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Crystal Structure-Types

The document discusses crystalline structure in engineering materials. Crystalline solids have particles (atoms, molecules, ions) arranged in a definite repetitive geometric pattern with like neighbors. This periodic arrangement can be described by a lattice consisting of points in space. Any point in the 3D lattice is defined by a position vector based on integer multiples of three unit vectors a, b, c. Repeating this unit cell generates the crystal structure. There are 7 crystal systems based on the length and orientation of the unit vectors.

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Bhaskara P Achar
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35 views

Crystal Structure-Types

The document discusses crystalline structure in engineering materials. Crystalline solids have particles (atoms, molecules, ions) arranged in a definite repetitive geometric pattern with like neighbors. This periodic arrangement can be described by a lattice consisting of points in space. Any point in the 3D lattice is defined by a position vector based on integer multiples of three unit vectors a, b, c. Repeating this unit cell generates the crystal structure. There are 7 crystal systems based on the length and orientation of the unit vectors.

Uploaded by

Bhaskara P Achar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering Materials

MATERIAL

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

CRYSTALLINE
Ionic and Metallic
Bonds

AMORPHOUS
Covalent Bonds

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering 02-Dec-21 5:07 PM 1


Crystalline Structure

 In a crystalline solid, particles which may be (atoms, molecules or ions) are surrounded by
like neighbors according to a definite geometrical repetitive pattern.
 When describing crystalline structures, atoms or ions are thought of as being solid spheres
having well-defined diameters.

How atoms
are
arranged ???

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering 02-Dec-21 5:07 PM 2


Crystalline Structure

 The periodicity of atoms in crystalline solids can be


described by a network of points in space called lattice.
A space lattice can be defined as a three dimensional
array of points, each of which has identical surroundings.
Position of any point along the line
obtained by a simple translation
a
ru = ua
ruv = ua+vb in a 2D plane,
where u and v are integers.
Crystalline Structure

The position of any atom in the 3D lattice can be described by a vector


ruvw= ua + vb + wc, where u, v and w are integers.

 Unit vectors, a, b, c can define a cell as


shown by the shaded region in Fig.(a)
 This cell is known as unit cell (Fig. b)
 Unit cell when repeated in the three
dimensions generates the crystal
structure.

Fig.(a)
Fig.(b)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering 02-Dec-21 5:07 PM 4
Crystalline Structure

Bravais Lattice
 The unit vectors a, b and c are called lattice parameters.
 Based on their length equality or inequality and their orientation (the
angles between them, α, β and γ) a total of 7 crystal systems can be
defined.

Cubic: a=b=c, α=β=γ=90°

Body centered Face centered


Simple
Cubic (BCC) Cubic (FCC)
Cubic

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering 02-Dec-21 5:07 PM 5


Crystalline Structure
Orthorhombic: a≠b≠c, α=β=γ=90°

Simple Body Body Base Face


Simple
tetragonal centered centered centered centered
tetragonal

Simple monoclinic Base centered


monoclinic
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering 02-Dec-21 5:07 PM 6
Crystalline Structure

Hexagonal closed
Rhombohedral Hexagonal Triclinic
packing
a=b=c a=b≠c a≠b≠c
α = β = γ ≠ 90° a=b≠c
α = β = 90°, γ=120° α≠β≠γ≠90°
α = β = 90°, γ=120°

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering 02-Dec-21 5:07 PM 7

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