ABSTRACT

This topic explains the principles

CHAPTER 2:
SIMPLE STRESSES
CHAPTER 2: SIMPLE STRESSES

2.1. INTRODUCTION

In our daily life, we see that when we pull the rubber band, it elongates. The amount, by which
the rubber band elongates, depends upon the amount of load and the nature as well as cross
sectional area of the rubber band material. It has been experimentally found that the cohesive
force, between molecules of rubber band, offers resistance against the deformation, and the force
of resistance increase with the deformation. It has also been observed that the process of
deformation stops when the force of resistance is equal to the external force. In the succeeding
pages, we shall discuss the effects produced by the application of loads, on the materials.

In engineering practice, the machine parts are subjected to various forces which may be due to
either one or more of the following such as energy transmitted, weight of the machine, frictional
resistances, inertia of reciprocating parts, and change of temperature and lack of balance of
moving parts.

The different forces acting on a machine part produces various types of stresses, which will be
discussed in this chapter.

2.2. LOAD

It is defined as any external force acting upon a machine part. The following four types of the
load are important from the subject point of view:
2.2.1. Dead or steady load
2.2.2. Live or variable load
2.2.3. Suddenly applied or shock loads
2.2.4. Impact load

2.3. STRESS

Every material is elastic in nature. This is why, whenever some external system of forces acts on
a body, it undergoes some deformation. As the body undergoes deformation, its molecules set up
some resistance to deformation. This resistance per unit area to deformation is known as stress.
Mathematically stress may be defined as the force per unit area.

P

A
Where,
P = load or force acting on the body
A = cross – sectional area of the body
Unit = N / m2

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CHAPTER 2: SIMPLE STRESSES

2.4. STRAIN

Whenever a single force acts on a body, it undergoes some deformation. This deformation per
unit length is known as strain. Mathematically strain may be defined as the deformation per unit
length.

l

l
Where,
𝛿𝑙 = deformation of the body
𝑙 = original length of the body

2.5. TENSILE STRESS AND STRAIN

P P

(a)

P σ σ P

(b)

Figure 2.1 Tensile stress and strain

When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite axial pulls P (also called tensile force) as
shown in Fig. 2.1 (a), then the stress induced at any section of the body is known as tensile stress
shown in Fig. 2.1 (b). A little consideration will show that due to the tensile force, there will be
decrease in cross sectional area and increase in length of the body. The ratio of the increase
length to the original length is known as tensile strain.

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CHAPTER 2: SIMPLE STRESSES

2.6. COMPRESSIVE STRESS AND STRAIN

P P

(a)

P P
σ σ

(b)

Figure 2.2 Compressive stress and strain

When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite axial pushes P (also called compressive
force) as shown in Fig. 2.2 (a), then the stress induced at any section of the body is known as
compressive stress as shown in Fig. 2.2 (b). A little consideration will show that due to the
compressive load, there will be an increase in cross sectional area and a decrease in length of the
body. The ratio of the decrease in length to the original length is known as compressive strain.

2.7. YOUNG’S MODULUS

Hooke’s law states that when a material is loaded within elastic limit, the stress is directly
proportional to strain
𝜎 ∝ 𝜀 or 𝜎 = 𝐸. 𝜀
𝜎 𝑃𝑙
𝐸= =
𝜀 𝐴∆𝑙

Example 2.1. A coil chain of a crane required to carry a maximum load of 50kN, find the
diameter of the link stock, if permissible tensile stress in the link material is not to exceed 75
MPa.

Solution.
𝑃 𝑃
𝜎= =
𝐴 𝜋𝑑 2
4

4𝑃
𝑑2 =
𝜋𝜎

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CHAPTER 2: SIMPLE STRESSES

4𝑃
𝑑=√
𝜋𝜎

4 × 50𝑘
𝑑=√
𝜋 × 75𝑀
𝑑 = 29.13 𝑚𝑚

2.8. SHEAR STRESS AND STRAIN

When a section is subjected to two equal and opposite forces, acting tangentially across the
resisting section, as a result of which the body tends to shear off across the section as shown in
figure 2.1 below, the stress induced is called shear stress.

Before the force is subject

P
P
After the force is subjected

Figure 2.1 shearing stress

2.9. ANGULAR MOMENTUM

It is the product of the mass moment of inertia and the angular velocity of the body.
Mathematically;
𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝐼. 𝜔
Where
I = Mass moment of inertia
ω = Angular velocity of the body

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CHAPTER 2: SIMPLE STRESSES

2.10. TORQUE

It may be defined as the product of force and the perpendicular distance of its line of action from
the given points or axis. A little consideration will show that the torque is equivalent to a couple
acting upon a body.
Mathematically;
𝑇 = 𝐼. 𝛼
Where
T = Torque
α = Angular acceleration

2.11. WORK

Whenever a force acts on a body and the body undergoes a displacement in the direction of the
force, then work is said to be done. For example, if a force F acting on a body causes a
displacement x of the body in the direction of the force, then

Work done = Force x Displacement = F x x

When a torque acting on a body causes the angular displacement about an axis perpendicular to
the plane of the couple, then

Work done = Torque x Angular displacement = T. θ

2.12. POWER

It may be defined as the rate of doing work or work done per unit time.
Mathematically;

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

Also can be write as

2𝜋𝑁
ℎ𝑝 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑃𝑈 = 𝑇𝜔 = 𝑇 × 60

Where
P = force, N
U = velocity, m/s
T = torque, Nm
𝜔 = rotational speed, rads
N = speed, rpm

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CHAPTER 2: SIMPLE STRESSES

2.13. EXERCISES

Exercise 1
A steel bar 1m long & 20mm x 20mm in cross-section is subjected to tensile force of 40kN.
Determine the elongation of the bar, if modulus of elasticity for the rod material is 200
GN/m2.

Given:
𝑙= 1 m
A = 20m x 20m = 400 x 10 -6 m²
P= 40 kN = 40 x 103 N
E= 200 G N/m² = 200 x 10⁹ N/m²

Solution:
Pl (40 103 )(1)
l  =
AE (400 106 )(200 109 )
= 0.5 mm.

Exercise 2
A hollow cylinder 2m long has an outside diameter of 50mm & inside diameter of 30mm. If
the cylinder is carrying a load of 25 kN, find the stress in the cylinder. Also find the
deformation of the cylinder, if the value of the modulus of elasticity for the cylinder materials
is 100 GN/m2.

Given:
l = 2m
D = 50 mm
d = 30 mm
P = 25 kN

Solution:
 
A= ( D2  d 2 )  (50 103 )2  (30 103 )2   1.257mm2
4 4

P 25 103
 = = 19.9 MN/m2.
A 1.257 10 6

p (25 103 )(2)

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CHAPTER 2: SIMPLE STRESSES

Exercise 3
A load of 5 kN is to be raised with the help of a steel wire. Find the minimum diameter of the
steel wire if the stress is not exceeding 100 MN/m2.

Given:
P = 5 kN,
  100MN / m2 .

Solution:
d2 4P
 P 
4 d2
4P
d2 

P 4P
 d 
A 

4(5 103)

 (100 106 )
 7.99mm @8mm

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CHAPTER 2: SIMPLE STRESSES

Exercise 4
In an experiment, a steel specimen at 13mm diameter was found to elongate 0.2mm in a
200mm gauge length when it was subjected to a tensile force of 26.8kN. If the specimen was
tested within the elastic range, what is the value of young’s modulus?

Given:
d = 13mm
 l = 0.2mm
l  200mm
P = 26.8kN

Solution:
 
A d2  (13 103 ) 2  1.327 104 m 2
4 4
pl
l 
AE
pl
E
A l
26.8 103  200 103

1.327 104  0.2 103

GN
 202
m2

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CHAPTER 2: SIMPLE STRESSES

Exercise 5
A hollow steel tube 3.5m long has external diameter of 120mm. In order to determine the
internal diameter, the tube was subjected to a tensile load of 400kN and extension was
measured to be 2mm. If the modulus of elasticity for the tube material is 200Gpa, determine
the internal diameter of the tube.

Given:
 3.5m
D  120 103 m
P  400 103 N
  2 103 m
N
E  200GPa  200 109
m2

Solution:
P
 
AE
P
 

(120 103 ) 2  d 2  E
4
4P
 
 (120 103 ) 2  d 2  E
4P
(120 103 ) 2  d 2 
 ( ) E
4P
(120 103 ) 2   d2
 ( ) E
4P
d  (120 103 ) 2 
 ( ) E
4(400 103 )3.5
d  (120 103 ) 2 
 (2 103 )(200 109 )

d  99.72mm

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CHAPTER 2: SIMPLE STRESSES

References
Bernard J.Hamrock, S. R. (2005). fundamentals of machine elements 2nd edition. kuala lumpur: The McGraw
Hill Companies.

Khurmi, R. S. (2007). Strength of Materials. New Delhi: S. Chand.

R.S. Khurmi, J. G. (2006). A Text Book of Machine Design. New Delhi: S. Chand.

Robert C. Juvinall, K. M. (2000). Fundamentals of Machine Component Design 3rd Edition. new york: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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