KINEMATICS:

TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONAL MOTION

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILO)

 Find the position, velocity and acceleration
using unit vectors
 Describe and compare the motion of a body
thrown horizontally to that of in free fall
 Derive working equations for horizontally- Instantaneous Velocity: the derivative of the position
launched projectile vector with respect to time and direction at any point in
a particles path is along a line tangent to the path at that
 Study the elements of projectile motion
point.
 Determine the relationship of the angle of
projection on the range at a given initial
⃗⃗ 𝒅𝒓
∆𝒓
velocity. ⃗⃗ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒗 =
∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Motion in Two Dimensions 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
Kinematic variables in one dimension ⃗⃗ =
𝒗 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂
 Position: x(t) m 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
 Velocity: v(t) m/s ⃗⃗ = 𝒗
⃗⃗𝒙 𝒊̂ + 𝒗
⃗⃗𝒚 𝒋̂
𝒗
 Acceleration: a(t) m/s2
Average acceleration: change in its instantaneous
Kinematic variables in three dimensions
velocity vector divided by the time interval ∆𝑡 during
 Position: 𝑟⃗(𝑡) = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂, 𝑚 which changes occurs
 Velocity: 𝑣⃗(𝑡) = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑣𝑧 𝑘̂ , 𝑚/𝑠
 Acceleration: 𝑎⃗(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘̂ , 𝑚/𝑠2 ⃗⃗ ∆𝒗𝒙
∆𝒗 ∆𝒗𝒚
⃗⃗𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
𝒂 = 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂
∆𝒕 ∆𝒕 ∆𝒕
Position vectors : the position of an object is described
by its position vector - always points to particle from ⃗⃗𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝒂
𝒂 ⃗⃗𝒂𝒗𝒈𝒙 𝒊̂ + 𝒂
⃗⃗𝒂𝒗𝒈𝒚𝒋̂
origin.
Instantaneous acceleration: The derivative of the
velocity vector with respect to time.

∆𝒗 𝒅𝒗
⃗⃗ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒂
𝒂 ⃗⃗𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒗𝒙 𝒅𝒗𝒚
⃗⃗ =
𝒂 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂
Displacement vector: difference between its final 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
position vector and its initial position vector but making
⃗⃗ = 𝒂𝒙 𝒊̂ + 𝒂𝒚 𝒋̂
𝒂
use of the full vector notation rather than positive and
negative signs to indicate the direction of motion.

∆𝒓 ⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒓𝟏  The direction of the velocity can change, even
⃗⃗ = (𝒙𝟐 𝒊̂ + 𝒚𝟐 𝒋̂) − (𝒙𝟏 𝒊̂ + 𝒚𝟏 𝒋̂)
∆𝒓 though the magnitude is constant
∆𝒓⃗⃗ = ∆𝒙𝒊̂ − ∆𝒚𝒋̂  Both the magnitude and the direction can
change
Average velocity: the displacement vector of the particle Motion in two dimensions
divided by the time interval Motions in each dimension are independent
⃗⃗ ∆𝒙
∆𝒓 ∆𝒚 components
⃗⃗𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
𝒗 = 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ 𝑣⃗ = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎̂𝑡
∆𝒕 ∆𝒕 ∆𝒕 1 2
𝑟⃗ − ⃗𝑟⃗𝑖 = ⃗𝑣⃗⃗𝑡
𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
⃗⃗𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝒗
𝒗 ⃗⃗𝒂𝒗𝒈𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝒗
⃗⃗𝒂𝒗𝒈𝒚𝒋̂ 2

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Constant acceleration equations 2. A golf ball is hit off a tee at the edge of a cliff. Its x and
𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝒊𝒙 + 𝒂𝒙 𝒕 𝒗𝒚 = 𝒗𝒊𝒚 + 𝒂𝒚 𝒕 y coordinates as functions of time are given by the
1 2 1 following expressions:
∆𝒙 = 𝒗𝒙𝒊 𝒕 + 2 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 ∆𝒚 = 𝒗𝒊𝒚 𝒕 + 2 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2
𝑥 = (18.0 𝑚/𝑠)𝑡
𝒗𝒇𝒙 𝟐 = 𝒗𝒊𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟐𝑎𝑥 ∆𝑥 𝒗𝒇𝒚 𝟐 = 𝒗𝒊𝒚 𝟐 + 𝟐𝑎𝑦 ∆𝑦 𝑦 = (4.00 𝑚/𝑠)𝑡 − (4.90 𝑚/𝑠2 )𝑡 2

Constant acceleration equations hold in each dimension a.) Write a vector expression for the ball’s position as a
 𝑡 = 0 beginning of the process; function of time, using the unit vectors î and ĵ.
 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗̂ where 𝑎𝑥 and 𝑎𝑦 are constant;
 Initial velocity ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑣𝑖𝑦 𝑗̂ ⃗⃗ = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝒕𝒊̂ + (𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝒕 − 𝟒. 𝟗𝟎𝒕𝟐 )𝒋̂
𝒓
 initial displacement ⃗𝑟⃗𝑖 = 𝑟𝑖 𝑖̂ + 𝑟𝑖 𝑗̂ b.) The velocity vector as a function of time

To determine the magnitude of a vector and its 𝒎 𝒎

⃗⃗ = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎
𝒗 𝒊̂ + (𝟒. 𝟎𝟎 − 𝟗. 𝟖𝟎 𝟐 𝒕) 𝒋̂
direction: 𝒔 𝒔
c.) The acceleration vector as a function of time. Next use
⃗⃗⃗| = √𝑨𝒙 𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚 𝟐
𝑨 = |𝑨 unit–vector notation to write expressions.
𝑨𝒚
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 | | ⃗𝒂⃗ = (−𝟗. 𝟖𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 )𝒋̂
𝑨𝒙
d.) The position, the velocity, and the acceleration of the
1. A particle starts from the origin at t = 0 with an initial golf ball, all at t = 3.00 s.
velocity having an x component of 20 m/s and a y 𝑟⃗(3) = 18.0(3)𝑖̂ + (4.00(3) − 4.90(3)2 )𝑗̂
component of -15 m/s. The particle moves in the xy plane = (𝟓𝟒. 𝟎𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝒋̂)𝒎
with an x component of acceleration only, given by 𝑚 𝑚
ax=4.0 m/s2. 𝑣⃗(3) = 18.0 𝑖̂ + (4.00 − 9.80 2 (3)) 𝑗̂
𝑠 𝑠
= (𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝟓. 𝟒𝒋̂)𝒎/𝒔
a.) Calculate the velocity and speed of the particle at t =
5.0s. Evaluate the speed of the particle as the magnitude
⃗⃗(𝟑) = (−𝟗. 𝟖𝟎)𝒋̂ 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
𝒂
of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗.
𝒗𝒇
3. A web page designer creates an animation in which a
𝑚 dot on a computer screen has a position of
Given: 𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 20; 𝑣𝑖𝑦 = −15 ; 𝑎𝑥 = 4.0 ; 𝑎𝑦 = 0. 𝑟⃗ = [4.0𝑐𝑚 + (2.5𝑐𝑚/𝑠2 )𝑡 2 ]𝑖̂ + (5.0𝑐𝑚/𝑠)𝑡 𝑗̂
𝑠2
𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎⃗𝑡 = (𝑣𝑖𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡)𝑖̂ + (𝑣𝑖𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡)𝑗̂
𝑓 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ a.) Find the magnitude and direction of the dot’s average
𝑣𝑓 = (20 + 4.0𝑡)𝑖̂ + (−15 + 0𝑡)𝑗̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ velocity between t = 0 and t =2s.
𝒗𝒇 = [(𝟐𝟎 + 𝟒. 𝟎𝒕)𝒊̂ − 𝟏𝟓𝒋̂] 𝒎/𝒔
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟⃗(0) = [4.0 + (2.5)(0)2 ]𝑖̂ + (5.0)(0) 𝑗̂
But t=5.0s ⃗⃗(𝟎) = 𝟎𝒊̂ + 𝟎 𝒋̂
𝒓
𝑣𝑓 = [(20 + 4.0(5.0))𝑖̂ − 15𝑗̂]𝑚/𝑠
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟⃗(2) = [4.0 + (2.5)(2)2 ]𝑖̂ + (5.0)(2) 𝑗̂
𝒗𝒇 = (𝟒𝟎𝒊̂ − 𝟏𝟓𝒋̂)𝒎/𝒔
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗(𝟐) = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝒊̂ + 𝟏𝟎. 𝟎 𝒋̂
𝒓

⃗⃗ ∆𝒙
∆𝒓 ∆𝒚
𝟐 𝟐 ⃗⃗𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
𝒇 = √(𝟒𝟎) + (−𝟏𝟓) = 𝟒𝟑 𝒎/𝒔
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|
𝒗𝒇 = |𝒗 𝒗 = 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂
∆𝒕 ∆𝒕 ∆𝒕
b.) Determine the x and y coordinates of the particle at 14.0 − 0 10.0 − 0
any time t and its position vector at this time. ⃗⃗𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
𝒗 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ = 𝟕𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝒋̂
2−0 2−0
1 b.) Find the magnitude and direction of the dot’s
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2 = (𝟐𝟎𝒕 + 𝟐. 𝟎𝒕𝟐 )𝒎
2 instantaneous velocity at t = 0, t = 1s, and t = 2.0s.
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2 = 𝑣𝑖𝑦 𝑡 = (−𝟏𝟓𝒕)𝒎 𝑣⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ = 𝟓𝒕𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝒋̂
2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑣⃗(0) = 5(0)𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ = +𝟓𝒋̂ ; 𝒗 = 𝟓𝒄𝒎/𝒔, 𝟗𝟎°
𝑟⃗𝑓 = 𝑥𝑓 𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑓 𝑗̂ = (𝟐𝟎𝒕 + 𝟐. 𝟎𝒕𝟐 )𝒊̂ − 𝟏𝟓𝒕𝒋̂, 𝒎
𝑣⃗(1) = 5(1)𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ = 𝟓𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝒋̂ ; 𝒗 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟕𝒄𝒎/𝒔, 𝟒𝟓°

𝑣⃗(2) = 5(2)𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ = 𝟏𝟎𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝒋̂ ;

𝒗 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝒄𝒎/𝒔, 𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟕°

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PROJECTILE MOTION 1.) Constant velocity in the horizontal direction
 curved motion with constant acceleration. It is 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 𝑣𝑓𝑥
two dimensional motion of a particle thrown
𝑎𝑥 = 0
obliquely into the air.
 is an object thrown into the air upon which the 2.) Constant acceleration in the vertical direction
only force acting is gravity. 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑔 = −9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2
 is any object which once projected continues in
motion by its own inertia and is influenced only 3.) Initial Velocity
by the downward force of gravity 𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
 The path of the projectile is always a parabola.
 The path followed by the projectile is termed as 𝑣𝑖𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
the "trajectory of the projectile".
𝑣⃗𝑖 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑣𝑖𝑦 𝑗̂
Example of Projectile Motion
1. An object thrown from a hill to the downward 4.) Final Velocity
direction.
2. An object thrown from the ground towards the sky or 𝑣𝑓𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥
in the upward direction.
3. An object thrown towards the sky but by making some 𝑣𝑓𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡
angle with horizontal surface .
𝑣⃗𝑓 = 𝑣𝑓𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑣𝑓𝑦 𝑗̂
Horizontal and Vertical Components of a Projectile’s
Motion 5.) Maximum Height
 projectile travel with a parabolic trajectory due - maximum value of the vertical distance attained by
to the influence of gravity. the projectile .
 there are no horizontal forces acting upon a
−𝑉𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
projectile and thus no horizontal acceleration. 𝐻 = 𝑦𝑓 =
 the horizontal velocity of a projectile is constant 2𝑎𝑦
(considering air resistance is negligible)
 there is a vertical acceleration caused by gravity; 6.) Time to reach maximum height
its value is 9.8 m/s2, downward.
 the vertical velocity of a projectile changes by 9.8 −𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
m/s each second. 𝑡=
𝑎𝑦
 the horizontal and vertical components of a
projectile motion are independent of each other. 7.) Horizontal Range or Horizontal Displacement
A projectile has both the horizontal - the distance from the point of projection to the
o𝒓 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝑽𝒙 ) and vertical or y component point where the projection strikes the point in a
(𝑽𝒚 ) components of motion. Each component is horizontal plane.
independent with each other. −𝑉𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
𝑅 = 𝑥𝑓 =
𝑎𝑦

8.) Time of flight

– the time from the instant when it is projected to
the time when it strikes the point in a horizontal
plane passing through the point.

−2𝑉𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑇=
𝑎𝑦

Superposition of two motion:

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1. To start an avalanche on a mountain slope, an artillery 3. A long jumper leaves the ground with an initial velocity
shell is fired with an initial velocity of 300 m/s at of 12 m/s at an angle of 28-degrees above the horizontal.
55.0°above the horizontal. It explodes on the a.) Determine the time of flight, b.) the horizontal
mountainside 42.0s after firing. What are the x and y
distance, c.) the peak height of the long-jumper, d.) the
coordinates of the shell where it explodes, relative to its
firing point? time it will reach the peak height, e.) the x and y
Given: 𝑣𝑖 = 300𝑚/𝑠, 𝜃 = 55° , 𝑡 = 42.0𝑠 ; 𝑥𝑓 , 𝑦𝑓 =? component at t=0.80s and f.) express the velocity at
𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 300𝑐𝑜𝑠55° = 172.07𝑚/𝑠 t=0.80s in unit vector and determine its magnitude.
𝑣𝑖𝑦 = 300𝑠𝑖𝑛55° = 245.75𝑚/𝑠
1 Given: 𝑣𝑖 = 12𝑚/𝑠, 𝜃 = 28°, 𝑎𝑥 = 0, 𝑎𝑦 = −9.80𝑚/𝑠2
𝑥𝑓 = 172.07(42.0) + (0)(42.0)2 𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 𝑣𝑓𝑥 = 12𝑐𝑜𝑠28° = 10.60𝑚/𝑠
2
= 𝟕, 𝟐𝟐𝟔. 𝟗𝟒𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝟕. 𝟐𝟑𝒌𝒎 𝑣𝑖𝑦 = 12𝑠𝑖𝑛28° = 5.63𝑚/𝑠
1 a.)Time of Flight
𝑦𝑓 = 245.75(42.0) + (−9.8)(42.0)2
2
= 𝟏, 𝟔𝟕𝟕. 𝟗𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝟏. 𝟔𝟖𝒌𝒎 −2𝑉𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 −2(12)𝑠𝑖𝑛28°
𝑇= =
𝑎𝑦 −9.80
2. A stone is thrown from the top of a building upward at
𝑻 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝒔
an angle of 30.0° to the horizontal with an initial speed
of 20.0 m/s as shown in figure. The height of the building
b.) Horizontal Distance (Range)
is 45.0 m.
𝑉𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 −(12)2 𝑠𝑖𝑛54°
𝑅 = 𝑥𝑓 = =
𝑎𝑦 −9.80
𝑹 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝒎

Given: 𝜃 = 30°, 𝑣𝑖 = 20𝑚/𝑠, 𝑦𝑓 = −45.0𝑚 c.) Peak Height (maximum height)

𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 𝑣𝑓𝑥 = 20𝑐𝑜𝑠30° = 17.32𝑚/𝑠
𝑣𝑖𝑦 = 20𝑠𝑖𝑛30° = 10𝑚/𝑠 −𝑉𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 −(12)2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛28°)2
𝐻 = 𝑦𝑓 = =
𝑎𝑥 = 0; 𝑎𝑦 = −9.80𝑚/𝑠2 2𝑎𝑦 2(−9.80)
𝑯 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝒎

d.) Time to reach maximum height

a.) How long does it take the stone to reach the ground?
1 −𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 −12𝑠𝑖𝑛28°
𝑦𝑓 = 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑣𝑖𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2 𝑡= =
2 𝑎𝑦 −9.80
1 𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝐬
−45 = 10𝑡 + (−9.80)𝑡 2
2
4.90𝑡 2 − 10𝑡 − 45 = 0 e.) the x and y component at t=0.80s
𝒕 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝒔
1
b.) What is the speed of the stone just before it strikes 𝑥𝑓 (0.80) = 10.60(0.80) + (0)(0.80)2
2
the ground? 𝒙𝒇 (𝟎. 𝟖𝟎) = 𝟖. 𝟒𝟖𝒎
1
𝑣𝑓𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 𝑦𝑓 (0.80) = 5.63(0.80) + (−9.80)(0.80)2
2
𝒗𝒇𝒚 = 10 + (−9.80)(4.22) = −𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝒎/𝒔 𝒚𝒇 (𝟎. 𝟖𝟎) = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝒎

f.) vector and magnitude at t=0.80s

𝑣𝑓 = √𝑣𝑓𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑓𝑦 2
𝑣𝑓𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 10.60𝑚/𝑠
𝑣𝑓 = √(17.32)2 + (−31.3)2 𝑣𝑓𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 = 5.63 + (−9.80)(0.80)
𝒗𝒇 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟖𝒎/𝒔 = −𝟐. 𝟐𝟏𝒎/𝒔
⃗⃗ = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝒊̂ − 𝟐. 𝟐𝟏𝒋̂
𝒗
𝒗(𝟎. 𝟖𝟎) = √(10.60)2 + (−2.21)2 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝒎/𝒔

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