MORPHEME IN BATAK TOBA LANGUAGE

Submitted to fulfill the assignment of morphology

By:
Evi hotfrida malau
REG. NUMBER (18120049)

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS

1.1 Introduction
Toba Batak language is one of the regional languages in Indonesia especially in North
Sumatra province. Language cannot be separated from culture. What people mean is realized in
language. Therefore, linguistics and cultures are the centre of analysis in the process of
translating human's activities (Sembiring, 2016: 1142). In most villages in Tano Batak `Batak
Land' such as Samosir sub district, Toba Samosir sub district, Humbang Hasundutan sub district,
and Tapanuli Utara sub district Toba Batak language is used in daily social interaction. A person
might utter one sentence in different ways depends on where he is, with whom he is speaking to,
etc. (Ambarita, 2017a: 8557). Toba Batak language belongs to Austronesian spoken by 3 million
people in Sumatra (Crystal, 1993: 40).
1.2 Literature Review
Morphology is the study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming words
(Haspelmath et al, 2002: 1). Morphemes as elements of words play important roles in word
formation, therefore, there are a lot of morphological issues that can be discussed, not only free
morphemes but also bound morphemes (Ambarita, 2017d: 131). In other words, a base
morpheme can be modified in order to form new word by affixation processes (Ambarita, 2017c:
131). Affixations are divided into four types, namely, prefixations, infixations, suffixations, and
multi affixations.
1.3 Theoretical frame
According to generative morphology in Halle's model (1973), the rules of word formation
would then tell us among other things how the morphemes are to be arranged in sequences to
form actual words (Halle, 1973: 4). Halle suggested that morphology consists of three distinct
components, they are: (1) List of Morpheme, (2) Word Formation Rules, and (3) Filter
containing the idiosyncratic properties of words. One can think of the morphology, then, as
producing a long list of words is designated by the term dictionary
List of Morphemes includes roots, stems, bases, and affixes. It is the Word Formation
Rules that determine how the morphemes of a language are arranged in sequences to form the
actual words of that language. Word Formation Rules must be able to generate all the well-
formed words of a language and exclude the ill-formed ones. The words of a language, however,
cannot be derived wholly by means of regular rules because there exist semantic, phonological,
and lexical idiosyncrasies (Scalise, 1984: 25). Halle proposes to treat such words in Filter. The
words that actually pass through the Filter constitute Dictionary of the language as the final
component.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSIONS

2.1 Discussions
In reference to word formations in generative morphology (Halle, 1973: 8) there are four
integrated components required, they are List of Morphemes, Word Formation Rules, Filter, and
Dictionary.
2.2 List of Morphemes
Parts of word formations in List of Morphemes are realized as roots, stems, bases, and
affixes. List of Morphemes in Toba Batak language are manifested in free word root, stems,
bases, and affixes, such as prefixes, infixes, suffixes, and multi affixations (Ambarita, 2017b:
191). The affixes that can generate nouns in Toba Batak language is discussed in the following
parts. Apart from free word bases, affixations are the other elements of List of morphemes. This
study found that nominal affixations in Toba Batak language are distinguished into five types of
affixations, they are: [1] prefixes (e.g. par-, sa-. man-. um-,pa-, di-, tar- ), [2] infixes (e.g. –ar-,
-in-, -um-, -al-), [3] suffix (e.g. –an, -hon, -i ), [4] multi affixations (e.g.ha-an, par-an, tar-hon,
ma-hu).
prefixes [par-]
1. Parlapo = {par} + {lapo} pemilik warung shop owner
2. parhoda = {par} + {hoda} pemilik kuda horse owner
3. parjabu = {par} + {jabu} pemilik rumah householder
Prefixes [sa-]
1. Sabbulung = {sa} + {bulung} selembar
2. Sakkabona = {sa} + {bona} satu pokok
3. Saddakka = {sa} + {dakka} satu dahan
4. {sa-} + jomput = sanjomput [sajjopput] sekali genggam
5. {sa-} + libas = sanlibas [sallibas] sekali hantam
6. {sa-} + rondam = sanrondam [sarroddam] sekali rendam
7. {sa-}+ seat = sanseat [sasseat] sekali sayat
Prefixed [man-]
1. {maN-} + allang = mangallang [maηallaη] memakan
2. {maN-} + elek = mangelek [maηelek] membujuk
3. {maN-} + handit = mangkandit [makkaddit] mengangkat
4. {maN-} + hail = mangkail [makkail] memancing
5. {maN-} + lean = mangalean [manalean] memberikan
Prefixed [um-]
1. {um-} + adong = ummadong [ummadoη] lebih berada
2. {um-} + ellep = ummellep [ummellep] lebihtidakjelas
3. {um-} + ila = ummila [ummila] lebih malu
4. {um-} + olo = ummolo [ummolo] lebih mau
5. {um-] + une = ummune [ummune] lebih baik
Prefixed [pa-]
1. {pa-} + mate = [pamate] matikan
2. {pa-} + dao = [padao] jauhkan
Prefixed [di-]
1. {di-} + inum = [diinum] diminum
2. {di-} + ida = [diida] dilihat
Infixed [-um-]
1. Tumiob = tiob [maniop] memegang
2. Tumaba = taba [manaba] menebang
3. Humait = hait [manghait] mengait
4. Humutur = hutur [manghutur] menggoyang
Sufixed [-hon]
1. {-hon} + ulak = ulakkon [ulakkon] ulangi
2. {-hon} + labang = labakkon [labakkon] pakukan
3. {-hon} + lonong = lonokkon [lonokkon] benamkan
4. {-hon} + tading = tadikkon [tadikkon] tinggalkan
5. {-hon} + golap = golappon [golappon] gelapkan
6. {-hon} + alap = alappon [alappon] jemputkan
Sufixed [-an]
1. {-an} + hodok = hodohan [hodohan] keringatan
2. {-an} + ojak = ojahan [ojahan] landasan
Affixation [ha-an]
1. Hangoluan = {ha-} + ngolu + {-an} kehidupan
Affixation [par-an]
1. Pardalanan = {par-} + dalan + {-an} perjalanan
Affixation [tar-hon]
1. Tartaluhon = talu [tarpatalu] terkalahkan
2. Tardanggurhon = danggur [tarpadanggur] terlemparkan
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSSION

As a theory of which has predictive power, generative morphology is eligible to be