ont V Curve Fitting and Solution of Equation 5.1. CURVE FITTING In many branches of applied mathematics and engineering sciences we come across experiments and problems, which involve two variables. For example, itis known that the speed v of a ship varies with the horsepower p of an engine according to the formula p=a+ bv’, Here a and b are the constants to be determined, For this purpose we take several sets of readings of speeds and the corresponding horsepowers. The problem is to find the best values for @ and b using the observed values of y and P. Thus, the general problem is table relation or law that may exist between the variables. x and y from a given set of observed values (x,,9;),i=1,2. and y is known as empirical law. For above example, x= v and y =p. ‘The process of finding the equation of the curve of best fit, which may be most suitable for predicting the unknown values, is known as curve fitting. Therefore, curve fitting means an exact, relationship between two variables by algebraic equations. There are following methods for fitting a curve, 0 find a sui .n, Such a relation conne I. Graphic method II. Method of group averages III. Method of moments IV. Principle of least square. ut of above four methods, we will only discuss and study here principle of least square. 5.2 PRINCIPLE OF LEAST SQUARES ‘The graphical method has the drawback in that the straight line drawn may not be unique but principle of least squares provides a unique set of values to the constants and hence suggests a curve of best fit to the given data, The method of least square is probably the most systematic procedure to fit a unique curve through the given data points,CURVE FITTING AND SOLUTION OF EQUATION 383 ket el) be fitted to the set of m1 data points (2.3). (ta.32)+ (fy) osees Odi): AL (C=) the observed (or experimental) value of the ordinate is y; = PM, and the corresponding value on the fitting curve (i) Let the curve y=a+br tex’ +.. IS 48, EP Fl observed and the expected value is PM, —E)M, =¢,(say) this difference is called error at (=.)) clearly some of the error €,€),€ye---€j----s€ Will be positive and other negative, To make all errors ,M, which is the expected or calculated value. The difference of the positive we square each of the entOrs Le. Sa e242 +e + oucuate? tance the curve of best fit is that for which e's are as small as possible ie. 5, the sum of the square of the errors is a minimum this in may Be Ya, ig Vay is known as the principle of least square. The theoretical values for x). 9. 5.3. FITTING OF STRAIGHT LINE Leta straight line y=a+br ..(1) Which is fitted to the given data points (3,9})+ (X,93)+ (Fy )5) veers Oya) = Let Yi, be the theoretical value for x, then € =3i—Ya, = 4-9 ~(a+bx) = ef =, -a—by,)* Now we have PAGE pct By the principle of least squares, the value of S is minimum therefore, as a 22)384 [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS“ as_ ab Oe sing equations 2 and 2), and doping he suffi, we hve Lynne oY x @) Dynal 6) ‘The equation (3) and (4) are known as normal equations. On solving equations (3) and (4), we get the value of a and p, Putting the value of a and bin equation (1), we get the equation of the line of best fit, and 0 ~@) 5.4 FITTING OF PARABOLA Let a parabola y= a+ br-+ox? o which is fitted to a given data (1,91), (4.93) + (4a) seseees yada) + Let y, be the theoretical value for x, then ¢, = ¥; —¥% = =v (a+ by, +ex2) => ef =(Q, -a—by, -exg? 2X4 Now we have By the principle of least squares, the value of is minimum, therefore as_, as as as and 2) aaa ae Solving equation (2) and dropping suffix, we have Yoana ro x+eY 7 3) Yay aDeeeE eee 4) Dryer vey eecyt (3) ‘The equation (3), (4) and (5) are known as normal equat On solving equations (3), (4) and (5), we get the values of a,b and c. Putting the values of a, b and c in equation (1), we get the equation of the parabola of best fit, 5.5 CHANGE OF SCALE When the magnitude of the variable in the given data is large number then calculation becomes very ‘much tedious then problem is further simplified by taking suitable scale when the value of x are given at equally spaced intervals.CURVE FITTING AND SOLUTION OF EQUATION 385 Let ft be the width of the interval at which the values of 1v are given and let the origin of x and Ybe taken at the point x,y respectively, then putting 4= 20) and v x=(middleterm) If m is odd then, = Tewvalldn But ifm iseven then, y= Xvinidlleof two midalleterm) 1 ~ (interval) 3 interval) ‘Example 1: Find the best-fit values of a and } so that y=a+tbv fits the data given in the table. i] 34 Is 33/45/63 Sol. Let the straight line is el) x y 0 1 1 2 3 45 4 63 Preto Yy=i69 Normal equations are, Sy y=na-+DY.x ey YoraD res De 3) Here n=5, Dx=10, Yy=169. Dayaa7. Y Putting these values in normal equations, we get 16.9=5a+10b AT.A= 10a + 30D On solving these two equations, we get a + b=133, So required line y=0.72+1.33x Ans,386 [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS“ Example 2: Fil a straight line to the given data regarding x as the independent variable, x] 1 ]2/3/4/5]e 1200 | 900 | 600 | 200 | 110 | so Sol. Let the straight line obtained from the given data by y ‘Then the normal equations are =) y=na+ by x Yo-ad rode x y x ay i 1200 i 7200 2 900 4 1800 3 600, 9 1800, 4 16 800 5 25 550 6 36 300 Yx=2i > Yay=o4s0 Putting all values in the equations (2) and (3), we get 3060 =6a+ 21h Solving these equations, we get a=136197 and p=-243.42 Hence the fitted equation is y= 1361.97-243.42x. Ans. Example 3: Fit a straight line to the following data: x | 71 | 68 | 73 | 69 | 67 | 65 | 66 | 67 y | 69 | 72/70 | 70 | 68 | 67 | 68 | 8 Sol. Here we from the following table: 2 x » ay x a eo 4399 S041 8 2 4896 4624 B 70 S110 5329 0 0 4830 4761 or 68 4556 4489 65 61 4225 66 68 4488 4356 oT 64 4288 4489 ‘Ex = 546 Ey =548, Eay = 37422 Ee = 37314 en) (2) -@)CURVE FITTING AND SOLUTION OF EQUATION 387 Let the equation of straight line (o be fitted be yeatox ol) ‘And the normal equations are By San+bdx -Q) Eny =aEx+bEx? +3) = 8a + 5460 = 548 546a + 37314b = 37422 Solving these equations, we get a= 39,5454, b = 0.4242 Hence from (1) y= 39.5454 +0.4242x, Ans ‘Example 4: Find the least square polynomial approximation of degree two to the data, x]9]1]2]3]4 4 [it | 20 ¥y Also compute the least error. Sol, Let the equation ofthe polynomial be y= a+ br+c ol) x y ay Yr vy xo x 0 =4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 “1 1 “1 1 1 2 4 8 4 16 8 16, 3 W 33 9 9 7 81 4 20 80 16 320 oF 256 Y= 10 | Yy=30 Yy=20 Yr=3 Le ya 3s4 ‘The normal equations are, Yyrna roy rveLe -Q) Yona rs0E ee +eE G) De ydL er seD achat “4 Here n = 5,¥x=10, Yy=30, Yay=120, Y ) Drysas, Dx =100, Putting all these values in (2), (3) and (4), we get 30=Su+ 10+ 30e «) 120= 10a + 30b+ 100 (6) 434=30a+ 1006+ 354c a388 [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS“ On solving these equations, we get a=—4, b=2, c=1. Therefore required polynomial is +2027, errors \. Ans. ‘Example 5: Fil a second degree curve of regression of y on x to the following data: aes Sot We he one ie x y x x “ ay ry 3 18, 9 27 BL 54 162, 2r=10 | Xy=62 | EP =30) Er = 100 ‘The equation of second degree parabola is given by yeatbxtox ofl) ‘And the normal equations are Ey sant bSx+eE --Q) Eay =akx+ bx? +E" +3) Buty a=3, 304 +1000 +354¢=644 34 2v4x2 Ans. ‘Example 6: By the method of least squares, find the straight line that best fits the following data: Hence x]1]2]3]4]5]6]7 y | 14/27/40 | 55 | 68 | 7/85 Sol. The equation of line is peat or a ‘The normal equations are Ey= an + Hx »-Q) and Eny =aEx+ bEx* +)CURVE FITTING AND SOLUTION OF EQUATION 389 Now we from the following table: x y » # 1 4 4 1 2 27 aa 4 3 40 bo 9 4 55 220 16 5 68 340 25 6 7 462 36, 7 35 395 © Braz | aya350 305 | ae = 0 From equations (2) and (3), we get Ta 28h = 356 28a-+140b = 1805 On solving these equations, we get a=- 35714 b= 13.6071 y=— 35714 + 13.6071x. Ans. ‘Example 7: Find the least squares fit of the form y= a) +4,x7 (0 the following data x[-tfo]r]2 y| 2[5|3|0 Sol, We have y =a +032 By principle of least squares 2 =D fxg +37} 2 =D, ~ (ay +4,33 37) =0 = Ex’y =ajx? +a5x4 Drop sutfixy a)390 [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS“ as -Y2 ws == = Ly =don+aqZe (Drop suffix) 2) Now, we form the following table: * y ey “1 2 1 2 1 0 5 ° 0 0 1 3 1 3 1 From equations (1) and (2), we get 6 +180 =5 B) and 4a, +64, =10 “) Solving the equatior 3) and (4), we get == LAN, ay = 4.166 ‘The equation is given by y= 4.166 - L117. Ans. Example 8: Fit a second-degree parabola to the following data taking x as the independent variable, xj1[2[3[4)sle|7[ 89 y 2/6/7[8 10/11/17] 10/9 Sol. The equation of second-degree parabola is given by y= a+ by +x? and the normal equations are: Yyanms eS recEe Yow roLe ele Yr yaS ee Ye ecyat Here n=9. The various sums are appearing in the table as follows: -()CURVE FITTING AND SOLUTION OF EQUATION 391 x y ay xr “ a 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 4 24 8 16 3 2 9 6 27 al 4 8 2 16 bs 64 256 5 10 50 25 250 125 625 6 " 66 36 396 216 1296 7 u 7 49 539 M3 2401 8 10 80 OF 640 512 4096 9 si 8 29 9 6561 pes Yaya) Dx = 284 | Pepa 27 | = 205 | Dx = 15883 Putting these values of Dx, Ey, Dak Day De solving the equations for a, b and c, we get 0.923: b Lv and Y x4 in equation (1) and 3.5203 ¢=-0.267- Hence the fitted equation is Y=-0.923 + 3.53x- 0.2672", Ans. Example 9: Show that the line of fit to the following data is given by y=0.7x+11.28. x] 0] 5/10[15| 20] 25 y [12 [15/17 | 22 | 24 [30 Sol. Here n= 6 (even) Let y= 125, 20 (say) ‘Then, and v= y—20, we get xy) ow v w e on) 3 40 Bs slis) 3 5 15 9 wi) a 3 3 1 15/22 2 1 20/24 9 25 | 30 25 z ‘The normal equations are 0=60+0-0 > a=0 743 122=0-a+706 =392 [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS“ ‘Thus line of fit is y=1.743u, 12.50 or y-20= 149 } 69x 8.715 =0.7x+ 11.285. Ans. Example 10: Fit a second-degree parabola to the following data by least squares method. Sol. Taking xy =1933, Yy =357 then w Here ‘Taking w=x—xy and v=y—yp, therefore, u=x~1933and 387 x_|w=x-1933| y |vsy-357| wy a e ut imo] 4 an) S 20 16 64 256 w30) 3356] 3 9 1 81 ws] 2 as?) 0 4 0 -8 16 wz} 1358] a 1 1 “1 1 1933] 0 300) 3 ° 0 o 0 o waa} 1361] 4 1 4 1 1 13s] 2361] 4 8 4 16 8 6 1x6] 3 300) 3 9 9 a st w37| 4359] 2 8 16 “4 256 Total | u=0 Yeatt | Sw=st Se = 60 wr =0 | Yat = 708 ‘Then the equation y=a+bx-+ cx" is transformed to v= A+ Bu+ Cu? ) Normal equations are: Drs9ssDQuscYe 11-9 we Yw= ad us sYw+cDu = B-17120 Dev ade eBYw CY! 5-9 60A4 T08C 7 7 On solving these equations, we get A= 24 = 3, B= 7 =0.85 and C=—247 0.27 231 20 94 v=3+0.85u- 0270" > y- 397 =3+ 0.85(x— 1933) —0.27(x -1933)7 2 y==1010135.08 + 1044.69x—0.27x7, AnCURVE FITTING AND SOLUTION OF EQUATION 393 Example 11: Fit second degree parabola to the following: Sol. Here =5 (odd) therefore Now let u=x-2 and the curve of fit be v= a+ bu+ cu. ey wy fw i ft o [1 (2/1 [2 (4]a [-8li6 1 jis|-t) 18 }-1s) 4] as)-1) 4 2/13) 0/13] 0 0] 0] 00 3 jas) 1jas| as)rfas) a4 4 |63) 2) 63|126| 4 |252| 8/16 Total 0/129] 113 [10 [335] 0 34 Hence the normal equations are, Lvasa+ oS ureDu Lr aaQ us oS? +eEa YervaaDu? +6 Qu +eDa On putting the values of You, J; vete. trom the table in these, we gt 12.9 = Sa +10¢, 11.3= 108, 3 On solving these equations, we get a= 148, b= 1.13 and ¢= 0.55 ‘Therefore the required equation is v= 148+ 1.130 + 0.550" Again substituting w= x—2 and v= y, we get = 1a +34c. 48 + 1.1K —2) + 0.5582)? or 42—1.07x+055x7, Ans. 5.6 FITTING OF AN EXPONENTIAL CURVE Suppose an exponential curve of the form ysae™ ‘Taking logarithm on both the sides, we get ogo Y= login a+ blog, € ie Y=A+Br a where ¥=log y,A=log9a and B= logy €.394 [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS“ ‘The normal equations for (1) are, Yran+5¥x Yav-aQre Ye On solving the above two equations, we get A and B then 5 a= antilog A, b= logige 5.7 FITTING OF THE CURVE y = ax + bx? Error of estimate for ith point (x;,9;) is 6, =, - ay, O42) We have, s-Se Sy ay -o0n By the principle of least square, the value of S is minimum, ar as. So and a ao” vow ag = or a) and = 320, - a bx7 a7) =0 o Senadhavode @) Dropping the suffix i from (1) and (2), then the normal equations are, VoD eye LryaaDe DetCURVE FITTING AND SOLUTION OF EQUATION 395 5.8 FITTING OF THE CURVE yoaxs® Error of estimate for ith point (x,,9;) is b ,-a,-2) x, We have, b y By the principle of least square, the value of $ is minimum, as as a 25 a? on as ow =0 N oa = or “ and = or 2) Dropping the suffix 7 from (1) and (2), then the normal equations are, Day=nb+aSe ee where n is the number of pair of values of x and y:396 [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS“ 5.9 FITTING OF THE CURVE y=" sew Error of estimate for ith point (x;,y,) 18 We have, s=Le Sor -2 —a5P Now > or “ and > icyny=0 ee or oh es 2) Dropping the suffix j from (1) and (2), then the normal equations are, 1 1 oll ye Ini=ad proLe Example 12: Find the curve of best fit ofthe type = de" to the following data by the method of least squares: xii [s|7[9]2 y [io [as [12/15/21 Sol. The curve to be filled is y=ae™ of Y=A+Bx. Where ¥=logiy, A=logi9 a, and B=blogige.CURVE FITTING AND SOLUTION OF EQUATION 397 ‘Therefore the normal equations are: Lv=saseyx Ywaadxe ade « |y] P=lewy | v 1/10) 10000 1 1 51s LaTet 25 5.3805 7 12) 107 “9 75844 91s) LaTet si losis 2 ja) 132% ua 15,8664 Ys) | Ly=s7536/ Ee =300 | Yay s0.8800 Substituting the values of Vx, etc. and calculated by means of above table in the normal equations, we get 5.7536=SA+34B and 40,8862 = 34A + 300B On solving these equations, we obtain, A= 0.9766: Therefore a =antilogiy A. Tosioe Hence the required curve is y=9.4754e"™", Ans, Example 13: For the data given below, find the equation to the best fitting exponential curve of the form y=ae™, y 16 [45/138 40.2 | 125 [300 Sol. y=ae"™ On taking log both the sides, logy=loga+brloge which is of the form Y= A+ Br, where Y=logy, A=logaand B=bloge. x [Ly] ¥=msy | ay T) 16) 02081 T 02041 2 | 45) oasx 4 13064 3 [138) 1399 9 34197 4 40.2 1.6042, 16 6.4168 5 | 125) 20969 2s lossas 6 300, 24771 36 14,8626 ye 1754 | Dat =91 | SAY =3606081398 [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS“ Noxmal equations are: DY =6A4 BY x Yoav-aY e+ Ye “Therefore from these equations, we have 8.1754 =644218 36,6041 =214 + 918 = A=-0.2534,8=04617 ‘Therefore, q=antiloga = antilog(-0.2534) = antilog(. 7466) = 0.5580. and Hence required equation is y Example 14: Given the following experimental values: xjojij2/3 2/4 [10/15 Fit by the method of least squares a parabola of the type y= a+ bx? Sol. Error of estimate for ith point (1,9) is ¢, =(y, ax? By the principle of least squares, the values of a and b are sueh that s= de abe?) is minimum, ‘Therefore normal equations are given by as 2 Bo = Yyanarbye 2a Yyana+ 0S x A) as and 3 +-Q) x| 3 e vy x 0 2 0 0 0 1 4 1 4 1 2 | 4 40 16 3 | 1s 9 135 81 Yry=19 | Ext =98 Here n=4,CURVE FITTING AND SOLUTION OF EQUATION 399 From (1) and (2), 31=4a+14b and 179=14a+98b Solving for a and b, we get Land M4 Hence the required curve is 2.714144, Ans. ‘Example 15: By the method of least square, find the curve y= ax+ bx? that best fits the following data: afij]2|]3[4]s 18/51] 89/141 /198 Sol, Error of estimate for ih point (3.3) is e; =) ~axy bx?) By the prinile of east squares, the values of and are such hat s=Lé Tuerfor nena sions are given by Sen0 = Samet oS awa Sp Dropping the suffix i, normal equations are Youle ole ol) (0-2 —P2)* is minimum Saye and Deynay er +oyx Q) x x x x y | ory 1 1 1 1 18 18 2 5 4 8 16 10.2 204 389) 9 27 si 26.7 80.1 4 41 | 16 A 256 so4 25.6 5 98 25 195 025 9 495 Total Yeas Y.-S) Pt = 979 Yay 1941 Yey-8229 Substituting these values in equations (1) and (2), we get 194.1 =55a-+225b and $22.9 =295a+9790 = a= 35 159 and Hence required parabolic curve is: y=1.52r+0.49x". Ans.400 [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS“ Example 16: Fit an exponential curve of the form_y=ab*to the following data: x/l]2/3]4[sle]7{s y 10/12/18/25/36/47 [66/91 Sol. y=ab" takes the form ¥= A+ Bx, where Y= logy Hence the normal equations are given by =loga and B=logb. Vrams0Yx and Daveaye De. x y Y=logy ay a 1 10 0.0000 0.000 1 2 12 0.0792 o.iss4 4 3 18 0.2553 0.7659 9 4 25 0.3979 15916 16 5 36 0.5563 27815 25 6 47 0.6721 4.0326 36 7 66 osi95 5.7365 9 8 9A 0.959% 7.6720 o Syv=s7305 Putting the values in the normal equations, we obtain 3.7303 = 84 +36B and 22,7385 = 364 +2048 => B=0.1407 and A=0.1656 > ‘b=anlilogB= 1.38 and a=antilog A= 0.68. ‘Thus the required curve of best fit is. y= (0,68)(1.38)', Ans. Example 17: Fit curve y= ab to the following data: af2|/3]4]5]6 y | 14/1728 | 207.4 | 248.8 | 298.5, Sol. Given equation y= ab reduces to Y= A+ Bx where ¥=logy, A=loga and B=logb. ‘The normal equations are, Ylogy=nloga+ logby x Y wlogy=logaY x+ ogo. x ‘The calculations of Dx. Y logy, S72 and Y xlogyare substitute in the following tabular form.CURVE FITTING AND SOLUTION OF EQUATION 401 x | y |) logy | xlogy 2 | iad | 4) 2Ased | 43168 3 |1728 | 9 | 22375 | e725 4 2074/16) 23168 | 9.2672 5 2488 25) 2.3959 11.9795 6 | 2985/36) 24749 | 14.8404 20 90 11-5835 | 47.1254 Putting these values in the normal equations, we have 11,5835 =Sloga + 20log0 47.1254= 20 loga + 90logb. Solving these equations and taking antilog, we have @ = 100, 6 = 1.2 approximate, Therefore equation of the curve is y= 100(1.2). Ans. Example 18: Derive the least square equations for fitting a curve of the type y=ax" +(b/x) to a set of m points, Hence fit a curve of this type to the data, x) 1 [2[3 4 y 151/099 | 3.88 | 7.66 Sol Let the points are given by (xj,3)+ (4,93): Gey ¥g)e oon» Cyndy) The error of estimate for the ith point (x,,9j)is & =[y) — ax? —(b/x,)]. By the principle of least square, the values of a and b are such so thatthe sum of the square of is minimum, ‘Therefore the normal equations are given by aS _,, aS =0,—=0 da ab ay a « Sot oSiat oS ans Sarr Tete he rie as are qos i spy ela] tf z 1)-1st) 11 1 “151 2fom faa as oss sass 9a) oa has 4 | 7.66 | 16 | 256) 0.25 1.0943, i 3st 18402 [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS“ Putting the values in the above least square equations, we get 159.93=354a+ 10h and 1.1933= 104+ 1.42366. Solving these, we get a = 0,509 and b = ~2.04, ‘Therefore, the equation of the curve fitted to the above data is Example 19: Fit the curve py‘ = kto the following data: pikgem?) | 05) 1 | is) 2 25) 3 wits) | 1620 | 1000 | 750 | 630 | 520 | 460 Sol. Given ptak “Gf ‘Taking log both the sides, we get Mapu 1 1 logy =~ logk ~“ log p 1 1 which is of the form y= A+ BX where ¥= logy, X=logp, A=liogk and B y >? x Y XY 05 [1620 | 030103 | 320082 “0196616 1/1000 0 3 o Ls | 750) 0.17609 2.87506 0.50627 2 | 620 030108 2.79239 0.84059 25 | 520) 030794 2716 1.08080 3 | 460) oar2 2.66276 1.27046 Toul | Vx = hosuis | Sy =1728573 |S xv=2.73196 Here n= 6 Normal equations are, 17.25573= 64+ L.0S11SB 2.73196 = 1,0SI115A +0.59825B On solving these, we get A=2,9991 1 and. B=-0,70298CURVE FITTING AND SOLUTION OF EQUATION 403 14 0.7029: logk = yA = 4.26629 k= antilog(4.26629) = 1846248 42052 Agi $428 yg46248, Ans. find the equation to the best fitting exponential curve of Hence, the required curve is py! Example 20: For the data given belo the form y=ac"™, Sol. Given y = ae’, taking log we get logy=loga+ brlogi, ¢ which is of the ¥= A+ Bx, where Y=logy, A=loga and B= logy ¢ Put the values in the following tabular form, also transfer the origin of x series to 3, so that 3 x | y | bogy=¥ wy lw 1 | 16) 0.204 =0.408 | 4 2 45) 0653 | 1 0.0653 | 1 3) 18 1140 | 0 o 0 4 | 402 1604 1) 160s 5 | 1250 2004 | 2 | 4194 | 4 6 | 300) 2477 | 3 | 7481 9 Total aims | 3 26a | 19 In ease Y= A+ But, then normal equations are given by Drani+sYu = si7s=6A+30 el) LuraadurBQe > 12168-34498 -Q) Solving (1) and (2), we get A=1.13 and B=0.46 ‘Thus equation is ¥=1.13+0.46u, Ge. ¥=1.13+0.460—3) or ¥=0.46x-0.25 Which gives loga=—0.25 ie. antilog(-0.25)= antilog(.75) =0.557 B46 loge 04343 Hence, the required equation of the curve is y= (0.557)e"™"*. Ans.404 [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS“ PROBLEM SET 5.1 1. Fit a straight line to the given data regarding x as the independent variable: et [2[3]4]6[s 2a [3135] 42/50] 60 (Ans. y= 2.0253+0.502x] 2. Fila straight line y=a+bx to the following data by the method of least square: x[oli[3fe|s 1[3/2[s/4 [Ans. 1.6+0.38x] 3. Find the least square approximation of the form y=a-+ bx’ for the following data x[o] 01 | 02 | 03 [04 | 05 y || £01 [099 [oss [ost | 0.75 [Ans y Fit a second degree parabola to the following data: 1,0032=1.1081x7] x] 00/10] 20 1.0 | 60 | 17.0 = 14204387] 5. Fit.a second degree parabola to the following data: 1.0] 15 ]20[25]30]35]40 yLl/13/16[20/27/34/41) [Amsy 040.1931 +0.243%2 | 6. Fita second degree parabola to the following data by the least square meth x) i [2[3 [4 [5 ‘y | 1090 | 1220 | 1390 | 1625 [1915 [Ans y= 27.517 + 40.5x 41024] 1. a+bx+ex® to the following data: x[2]4]6|8]0 : Y | 3.07 | 12.85 | 31.47 | 57.38 | 91.29 [Ans, y = 0.34 —0.78x +0.99x"] 8. Determine the constants q and by the method of least squares such that y= ae" fits the following data: xf 2]4 6 8 10 sen y | 4.077 | 11.084 | 30.128 | 81.897 | 222.62 [Ams, y= 1.49989") 9. Fit a least square geometric curve y= ax” to the following data: x[1]2[3 [4 , y 05/2 45/8 ]i25 [Ans. y=0.5012x1°77]CURVE FITTING AND SOLUTION OF EQUATION 10. A person runs the same race track for five cor Daya) | 1 | 2 [3] 4 [5] Time(y) 15.3 |15.1| 15 [14.5 | 14 [am y=13.6« 11, Use the method of least squares to fit the curve Y ‘ulive days and is timed as follows: ¢ xix 6.7512 | 4. os x * +e to the following table of x values: ¥]01[02[04 [05] 1]2 1.97327 Sarat etste fam. 9=2T2T sais 12. Using the method of least square to fit a parabola y= a+ bx + cx? in the following data: 130 (69) 12).0.0),(0,0.(1.2) Ans. yas 450 13. The pressure of the gas corresponding to various volumes V is measured, given by the following data vem’) | 50 | 60 | 70 | 90 |100 p(kgem *) | 64.7 | 51.3 | 40.5 | 25.9 | 78 Fit the data to the equation py? =c. [Ans. pv” =167.78765 | 14, Employ the method of least squares to fit a parabola y = the following data: (&, yy CL. 2), ©, 0). O, 1), (1, 2) S+15r] 1S. Fita second degree parabola in the following data: [U-LU. 2008] [00] 10 | 2 40 1.0 | 40 | 10.0 | 17.0 | 30.0 [Ans y= 142+ 3x7] 16, Fil at least square quadratic curve to the following data: x)! ]2]3]4 y [ET [18 [23/32 | estimate y24) [Ans y= 2— 05x + 0.2 and y(2.4) = 1.952]406 [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS“ Fit an exponential curve by least squares x] 1 | 2] 5 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40] 50 y [98.2 | 91.7 | 813 | 64.0 | 364/326 [17.1113 Estimate y when x = 25, [Ams. y = 100(0.96)", (25) = 33.9] 18, Fit the curve y= b ++ 10 the following data 2 [3] 4 y/3[1s[6[75 Estimate y when x = 2.25. 5.10 POLYNOMIAL It FA) = gx" 40,0"! ayn? + +4, +a, ‘Then the above relation is called the polynominal of nth order in x. 5.10.1 Degree of Polynomial ‘The highest power of x occurring in the given polynomial is called degree of polynomial ‘The constant c= ¢x° is called a polynomial of degree zero. The polynomial f(x)=ar-+b,a#0_ is of degree one and is called a linear polynomial ‘The polynomial f(x)= ax? +bx+c, a0 is of degree two and is called a quadratic polynomial. ‘The polynomial f(x) = ax? + bx? + ex +d, a #0 is of degree three and is called a cubic polynomial ‘The polynomial f(x) =ar* + ox* +ex? + dr-+e,a# Ois of degree four and is called biquadratic polynomial 5.11 DESCARTE’S RULE OF SIGNS The number of positive roots of the equation f (x) = 0 cannot exceed the number of changes of sign in ‘/ 2), and the number of negative roots cannot exceed the number of changes of sign of f (2). Existence of imaginary roots: If an equation of the nth degree has at most p positive roots and at most q negative roots, then it has at Ieast_n—(p-+q) imaginary roots. Example 1: Apply Descarte’s Rule of signs to discuss the nature of the roots of the equation xf + 15x? + Tx-11=0. Sol. The given equation is f(x)=x* +15x? +7x-11=0 Signs of f(jare+ + + [trom + to -]CURVE FITTING AND SOLUTION OF EQUATION 407 thas one change of sign and hence if must have one +ve root. Se = C0" +150? #79 -11=0 or fenaxt +15 Signs of f(a) ae ++ [fiom + to] It has only one change in sign and hence it must have one —ve root. ‘Thus the equation has two real roots , one +ve and one —ve and hence the other two roots must be ry. Example 2: Show that x Tx-1L =0 xt +209 has at least four imaginary roots. Sol. ‘The given equation is S@=x7 3x4 425 Signsof fa) + - + = =0 [from + to — or —t0 +] s. f(x)=0 has 3 changes of sign. Therefore, it cannot have more than three positive roots. Also F(X) = x)? -30)* + 2-2) or art 2x3 0 Signs of f(x) are ~~ + J(-x)=0 has no changes in sign, Therefore the given equation has no negative root. ‘Thus the given equation cannot have more than 3 + 7 roots, Hence the given equation has 7 3 real roots. But the given equation has 3 = 4 imaginary roots. Example 3: Find the least positive number of imaginary roots of the equation soja saat ex? e1=0 Sol The given equation is _f(x)= x? —Sartesteiso Signs of fyare+ — FH + ‘F(%)=0 has two changes of signs, and hence 2 is the max. number of +e root. F=Ca)! = Cry + Cay +Cay +150 or Sepa th tat tr sls0 Signs of f-xnare- + + + + (3) =0 has only one changes of sign and hence it has only one ve root or f(x) =0 has only one —ve root ‘Thus the max, number of real roots hhaye at least 9 — 3 = 6 imaginary roots. 2 + 1=3 and the equation being of 9th degree and it will408 [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS“ 5.12 CARDON'’S METHOD Case 1. When Cubic is of the Form x°+qx+r=0 ‘The given cubic is x3 + gr+r=0 ol) Let x=uty bea root of (1) Cubing , Saw sy 430+ y) =u 4 +30 ort Rau +) =0 2) 1 nap . ‘Comparing (1) and (2), uv=—2q or wv" =— nd w+ mmparing (1) and 2). 57 yf and 2. wand v¥ are the roots of the equation -W@ +P ru =0 or Solving (3), t= Let Now. the three cube roots of are 1,0, 46? and those of ¥* are y, na. we2, where «and o? are imaginary cube root of unity Since uty ‘To find x, we have to add a cube root of u* and a cube of vin such a manner that their product is ral The three values of x are w+ v, wo+ vor Example 4: Use Cardon’s method to solve Go =) x27 + S4=0. Sol Let x +y Cubing, Bas) a0 sv 43u ty) =u +y + dune > P-3ax-w + )=0 ‘Comparing with the given equation,we get w=9 => #v=729 (on cubing) and wae s4CURVE FITTING AND SOLUTION OF EQUATION 409 a8 and v8 are the root of 1° — G0 + v8 y+ uh? =O, > Psst 4729-0 = 42 > t=-27,-07 Let wu) =—27 and v? =-27 So that, 10,307 and v= -3,-30,-30" ‘To find x, we have to add a cube root of w’ and a cube root of v" in such a way that their product is real, 45 (3-3),( 30-30), (30 -30) (0° =1) =-6, -H+ 0), -H0? +0)=-6.3.3 (-1+@+0? =0) Hence the required roots are ~6, 3, 3. Ams. Example 5: Solve by Cardon’s method x? ~ 15-1260. Sok Let x=u+y Cubing, (uty)! =u) +v) + 3m(u+y) =u +v8 +3 = S-xwx-W +y")=0 Comparing with the given equation, we get w=5=u'v'=125 (on eubing) and Wty =126 2. wand are the roots of P= +80? = 26r4125=0 > =IE=125)=0 > 11,125 Let Land v'=125 So that, u=1,@,0° and v=5, 50, 5a" To find x, we have to add a cube root of w! and a cube root of vin such a way that their product is real, 1=1+5,0+ 507.07 +50 “fH =6,-3-W3i,—3+2VH=6,-34 VG Hence, the required roots are 6-323. Ans.410 [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS“ Example 6: Solve x°~6x-9=0_ by Cardon’s method. Sok Let x=u4y Cubing, uty =u tv 43a y) Pv) + Sux => 8 -3wx-u' +v')=0 Comparing, we get wy =2= uv’ =8 (on cubing) and wavso 2. whylare the roots of OG +yetu'v!=0 > P-91+8=0 = (-Nt-8)=0=1=18 andy =8 so that .00,07 and v =2,20,20" “To ind x, we have to add a cube root of u? and a cube root of v*in such that Ul “ X=1+2,0+207,07 +20 Example 7: Solve the cubie equation x9 —18x~35=0 Sol Let xsuty Cubing, x Pv + dus) (atyy aus + 30x SP —3wx-(u' +y")=0 Comparing, we get wv=6 => wv =216 (on cubing) and way 5 wand v' are the roots of 1° —(u' +y")=u'y' =0. 2 P-354216=0 = (t-8\1-27)=0 > 1=827 Let )=84y=27 so that 4 =2,2c.207 and y= 3.3030"CURVE FITTING AND SOLUTION OF EQUATION an ‘To find x, we have to add a cube root of u* and a cube root of v* in such that their product is rea. =2+3 20+30°, 207 +30 (ra! =1) esfof=!28 |. +48 2 2 5-18 -5+iN3 2 2 iN3 = Ans, Case 2. When the Cubic Equation is of the Form apr* +a,x7+a,r+a3 =0 Ther ist of all we remove the term containing 32. This is done by diminishing the roots of the given equation by — or Sum of 100l/No. of roots. Where m is 3. We procced with the help of following examples: Example 8: Solve by Cardon’s method x3 + 6x2 +9x+4=0 Sol Equationing —y3 46x? +9x+4=0 ~) Equating with —qyx° +a,x7 +a,x-+a, =0, We get 2) a-ha =6 4, ‘Then 0 h=2. Now remove the x? terms .we have ‘The transformed equation is y"—3y+2=0 @) where yout2 Let +Y be a solution of (3), then we get yin3iny— (0 +" a Equating (3) and (4), we get => wv =1 and w+)412 [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS“ Let us consider an equation whose roots are wand v" P—st+ p=0 8 = sum of roots, p = product of roots, P42s1=0 > (HIP =0 1 = 1 Let w=-1 and v' =—1 so that 4=—1,-«,-0? and 0-07 -1-D.(-0- 0° 0? — 0) =2M But eho t a1 Ans, Example 9: Solve by Cardon’s method x*—15x? —33x+847=0. Sol The given equation x’ —15x* —33x+847=0 ay Equating with jx" +4,x2-+a,x+ a, =0,we get dy = ha, =-15 1s 3 Now remove the 2? term, using synthetic division, we have sil -s 33 ga 5-50-45 1 10-83 (43) 525 5 (108) 5 (0) “Transformed equation is yi =108y +432=0 2) where yex-s Let yeuty Swvry- (a8 +¥3)=0 (3) (on cubing)CURVE FITTING AND SOLUTION OF EQUATION 413 ‘Comparing (2) and (3), w=36 = w'v'=(6) and 449-432 2. wand v'are the roots of? +4321+(6)" =0 > P421+O)"=0 > (14216) Let w =-216 andy? =-216 so that U=-6,-60,-60" and V=-6, 60,60" Y=utv=(6-6),(-60- 60" ),(-60? —60) = 12,66 But ra yt5a71245,645,645 =-T1L IL. Ans. Example 10: Solve x° — 3x7 +12¥+16=0 Sol. Here dy =1,4, = Now remove the term 1°, using synthetic division, 1 1 3 2 6 1 2 1 2 1 eH) to 1 4 1 1 @ ‘The transformed equation is (x= 1? +9(x=1)+26 =0 Let yex- I, then y* + 9y +26 =0 a) Let suty Q) = yi-Ray)-' v5) =0 ‘Comparing (1) and (2), we get w =-3 and wy > wy =-2744 [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS“ Now let shave an equation whose roots are w! and 3 P-(-26)t+(27) =0 = P+261-27=0 = (1+27M0-1) =0 = 121-27 i. and v) =-27 So that w=1a@° and y=-3,-30,-30° YEU = (1-3), (0-307), (67 ~30) =-2, {+23}. {a-2v3} xeyel = (240, 04283 +, 0-23 +) =-1(2+2iV3), (2-2iV3) =-1,20+iN3). Ans. Example 11: Solve x° 6x" +6x-5=0 by Cardon’s method. Sol. ‘The given equation x*—6x7 +6x-S=0 el) Comparing with dox* +ax?+a,x+ a; =0, We get ay =a, =-6 2\1 -6 6 5 2-3 4 1 42 9 2 4 “/1 2 C6) 2 Tt © ‘Transformed equation is_y’—6y-9=0 (2)CURVE FITTING AND SOLUTION OF EQUATION a5 where y=x-2 Let y =u + v be the solution of (2), then yaw ey 43m u+y) wi ty + 3uv(y) y-3nQ)- 8 +4) =0 @) ‘Comparing (2) and (3), we have aw=6 = w=2> uv and We =9 Now let us have an equation whose roots are a and v* t + p=0; 8 = sum of roots, p = product of the roots. P9480 F=L8 de, w'=Landy' =8 so that u=1,0,07 and v=2,200,200? yeuty =(1+2),(04207),(@? +20) But 1 53029). Ans, Example 12: Solve the equation x° Sol. Here, 0 by Cardon’s method.416 [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS“ Now remove the x? term, using synthetic division, we have Wi 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 @ ‘Transformed equation is -() where yex From (1), y=0,0,0 s wayel=Lbl Hence the required roots are 1, 1, 1. Ams. Example 13: Solve the cubic equation x* +x? ~16x+20= Sol. Given equation is x° 4x7 —16x+20=0 Here, q=ha= — Xi 3 Now remove the term, asing synthetic division, we have -3 {1 1 16, 20 -13 219 Me 2 von (8) 113 { i 17, 686 ‘Transformed equation is y* — yt 0 oe equ y 9° y a ) » yore! where youd Let utyCURVE FITTING AND SOLUTION OF EQUATION a7 Cubing, wav 4 Samy = yi -3wy-u +y4)=0 (2) ‘Comparing with (1), we get Let So that Now. Hence required roots are —5, 2, Example 14: Solve the cubic equation x3 4 6,2 —12¢432=0. Sol. Given equation is x° + 6x7 —12x+32=0 Here, dy = 1a, =6 Bq, 3 Now remove the x? term, using. synthetic division method, we have 2\1 6 -12 32 2-8 40 =20 (72)418 [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS“ ‘Transformed equation is yo-2y+72=0 oA) where yous? Let uty Cabing, Yaw 4 4 3uny = y-Rwy-W +¥)=0 Q) ‘Comparing (1) and (2), we get w=8 3 wv) =512 and +y9= Wand v' are the roots of ? +721+S1 > 15-864 Let wf =-8 and v So that u=-2,-20,-207 & v=-4,-40,-407 4 = 63 + iV3,3-iv3 814 N31- Hence the required roots are 8.1 +iV3. Ans. Example 15: Solve 1° + Sar? +302 — bojr + a + BP +3 — Sabo = 0 by Cardon’s method. 84302 43e box +a +6 48 Babe = 0 Now, 2 Sol. Given equation is Here dy = 1, a =3a Now remove the +? term, using synthetic division, we have a+b) +0 —Jabe -a* +3ahe We)