1st Quarter Module

in
General Chemistry 1

Introduction

Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, how and why substances combine or separate to form other
substances, and how substances interact with energy. You might think that chemistry is all about mixing chemicals
and explosions, but we encounter chemistry in most of our simple activities. In cooking, cleaning, and other
simple chores we apply chemistry concepts.

In this module, you are going to study matter and its properties, ways to separate mixture, naming and
writing chemical formulas, chemical reactions, and gas laws. As you go through the different activities in this
module, you are expected to answer the following questions:

● How can we use the properties of matter in identifying and separating substances?
● How do we represent elements and compounds?
● Why are chemical reactions important?
● What factors affect the behavior of gas particles?

Lessons and Coverage

● Lesson 1: Properties of Matter

● Lesson 2: Atoms, Ions and Molecules
● Lesson 3: Stoichiometry
● Lesson 4: Gases

Module Map

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Pre-Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. Which of the following separation technique will BEST separate a mixture of components in a pigment
dye?
A. Chromatography C. Distillation
B. Crystallization D. Evaporation
2. Which is a pure substance?

1 2

A. 1 and 2 C. 2 only
B. 1 only D. None of the above
3. Which refers to the classification of table salt?
A. Compound C. Mixture
B. Element D. Pure substance
4. Which is NOT true about the isotopic symbol 2964𝐶𝑢?
A. The isotope has 29 protons. C. The isotope has 35 electrons.
B. The isotope has 35 neutrons. D. The isotope has a mass number of 64.
5. Which element, when combined with fluorine, would most likely form an ionic compound?
A. carbon C. lithium
B. chlorine D. phosphorus
6. What is the correct name for the compound CoCl?
A. cobalt (I) chlorate C. cobalt (I) chloride
B. cobalt (II) chlorate D. cobalt (II) chloride
7. Which of the following will complete the given statement about metals and nonmetals?
Metals tend to __________ electrons and nonmetals tend to __________ electrons.
A. gain, gain C. lose, gain
B. lose, lose D. neither, they keep their electrons
8. Which is the empirical formula of water?
A. CO2 B. HO C. H2 D. H2O
9. When the equation, Fe + Cl2 → FeCl3, is balanced, what is the coefficient for Cl2?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
10. What does the double arrow symbol indicate?
A. the heat must be applied C. an incomplete combustion reaction
B. the reaction is reversible D. the gas is formed by the reaction
11. What is the molar mass of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)?
A. 31.02 g/mol C. 80.05 g/mol
B. 66.04 g/mol D. 150.10 g/mol
12. What does percent yield indicate?
A. The efficiency of the lab. C. The amount of product we actually got.
B. The amount of product we should get. D. All of the above.
13. What volume will one mole of any gas occupy at STP?
A. 1.0 L B. 14.2 L C. 22.4 L D. 24.1 L

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14. Which gas law shows a direct relationship between temperature and pressure at constant volume?
A. Boyle’s law C. Ideal gas law
B. Gay-Lussac’s law D. Charles’ law
15. When a sample of carbon dioxide gas in a closed container of constant volume at 0.5 atm and 200 K is
heated until its temperature reaches 400 K, its new pressure is closest to?
A. 0.25 atm
B. 0.50 atm
C. 1.0 atm
D. 1.5 atm

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Lesson 1: Properties of Matter

What comes to your mind when you hear the word “chemistry”? Is it all about lab coats, flasks, and
explosive chemical reactions? Or is it about balancing chemical equations and long computations? While all of
these are part of chemistry, this field of science is not just about the abstract theories and laws, but you can also
observe chemistry in most of the processes and activities that you encounter daily. Frying an egg, baking
cookies, cleaning the house, and even washing the rice before cooking all involves chemistry. We might not
know it, but we are all chemists in our own way.
One application of chemistry that you might be interested in is forensic science. Have you watched
forensic files in Netflix? How about CSI? Isn’t it amazing how chemistry and other branches of science can
uncover crimes? One separation technique that we will study in this lesson is a common forensic tool called
chromatography. Aside from being a forensic tool, this technique is also used in identifying components present
in a sample like banned substances in food and can also identify substance such as poisons, pesticides, and drugs.

Copy the link below or scan the QR code to

watch the short video on the application of
chromatography.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zEXO6T
xaJTI
Chromatography

In this lesson, you will be able to perform simple chromatography and distillation.

MELC #1: (STEM_GC11MPIa-b-5) Use properties of matter to identify substances

and to separate them.

Learning Target: I can identify substances using their properties.

What are the properties of matter?

How can we identify matter using their properties?

We define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. The properties of matter allow us to
differentiate one material from the other. Properties are the characteristics that we use to describe matter. It may
be physical or chemical.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

A physical property is the one that we can observe without changing the composition of a substance. Most
of these are observed using our senses. When we describe something, we usually describe it using physical
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properties because they are properties that we can readily observe using our senses. Some of the physical
properties include phase/state, color, solubility, density, volatility, viscosity, melting point, boiling point, freezing
point, and conductivity.

Phase/state is based on the arrangement of particles or molecules in a given material. A substance can be
solid—with definite shape and volume, liquid—with indefinite shape but definite volume, or a gas—with
indefinite shape and volume. Color refers to the light reflected by a material. Solubility is the amount of substance
that will dissolve in a given amount of another substance. Density is the mass of substance per unit volume. We
use density in determining whether an object will sink or float in water. Volatility is the tendency of a substance
to vaporize or turn into gas at relatively low temperature. You might have noticed that it is easier to dry your
hands when you use alcohol than when you wash it with water. That is because alcohol is a volatile substance.
Viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to flow. Lava, honey, and condensed milk are examples of viscous substances.
Melting point, boiling point and freezing point are temperatures at which a certain substance undergoes phase
change. Conductivity is the measure of the ease at which an electric charge or heat can pass through a material.
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.

Below are examples of some physical properties of substances:

Table 1.1 Physical Properties of Some Substances

LET’S TRY!!

Describe water using five of its physical properties.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Chemical properties are characteristics that can be observed with an accompanying change in the chemical
composition of the substance. Some of these properties are flammability, reactivity, stability and acidity.
Flammability is the ability of the material to support combustion. Papers, rubber and gasoline are highly
flammable materials. Reactivity is the material’s tendency to change into something else when mixed with another
substance. Iron rusts and silver tarnishes because both react with oxygen in air. Stability is the resistance of a
substance to chemical change or physical disintegration. Noble gases are stable substances. Acidity is the pH level
of a substance. Acidic substances have a pH range of 1 to 6.9 while bases have a pH of 7.1 to 14. Neutral
substances have a pH of 7.

LET’S TRY!!
Describe baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) using two
chemical properties.

1.
2.

INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES

A physical or chemical property may also be intrinsic or extrinsic. Extensive or extrinsic properties are
dependent on the amount of material. These properties assume higher values when the substance is in greater
amount and lower values when the substance is in smaller amount. Examples are mass, volume, size, length and
Solubility.

Intensive or intrinsic properties on the other hand are independent of the amount of material. These
properties are inherent to the substance and remain the same regardless of whether the quantity of substance is
small or large. Examples are density, color, state, thermal conductivity, freezing point, boiling point and melting
point.

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ACTIVITY 1.1 THAT’S MY PROPERTY!!
Complete the following table by identifying the property used to describe
the substance. The first item is done for you.

Description Properties Used Physical/Chemical Extrinsic/Intrinsic

Water is transparent and Color Physical Intrinsic

boils at 100ºC Boiling point Physical Intrinsic

Blood has a pH that is

close to 7.40 and has a
thick consistency.

Saltwater is a good
conductor of electricity.

Moth ball is a white

crystal that turns into gas
without at relatively low
temperature
Mercury is the only
metal that is liquid at
room temperature.

How do the different properties of matter make it easier to identify substances?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

HALLMARK CHECK
In the social jungle of human existence, there is no feeling of being alive without a sense of identity.”
-Erik Erikson

How important is it to clearly identify things? How do you protect your Bedan identity and why is it important?
Please answer this on the GENYO Forum assigned to your class.

Quiz will be assigned in MS Teams. Please wait for announcement.

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MELC #2: (STEM_GC11MPIa-b-12) Describe various simple separation
techniques such as distillation and chromatography.

Learning Target: I can describe and perform simple separation techniques.

What are mixtures and what are ways of separating

mixtures?

Recall: Complete Me
Complete the concept map of Matter.

Source: https://ya-webdesign.com/image/flowchart-drawing-empty/1394776.htm

What is a mixture?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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WAYS OF SEPARATING MIXTURE
Mixture is a type of matter that can be separated through physical means. There are a lot of separation
techniques, but we will only discuss about the simple ones. There are different techniques for both homogeneous
and heterogeneous mixtures. Let us discuss them one by one.
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES

Decantation
This process is used to separate a
mixture containing a liquid and heavy insoluble
solid or a mixture of immiscible liquids. This is
done by removing a liquid that is free of
precipitate.

Figure 1.1 Wine decantation to Figure 1.2 Washing of rice before

remove sodium bitartrate crystals cooking is a process of decantation

Filtration
This process is used to separate insoluble
solid particles from a liquid. The filtrate is the
liquid that has passed through the filtering medium
while the solid substance that has not passed is
called the residue.

Figure 1.3 Filtration Figure 1.4 Filtering coffee grounds

setup

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Centrifugation
This process speeds up the setting of the precipitate.
The centrifuge is a motor driven apparatus.

Figure 1.5 Centrifugation of blood Figure 1.6 Centrifugation to

separate whole and skim milk

Sublimation
The process is used when a mixture
contains solids which are volatile. The volatile
solid is converted to gas without directly
passing the liquid state. The crystals are called
sublimate.

Figure 1.7 Sublimation setup Figure 1.8 Sublimate

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES

Evaporation
Used to obtain a soluble
solid from a solution by heating the
solution until all the water has
boiled off. The solid that was left is
called the residue.

Figure 1.9 Evaporation setup Figure 1.10 Salt purification through evaporation

Distillation
This is used when the components of a mixture have
different boiling points. The liquid is changed to vapor and
subsequently condenses back to liquid. The condensed
liquid is called distillate.
This is the process that involves the evaporation and
condensation of volatile liquid. The more volatile liquid in
the mixture boils off first, evaporates then condenses. This
is commonly used in purifying water and transforming
crude oil into fuels.

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Figure 1.11 Distillation setup

Chromatography
The method of separating two or more
components that dissolve in the same solvent.
Components of a solution are absorbed at different
locations on a solid surface. This method is used to
separate and identify components of a substance.

Figure 1.12 Chromatogram of the separated components of

ink
Extraction
Separate solids with different solubilities in a given solvent. A separation process consisting in the
separation of a substance from a matrix. Commonly used in obtaining fragrance oils and plant extracts.

Copy the link below or scan the QR code

to watch the video on YouTube to know
more about the separation techniques.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8E
nt5CXhfY
Separation
Techniques

LABSTER Simulation
Wait for the online link to be provided by your teacher. Log-in in your LABSTER account and
complete the simulation to be assigned to you. Take two (2) screenshots while you are taking the
simulation as your proof.

HALLMARK CHECK

What scientific skills are important in determining and performing the separation technique appropriate
for the mixture? How are these skills applicable in your daily activities?
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Quiz will be assigned in MS Teams. Please wait for announcement.

Formative Assessment:

The separation scheme used to separate a mixture into its components is based on differences in the
physical properties (such as boiling point, melting point, solubility in a given solvent, and others) of such
components.
In this experiment you will separate a three-component solid mixture containing sodium chloride (NaCl),
calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and silicon dioxide (SiO2) into the pure individual components. Pre-study the
physical properties of each component in the mixture. Then decide what physical separation method will best
separate the components. Illustrate a separation procedure by means of flow charts. Fill in the missing substances
and techniques as shown by a blank (method) or box (mixture or pure substance).

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MELC # 3: (STEM_GC11MPIa-b-9) Recognize the formulas of common
chemical substances.
MELC # 4: (STEM_GC11MPIa-b-11) Compare consumer products on the
basis of their components for use, safety, quality and cost.
Learning Targets:
I can recognize the formulas of common chemical substances.
I can compare consumer products in terms of components for
use, safety, quality and cost.

ACTIVITY 1.2 WHAT’S MY NAME?

Objectives:

● Recognize the chemical name and formula of common household products.

● Indicate the use of the common chemical compounds.
Research the chemical name, formula and uses of the following household products.

Chemical
Common Name Chemical Name Uses
Formula

Table salt

Table sugar

Bleach

Baking soda

Agua oxigenada

Vinegar

Rubbing alcohol

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Muriatic acid

Epsom salt

Betadine

**you may add more products that you can find at home in a separate sheet of paper.

ACTIVITY 1.3 TAKE ME HOME…

Objectives:
● Compare and describe consumer products at home.

Choose five (5) consumer products that you can find at home and describe it using the four criteria on
the table. Add a short description of the active ingredient on the product.

Consumer Active
Safety Quality Cost
Product ingredient

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HALLMARK CHECK
Stewardship and discipline are two hallmarks of the Benedictine Education. How do you translate
these into action when it comes to the products that you use daily?
Please answer this on the GENYO Forum assigned to your class.

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