECH (Oral)
Watch the 2015 promotional video of the Department of Tourism through the following link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXxA5IlHK0Q.
Imagine that you are a tourism officer assigned to promote the Philippines among a group of foreign nationals. Using one
strategy learned regarding the lesson on Impromptu Speech, deliver a two-minute speech focusing on one Philippine
destination. You are free to choose any local destination.
C. EXTEMPORANEOUS SEECH
Oral
Read the following scenario.

A ship is sinking and only one lifeboat is available. There are seven (7) passengers left, but
the lifeboat can only accommodate six (6). You have to decide who among the following
passengers you will save:

1. a ten-month-old baby
2. a sixty-five-year-old woman (the sole relative of the baby)
3. a pregnant woman suspected to be a prostitute
4. a twelve-year-old boy with a 140+ IQ
5. an athlete who advocates for LGBT rights
6. a doctor who may find a cure for lung cancer but is a drug addict
7. the captain of the ship
Justify your decision.
Written
I. Think of a social issue that you can discuss in a five-minute extemporaneous speech. Prepare an outline for your
speech using the format discussed in our lesson about Impromptu Speech.

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ORAL COMMUNICATION
D. ENTERTAINMENT SPEECH (Oral and Written)
Develop a five-minute entertainment speech. Prepare an outline for your speech using the format below.

Topic:

1. Introduction

1.1

1.2

1.3

2. Body

2.1

2.2

2.3

3. Conclusion

3.1

3.2

3.3

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ORAL COMMUNICATION
E. INFORMATIVE SPEECH (Oral)
Choose a topic that interests you. Then, prepare a five- to seven-minute informative speech whose specific aim is to
demonstrate the process of doing something.
Below are some sample topics to guide you.
• How to design clothes
• What to do on a first date
• How to tone muscles
• How to dribble a ball effectively

Alternatively, you can choose another topic that you are interested to talk about.

F. PERSUASIVE SPEECH (Oral)

Brainstorm on an emerging challenge, problem, or threat in your locality that can serve as a topic for your
persuasive speech. Below are some sample topics.

Waste Disposal Management Allocation of Funds Citizen Participation

Gender Discrimination Human Security Animal Abuse

Parenting Styles Child Labor Traffic

Public Transportation System Informal Settlements Unemployment

Then, prepare a five- to seven-minute speech using an appropriate persuasive speaking type and
organizational pattern. Remember to have the following:
a. well-defined goals
b. sufficient supporting ideas on how your listeners think and feel about the change you want to happen
c. logical reasoning (concrete reasons why your listeners should support your ideas)
d. effective and powerful ways to gain the attention of your audience
e. compelling ideas to make your target audience feel and think
f. salient motives to target the salient needs of your audience
g. appropriate methods of persuasion

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

RUBRICS FOR DELIVERING SPEECH

SCORING CRITERIA VGE GE LE
CATEGORY VGE – To a very great extent; GE – To a great (3) (2) (1)
extent; LE – To a little extent
Ideas are arranged logically.
Organization Appropriate organizational pattern is observed.
Transitions are smooth.
Topic is relevant and well-developed.
Purpose is well-defined.
Main points are stated clearly.
Arguments are sound and supported with valid
Content
and credible sources.

Introduction captures listener’s attention.

Speech is ended effectively with a review of the
main points.

Speech is not delivered in a monotone voice;

voice is modulated.
Fillers are avoided.
Volume is well-adjusted to audience size.

Rate or speed of speaking is varied.

Verbal
Audible and pleasant voice is used.

Pauses are effectively used.

Words are pronounced and enunciated well.

Eye contact is established and maintained.
Speaker is prepared and confident.
Distracting movements or mannerisms are
avoided
Facial expressions are appropriate to the
Non- Verbal message
Gestures, posture, and facial expressions are
expressive, dynamic, and natural.
Attire is appropriate.
Mastery of the speech is evident

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