ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR PROVINCIAL

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

COURSE OUTLINE

Course Facilitator LEA P. RENDON

Course Code and CFLM 2: CHARACTER FORMATION WITH LEADERSHIP,

Title DECISION MAKING, MANAGEMENT AND
ADMINISTRATION
Course Prerequisite CFLM 1: CHARACTER FORMATION, NATIONALISM AND
PATRIOTISM
Course Description This is a three-unit course designed to provide criminology students
with a strong foundation consisting of research theory oriented and inter-
disciplinary approaches such that they develop their own principles and
theories that may provide consistent guidelines for their leadership,
decision-making, and management actions.
Course Objectives At the end of this course, the student should be able to:
a. to differentiate leaders, from managers and administrators.
b. to attribute vision and mission of leaders, managers and
administrators.
c. to the key qualities of effective leadership using techniques
and theories acquired.
d. to critique leadership style management and behavior.
e. to differentiate between individual and group decision
making.
f. to appraise the decision making in relation to LEA, Public
safety and Criminal Justice
g. to execute various decision making styles in management
and administration
h. to research or cultures influence the decision making
i. to design making model, applicable to Criminal Justice
Education
j. to plan a leadership and decision making tract/ direction in
the performance of criminal justice.
k. to formulate character building values, applicable to
leadership and decision making as they integrate with the
community.
l. to propose character formation leadership and decision
making for Criminal Justice Students

Course Outline/Topics and Time Frame

Time Frame Course Contents / Topics
FINAL PERIOD (Week 1 – 4)
No. of Course 3 Hrs. In-Class + 3 Hrs. Home Learning = 6 Hrs./Week x 9 Weeks =
Hours 54 Hrs.
Blended Teaching & Learning Modalities
Flexible
(Combination of Face-to- Face, and Home Learning
Learning
Aided by Course Packet)
WEEK Course Topics / Teacher’s Flexible Students’ Activity
Activity (Input) (Output)
General Class and Course Home Learning Aided by Learning
Orientation Module)
WEEK 1
1.Receive Course Modules
1.Distribute Course Modules

LESSON I Home LEARNING:

Topic Read, Watch, and Listen Lesson 1

* how to create a successful Then do:
communication plan
*decision making styles that help
management 1.Activity No.1: Essay
*characteristics of decision making
*objectives of decision making
*traits of decision makers
*ways to incorporate values-based
decision making into your career
choices
*how do cultural values affect
decision making
*case analysis: form and styles

END OF WEEK 1

WEEK 2 Collect Week 1 output Home LEARNING:

(Activity 1)
Read, Watch, and Listen Lesson 2
Then do:

1.Activity No.1: Essay

LESSON II

Topic
*types and forms of case studies
*important leadership models
which will make you a successful
leader
*functions of management
*strategic management: definition,
purpose and example
*how does strategic management
work

END OF WEEK 2

WEEK 3 Collect Week 2 output

(Activity 1)

LESSON III Home LEARNING:

Topic
*role as a student leader Read, Watch, and Listen Lesson 3
*the importance of student Then do:
leadership
*revising Filipino beliefs,
customs and tradition 1.Activity No.1: Essay

END OF WEEK 3

WEEK 4 Collect Week 3-4 output

(Activity 1)

LESSON IV Home LEARNING:

Topic
* Filipino traditions we hardly Read, Watch, and Listen Lesson 4
perform anymore Then do:
*Philippines superstitious beliefs
on good luck 1.Activity No.1: Essay
* Philippines superstitious beliefs
on bad luck
* Philippines superstitious beliefs
about money
* Philippines superstitious about
new year

END OF WEEK 4
List of References

 Adelene M. Florendo, Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc. 2003

 Danilo L. Tancangco, wiseman;s Books Trading, Inc. 2003
 Fb Messenger (Rendon Lee)

Prepared by: Noted by:

_________________ MR. DELMER A. MONDIDO, RCrim., MSCI

Course Facilitator Dean, College of Criminology

Approved by:

MR. JEHUEL NATHAN R. DACULIO

Academic Head

Date Signed: _______________

To my students:

You are now about to start the first lesson for Week 1. Read the learning materials below then
answer the Activity No. 1

How to Create a Successful Communication Plan?

In order to eliminate communication challenges, it is important to have a well-crafted
communications plan. When building such internal communications plan and
strategy, these are the questions communicators should answer:
 What are the current communication barriers?
 What is the ultimate communication goals, how will we eliminate existing
communication barriers?
 Who is your audience and what are their generational and cultural differences?
 What are the key messages you want to communicate and the topics you want to
address? 
 How will you distribute messages and which communication channels will you
use?
 How will you measure the success of your communication plan and strategy?

5 Decision Making Styles that help Management

Decision making is a critical process for all the individuals, all the organizations. Every
decision tells us something about the person who took it and how he took it. Generally,
decision making is neither an exact science nor pure art. Rather, it’s the fine balance
between the two.

Any decision taken is a culmination of many processes involving defining the exact
nature of the problem, gathering information and analyzing it to arrive at a conclusion.
But, a person or persons involved at all these steps have their mindsets, preferences
and biases and baggage of past experiences which influence the decision making the
process to a huge extent. It is difficult to eliminate these influences completely from the
decision making processes.

Which are the 5 Decision-making styles?

Lovallo and Sibony study identifies 5 characteristic styles of decision making:

1. Visionary
2. Guardian
3. Motivator
4. Flexible
5. Catalyst

Decision makers under each of these categories have a combination of 6 parameters

mentioned above in varying degrees. Each style has its unique advantages and
disadvantages. Matching the decision making style with the nature of the problem at
hand ensures satisfactory decisions at all levels and higher probabilities of success.
5 Decision making styles explained in Detail

1) Visionary:

The leader who has a visionary style of decision making has the natural aptitude for
quick action. He doesn’t wait for too much of information and analysis, goes straight to
the core of the matter, relying on his own intuition more.

This decision style is apt for decision making during crisis management but can be
hugely biased if regularly resorted to. Hence, the visionary thinker has to gather
information from various sources and has to seek opinions of various stakeholders of
the business to balance his own views.

2) Guardian:

This decision maker is leaning heavily towards a structured process of decision making.
He insists on gathering a sufficient amount of information first, analyzing it all carefully
from all possible perspectives and then base their decision on the facts gathered.

This type of decision maker tries to avert risk and prefers the security of data,
meticulous plans and sound processes. They stick to the known rather than embracing
the unknown, refusing to tread the unfamiliar territories without the support of extensive,
detailed information. Hence, an atmosphere of security is created within an
organization.

But this style can be severely ill-equipped to lead the organization during the times of
radical changes as the leaders with this Guardian decision making style cannot move
quickly in ambiguous circumstances. Guardian decision makers have to keep looking
for wider perspectives, increase their capacity to deal with uncertainties and develop a
long-term vision by keeping abreast with the constantly changing business environment.

3) Motivator

Motivators are dreamers. They have their very own, very powerful visions for the future
and they are quite apt at convincing their team members to join them. They are very
effective leaders who can make people believe in their ‘bigger & brighter’ version of the
future and actually motivate them to work towards turning it into a reality.

But, here the problem may arise when these motivators become too fixated with their
own goals and in their pursuit that they run the risk of ignoring all the information to the
contrary. They may, very narrowly, choose to rely on the information that aligns with
their interest and ignore everything else. This may lead to very lop-sided decision
making, sometimes perilous for the organization.

They may also ignore greater interests of the organization and all the stakeholders while
trying to follow their own dreams. Hence, they must encourage dissenting voices as well
as develop a sound, rational process of decision making.

4) Flexible

When the decision maker is having the flexible style of decision making; the power
centre of decision making shifts slightly towards various stakeholder groups. As the
name suggests, flexible decision makers are broadminded, invite and encourage their
team members to contribute to the decision making process and are open to
considering diverse angles and solutions of a problem at hand.

However, these decision makers may get carried away in their quest for entertaining
multiple views and choices to such an extent that they may lose their own definitive
voice. The purpose of decision making may be lost in the process. Hence, they must
make their own vision and direction very clear since the very beginning and must set a
clearly defined time limit to the decision making process. The type of information
required and steps to go in the decision making process should also be carefully
planned in advance to avoid confusion.

5) Catalyst

This is probably an ideal style of decision making. Though they believe in the broader
vision of the future and are known for responding promptly to a call for action, Catalyst
decision makers’ decisions to act are firmly grounded in a fair analysis of the
appropriate amount of information.

They gather information from and seek views from a broad selection of stakeholders
across the organization and their decisions are arrived at by following a well-defined set
of steps. They encourage their team members also to voice their opinions but are clear
enough as to not to let the din drown their own voice. They can handle almost all the
types of decision making situations fairly well, limiting the impact of biases to the
maximum. Characteristics of Decision Making

Characteristics of Decision Making

Goal Oriented
Decision making is a goal-oriented process that focuses on the achievement of
organization goals. All decisions are framed and implemented in accordance with the
targets of the organization. Proper decision making assists an organization in an easy
and timely accomplishment of their objectives. 
Process of Selection
Decision making involves selecting the best alternative out of different options available
for performing a task. It chooses the right course of action after properly analyzing its
pros and cons for deriving maximum result out of it.

Based On Rational Thinking

It is a rational and intellectual process as every decision is taken after logical
discussions, evaluation, and judgment. The manager thoroughly analyses each and
every possible effect of the decision before implementing the same within the
organization.

Continuous Activity
Decision making is a continuous and pervasive function that is practiced at every level
of an organization. This is required regularly for taking every decision for performing
routine and special tasks.

Situational Process
It depends upon the situations of the organization as the manager takes each and every
decision as per the prevailing conditions. Decision making is a dynamic process that
varies as per the situations of the organizations.

Requires Commitment
This requires commitment on the part of management for every decision they take for
achieving the desired results. Commitment is of direction, resources, and reputation of
enterprises.

End Product
Decision making is an end process where the decisions are taken after a series of
discussions, deliberations, logic, and analytical analysis of alternatives. It is an end
product of the planning process where final decisions are made.

Objectives of Decision Making

Identifying Goals
The Decision-making process focuses on identifying the goals that an organization aims
to achieve. Proper analysis of the aims and objectives provides the basis for effective
decisions. Decisions are unproductive and aimless unless goals are clearly recognized.

Efficient Utilization of Resources

It aims at fuller utilization of resources by taking proper decisions regarding their usage
within organization. All decisions are framed and implemented after thorough analysis
which ensures maximum productivity with minimum wastage.

Proper Communication
Efficient decision making aims at developing the right communication network for
communicating all required information at different levels. Proper flow of information
regarding decisions within the organization avoids any confusion and conflict.
Employees are too motivated to participate in decision making and come up with new
ideas and facts. 

Selecting Best Alternative

It performs a proper analysis of different alternatives available to come up with the best
possible one. Decision-maker selects the best course of action for performing a task
which yields maximum results. He employs various analysis tools of finance, statistics
and accounting for finding out the appropriate action.

Business Growth
Proper decision making plays an important role in enhancing the overall growth of
business enterprise. It helps in efficient utilization of resources by properly allocating
them within the organization. Business are easily able to face the problems and
challenges of market through quick and rational decisions. This will boost up the
probability of business and eventually contribute towards its growth.

Promotes Innovation
Adopting the changes and innovation as per the market requirements is must for every
organization to ensure its survival. Decision-making process brings in large amount of
information within organization by performing different types of analysis. All this
information informs management of new ideas and market changes which facilitates
innovation by taking decisions accordingly.

Top 5 Traits of Decision-Makers

the top 5 traits of decision-makers, most people can begin to develop those qualities
themselves. As one who’s never had a problem making decisions, here’s what I think
are the key attributes:

Decision-makers trust themselves. They value their own experience in the field and
believe they are qualified to draw upon that experience to weigh risks and alternatives
and decide on a direction, in matters large and small.

They build relationships with experts throughout the organization. While it’s
important not to second guess your own expertise, it’s also important to know what you
don’t know. People known as decision-makers have great relationships with those in the
know about a variety of different topics so they can call upon them to assess the
situation when a decision relating to their particular area is needed.
Decision-makers don’t agonize. They are comfortable with their choices and once
they have done their research and decided on a direction, they don’t look back or lose
sleep and keep asking “what if I had gone down the other path?” The back and forth of
“maybe this is the right way to go, but on the other hand that might be preferable” can
be paralyzing and people who ascend to the top of organizations have long ago learned
to silence those unproductive inner voices. Once they have decided on a path, they are
comfortable and they move forward from there.

They act quickly but thoroughly. There is often a time element involved in decision-
making. Opportunities are won and lost in a matter of hours or days. Decision-makers
are able to look at a situation, assess what research is needed, draw on their resources
and relationships to get it done so they can make a quick but sound decision that they
won’t regret later

They aren’t afraid of mistakes. Even the most confident decision-maker or top leader
will make a mistake once in a while, but he doesn’t let it break his stride. He knows we
all learn from mistakes and if we consider where we went wrong in a certain situation
and what could have been done differently, the next time he’s presented with the
opportunity to decide in a similar matter, the right choice will be apparent.

Nine Ways to Incorporate Values-Based Decision Making into Your Career

Choices
 values-based decision making means understanding what is most important to you and
then incorporating this into your life on a daily basis. Knowing exactly what you believe
also helps you make the decisions that naturally lead to a more fulfilling career.

1. Own Your Own Authority

When a choice makes you uneasy, identify what value it is rubbing up against and why.
I ask myself if the decision I'm trying on is based on truth and growth or fear and denial.
The same action can hold different meanings for different people. You can gather
opinions, but bottom line, your own gut will tell you what is value-based for you. This
also helps you stand strong with unpopular decisions. 

2. Keep Focused

Values-based decision making is the keel that keeps the organism (people, processes,
procedures and practices) balanced, honest and moving forward.  When your values
are well defined, fully understood by all, and emphasized regularly, decisions are made
easily from within the framework employed. 

3. Pay Attention to What Makes You Feel Fulfilled 

When you know your core values and consistently make decisions in favor of them,
you'll likely see your confidence, strength and purposeful productivity skyrocket. In my
experience, decision-making out of alignment with core values is the main factor in
disconnect, disengagement and a general sense of feeling "off." Values clarification is
not difficult and is definitely worth the effort.  

4. Make A List 

Make no mistake, a clear list of your top 5-7 one-word values is like a personal North
Star. To identify your values, ask: What makes me angry? Who do I most respect and
admire? What experiences do I think of most fondly? What celebrities do I love? Then
follow up with the question: Why? Keep asking why until you find the root causes, and
consider asking a friend for help distilling your values.

5. Don't Confuse Societal Values with Actual Values 

The challenge most of us face is discriminating our aspirational values from our actual
values. At times, we pay lip service to socially desirable values that never quite manifest
in our daily actions, causing confusion and mistrust. Making values-based decisions
begins with taking the time to truly look inward to identify your actual values, so as to
bridge the gap between your words and actions.

6. Are You Proud of the Work You Do? 

I've been there — in a career that was outwardly successful and inwardly in conflict with
my values. The words "values" and "ethics" aren't synonyms. You work very ethically
and may still not be aligned with what you truly value in life. If you're feeling restless,
this misalignment may be the case. Ask yourself, does this work, this success, or this
daily activity make me truly proud?  

7. If It Doesn't Align, Don't Choose It  

Values-based decision making requires you to really know yourself, what you stand for,
what you're passionate about, and your purpose. Knowing this allows you to set
guardrails for making decisions. Ultimately you become aligned, happier, fulfilled and
always on-track, which accelerates success in life and your career. You can't make bad
decisions with this model, as you always remain true to you. 

8. Name Values Before the Moment of Difficulty 

Tough choices are those in which our values come into conflict. Making values-based
career decisions requires you to name those values prior to the moment of
difficulty when your judgment is clouded. Having awareness of and clarity about your
values — and their relative importance — allows you to use them as a lens to filter your
decisions so they are aligned with your true north.   
9. Reassess Your Values Throughout Your Life 

At each stage of our career, it is important to reassess our values based on our current
place in life. What we valued at 20 is certainly not the same at 40 or 50. Making values-
based decisions leads us to the right organization and the adequate environment to
support our personal and professional growth. Choosing a role or a position aligned with
our core values will propel us to effortless success.  

How Do Cultural Values Affect Decision-Making?

People with different cultural backgrounds have different expectations, norms and
values, which in turn have the potential to influence their judgments and decisions, as
well as their subsequent behavior, according to the Newsletter of the Research Grants
Council of Hong Kong China. Cultural values also determine what is considered right or
wrong for an individual and how an outcome of a situation in interpreted.

Cultural values are transmitted from generation to generation through a shared

understanding of beliefs, attitudes, meanings and hierarchies. When faced with a
decision, individuals use cultural values to determine the appropriate course of action.
People tend to make decisions in a manner that conforms with culturally mediated
beliefs about morality. If a person's cultural values encourage traits such as honesty and
integrity, that individual is more likely to follow ethical decision-making tactics when
compared to person whose cultural values don't stress the importance of those traits.

Although cultural values play an important role in decision-making, recent research

shows that cultural norms and values are not the only criteria to influence behavior. The
situational environment also has an effect on the extent to which cultural values and
norms affect the decision-making process. In addition, when people work closely
together on a project, individuals tend to take on the core values of the group.

Case analysis: Form and styles

A case study analysis is not merely a descriptive but, as the term itself suggests, a
critical exercise, typically an examination of a situation or institution with view towards
making recommendations. Case study analyses are included in many courses to give
students a sense of the constraints involved in decision making. Cases are usually
based on real situations, although for the sake of confidentiality the names of persons
and institutions may be disguised.

Analysis Method Many methods can be used to analyze case studies. The outline
below, although it provides a step-by-step procedure that can be applied in many
situations, is not the only feasible approach. Always consult your instructor for the
particular requirements of a given assignment.
1. Read the case study attentively at least two or three times. Become familiar with the
key points of the situation without adopting a position on the case. Read as carefully
and objectively as you can.
2. After becoming thoroughly familiar with the case, make notes regarding the main
issues as you see them. Typically, the instructor will provide prompts or questions to
help you focus on these.
3. Consider the question(s) assigned by your instructor. Record all information pertinent
to these in the form of case notes.
4. Decide which principles, theories, or models (usually part of the assignment) best
apply to the observed facts of the case to prepare your answers. Remember that your
analysis is likely to be founded on a specific theory, and avoid solutions based mainly
upon personal intuition.
5. Develop your solution in consideration of the principles, theories, or models that you
have selected.

The assigned questions may require you to consider alternative solutions. Remember
the importance of showing not merely your judgement but the basis for it.

Occasionally, case studies are assigned for analysis without specific questions. The
student must then devise a framework that will enable the analytical and/or synthetic
treatment of strategic issues. One general approach is as follows:

1. Follow steps one and two (above).

2. Identify the key problems and their root causes.
3. Develop solutions to the identified problems. Wherever possible, specify objective or
quantitative criteria to assess the solutions (qualitative indicators of success may be too
subjective).
4. Follow steps four and five above to identify and apply theoretical concepts. A list of
alternative solutions should emerge from this stage.
5. The final selection of a solution from alternatives is based upon how well it meets the
criteria you have established. In most cases you will select an optimal approach and
provide a realistic assessment of your solution’s strengths and weaknesses.
6. Present the chosen solution(s) in detail.
7. Use an appropriate format for your case study analysis. Use suitable headings and
subheadings. Do not forget the value of graphics; a chart or table can present
information more effectively than unsupported text.

Tricks and Traps Most comprehensive case studies contain some information that is of
marginal importance to the main issues—or at least, to the issues you are directed to
examine. Remember to consider the implications of your theoretical framework(s):
unacknowledged assumptions can limit your thinking and your critique of alternative
solutions. When you begin to prepare your “recommendations” section, stop and review
the assignment yet again; many case study analyses fail to address the issues identified
by the instructor.

Sample Format
1. Abstract/Executive Summary: single paragraph summary including recommendations
2. Problem Statement: Overview of key issues arising from case analysis
3. Case Analysis: Theory-driven analysis of case(s) identifying factors underlying key
issues
4. Alternative Solutions: Pros and cons of possible solutions to problems
5. Recommendations: Detailed description of optimal solution with rationale

ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT COLLEGE

COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

CHARACTER FORMATION WITH LEADERSHIP, DECISION MAKING, MANAGEMENT

AND ADMINISTRATION
WEEK 1
Activity No. 1
Name: _________________________________ Date: _________
Course – Year & Section: ________________________ Score: _______

I—Essay (10 point each)

1. What are the characteristics of decision making?
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2.How to create a successful communication plan?
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3.What are the objectives of decision making?
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

To my students:

You are now about to start the first lesson for Week 2. Read the learning materials below then
answer the Activity No. 1

Types and Forms of Case Studies

There are three primary types of case studies: key cases, outlier cases, and local
knowledge cases.

1. Key cases are those which are chosen because the researcher has a particular
interest in it or the circumstances surrounding it.
2. Outlier cases are those that are chosen because the case stands out from other
events, organizations, or situations, for some reason, and social scientists
recognize that we can learn a lot from those things that differ from the norm.
3. Finally, a researcher may decide to conduct a local knowledge case study when
they already have amassed a usable amount of information about a given topic,
person, organization, or event, and so is well-poised to conduct a study of it.

Within these types, a case study may take four different forms: illustrative, exploratory,
cumulative, and critical.

1. Illustrative case studies are descriptive in nature and designed to shed light on a
particular situation, set of circumstances, and the social relations and processes
that are embedded in them. They are useful in bringing to light something about
which most people are not aware of.
2. Exploratory case studies are also often known as pilot studies. This type of case
study is typically used when a researcher wants to identify research questions
and methods of study for a large, complex study. They are useful for clarifying
the research process, which can help a researcher make the best use of time
and resources in the larger study that will follow it.
3. Cumulative case studies are those in which a researcher pulls together already
completed case studies on a particular topic. They are useful in helping
researchers to make generalizations from studies that have something in
common.
4. Critical instance case studies are conducted when a researcher wants to
understand what happened with a unique event and/or to challenge commonly
held assumptions about it that may be faulty due to a lack of critical
understanding.

Whatever type and form of case study you decide to conduct, it's important to first
identify the purpose, goals, and approach for conducting methodologically sound
research.

Important Leadership Models Which Will Make You a Successful Leader

A leadership does not mean you need to rule the person working under you. It simply
means helping those people who are perform poorly or helping those who are doing
well but can do much better in future. You might have heard from your manager stating
that if you want to grow in the business you should think like a leader. A leader is the
one who along with his entire team takes the project to a new level. There are different
leadership models which can help you take the right path to achieve the success ladder
and improve the business reputation.
Who is a good leader?

Internet is all flooded with different stories about how employees were bullied by a long
leadership personality. Some stories have also been shared on social media on how a
leader with his team of qualified employees managed to achieve the success for a
particular project. Leadership depends on the approach which an individual seeks
towards employees to achieve the target and fulfill the business expectation. You may
find different books associated with these leadership models. In case you have never
read any of those books then this is the right page for you.

What is Leadership Model?

Once you understand how to encourage an employee to work for the business, your
next step is to apply the right leadership model. The model that you use must be simple
and well organized. It should not be restricted to a laminated index or a sheet of paper.
Practically, such type of leadership models is not something that you make on the sheet
of a paper. It is comprised of different parts of the organization and management
system which are capable and functional enough to give a qualitative result.

Leadership models make the simple mechanism to give you the results. A good leader
must be aware about different leadership models. So far the users and the organization
members have given a positive feedback on using such leadership models. It gives
effective output for a long time. An individual of small or large scale business can
successfully perform such to meet the deadlines and organize the team members
properly. Usually the team members are given the freedom only if they are skilled and
experienced in most of the leadership models.

Top 10 Important Leadership Models Which Will Make You a Successful Leader
Successful Leader:

1. Servant Leadership
A book on servant leadership which was published in the year 1970 was quite popular.
Since then people actually followed the ways that were mentioned in it for betterment of
the business. Do not go on the name. Servant leadership does not mean that you have
to act like a servant. It is neither a technique not a style of leadership. In this model, you
need to focus on others need specially the needs of your team members before
considering your own. Your job is to acknowledge the perspectives of other people and
support them in achieving their goals in the right manner.

As per the experts who suggest such model, to apply this type of leadership models for
your team, try to involve them in decisions where their opinion matters. Try to create a
community sense within your team. The more your team members are engaged
together, the better it will lead to innovation. Such leadership models entirely depend on
how you behave with your team members for the long time. The only issue with such
leadership models is it may not work in hierarchical environment. Such leaders would
have to strive hard to earn respect.

2. Leadership with Autocratic Model

It is another popular leadership models which has been showing tremendous progress
among different customer. It is one of the types of transactional leadership. The leaders
can have a god power and control over their team. Unfortunately, staff members have
limited option to suggest or comment on what it would be best for the team. There are
many benefits of this leadership. No doubt it gives incredible results. It is easy to make
decisions that too quickly and get solutions efficiently. There are high chances that it
may lead to high level of absenteeism with a good turnover of the staff.

To apply such type of leadership among the members of the business, it requires
unskilled yet routine job. You can use it in the crises when you simply need to make the
decision and implement it without wasting any time over the discussion. You may find
such type of leadership popularly used among the military people. Top commanders
use such leadership to make the complex decisions. This allows the troop to focus
performing the tasks allotted and mission to be achieved. However, there are times
when you need to be harsh to make decisions for the betterment of the organization.

3. Leadership with Transactional Model

It is one of the finest and the most common leadership models that have been used by
many people across the world. In this style of leadership, a leader must assign certain
tasks to the employees to perform. If the employee delivers a good performance results,
then a leader must reward him. If the employee does not perform as expected, then
employee should be punished for the deeds. Manager and team members make certain
goals on which employee agree to follow under the right leadership and achieve the
results.

Transactional leadership includes more managerial power. It means that your manager

will review the result, train the employee and reward him if the desired goals are met.
The rewards could be anything from bonus till increment which would encourage the
employee to do better for the company. Such type of leadership is acceptable by senior
members and staff. It includes two way communications and is the most effective option
so far. For effective results, the leader needs to create a strong emotional bond with the
organization members and follow the agenda that people come first before anything
else.

4. Leadership which is Task-Oriented

This type of leadership models is quite similar to autocratic leadership. For better
understanding, you can refer to different books that have been written on it. It mostly
focuses on getting the job done from the employees. It requires employees to be alert
and active. They should be participating and must complete their desired leadership
roles in the right manner. The work will be managed and monitored by the organization
head. There are other key tasks such as to maintain and create the performance
standards.

5. Charismatic Leadership

This type of leadership is similar to transformational leadership model. In this model,

leaders must inspire the teammates to be energetic. The focus of the leaders is
to motivate the employees to move forward with the right goals. This creates team spirit,
commitment and excitement which prove to be lot more beneficial to the organization.
The only difference between the transformational and charismatic leaders is the
intention. Charismatic leaders have to focus on themselves and might not change other
things where as the transformational leaders will have to transform the team and
organization. Though there are certain drawbacks associated with it but the advantages
do overcome them.

6. Leadership which is based on People

The name itself says what the role of a leader must be in this type of leadership. It
completely focuses on supporting, organizing and creating the people in the team. It
requires participation of the leader and the employees. The leader must encourage the
team members and achieve the goals with a strong team work. It is completely opposite
to leadership which is task oriented. The role of a leader needs complete involvement.
He must advice and help the team members whenever required. It is necessary to carry
a friendly approach and pay attention to the employees involved in the tedious task.

There are times when charismatic leaders have no option but to trust on their own
decision. This can be risky for the project but if the outcome is positive, it gives good
benefits to the organization. It will be good if the charismatic leader can believe on what
other advises. At the end the decision would completely be upon the leader. It is a great
role of a leader and the responsibilities associated with it are pretty huge. The people
who undertake such role of a leader must give a long-term commitment to the
organization and ensure that employees work in the way it was planned by the leader.

7. Leadership Models called Transformational

In most of the business situations, it is the Transformational Leadership models which is
used the most. A leader needs to be well educated, highly qualified and inspiring. He
must set the right goals for the team members and for himself too. If this leadership
model is followed in a right manner, it will lead to a good productivity and better results
from every member present in the team. If the layman is not right, he may create
misunderstanding. The organization that uses such type of leadership models must also
opt for transactional models for better results.

8. Leadership called Laissez-Faire Model

This leadership model name is based on the French Phrase which means “let it be”. It is
free mind job. Eventually it lets the people to their part of job the way they want to. For
this the leadership comes individually and managers also don’t have to control much
over the people or on the work at any means. This type of leadership models works
completely on the freedom which every member of the team gets no matter whether he
is on the higher position or just a trainee. The leader must monitor the performance and
give his opinion to the team members on regular basis.

9. Leadership with a Democratic Model

This type of leadership includes final decision. It includes team members in making the
decision process. If you talk about the people involvement, it involves the leader and his
team members. This type of leadership allows the employees to show their
creativity and talent and thus contribute in the decision making associated with the
project. This gives team members a job satisfaction and results in better
productivity too. This may not be that effective if you need to make a quick decision for
any critical issue of the project or where the manager requires prompt solution on
certain project aspects.

10. Leadership with Bureaucratic Model

This is another popular leadership models which is applicable in small scale and large
scale business. Though there are safety risks that need to be followed but results are
always positive out of it. These leaders usually make the rigorous riles to ensure that
people are organized enough to follow the process in a right manner. You can apply
leadership models at the time when the tasks are associated with toxic substances and
machinery or any sort of dangerous height. Companies that require extreme flexibility or
creativity should not opt for such type of leadership models as it requires proper
planning and organization.

Functions of Management
Management has been described as a social process involving responsibility for
economical and effective planning & regulation of operation of an enterprise in the
fulfillment of given purposes. It is a dynamic process consisting of various elements and
activities. These activities are different from operative functions like marketing, finance,
purchase etc. Rather these activities are common to each and every manger
irrespective of his level or status.

1. Planning

It is the basic function of management. It deals with chalking out a future course
of action & deciding in advance the most appropriate course of actions for
achievement of pre-determined goals. According to KOONTZ, “Planning is
deciding in advance - what to do, when to do & how to do. It bridges the gap from
where we are & where we want to be”. A plan is a future course of actions. It is
an exercise in problem solving & decision making. Planning is determination of
courses of action to achieve desired goals. Thus, planning is a systematic
thinking about ways & means for accomplishment of pre-determined goals.
Planning is necessary to ensure proper utilization of human & non-human
resources. It is all pervasive, it is an intellectual activity and it also helps in
avoiding confusion, uncertainties, risks, wastages etc.

2. Organizing

It is the process of bringing together physical, financial and human resources and
developing productive relationship amongst them for achievement of
organizational goals. According to Henry Fayol, “To organize a business is to
provide it with everything useful or its functioning i.e. raw material, tools, capital
and personnel’s”. To organize a business involves determining & providing
human and non-human resources to the organizational structure. Organizing as
a process involves:

 Identification of activities.
 Classification of grouping of activities.
 Assignment of duties.
 Delegation of authority and creation of responsibility.
 Coordinating authority and responsibility relationships.

3. Staffing

It is the function of manning the organization structure and keeping it manned.

Staffing has assumed greater importance in the recent years due to
advancement of technology, increase in size of business, complexity of human
behavior etc. The main purpose o staffing is to put right man on right job i.e.
square pegs in square holes and round pegs in round holes. According to Kootz
& O’Donell, “Managerial function of staffing involves manning the organization
structure through proper and effective selection, appraisal & development of
personnel to fill the roles designed un the structure”. Staffing involves:
 Manpower Planning (estimating man power in terms of searching, choose
the person and giving the right place).
 Recruitment, Selection & Placement.
 Training & Development.
 Remuneration.
 Performance Appraisal.
 Promotions & Transfer.
4. Directing

It is that part of managerial function which actuates the organizational methods to

work efficiently for achievement of organizational purposes. It is considered life-
spark of the enterprise which sets it in motion the action of people because
planning, organizing and staffing are the mere preparations for doing the work.
Direction is that inert-personnel aspect of management which deals directly with
influencing, guiding, supervising, motivating sub-ordinate for the achievement of
organizational goals. Direction has following elements:

 Supervision
 Motivation
 Leadership
 Communication

Supervision- implies overseeing the work of subordinates by their superiors. It is

the act of watching & directing work & workers.

Motivation- means inspiring, stimulating or encouraging the sub-ordinates with

zeal to work. Positive, negative, monetary, non-monetary incentives may be used
for this purpose.

Leadership- may be defined as a process by which manager guides and

influences the work of subordinates in desired direction.

Communications- is the process of passing information, experience, opinion etc

from one person to another. It is a bridge of understanding.

5. Controlling

It implies measurement of accomplishment against the standards and correction

of deviation if any to ensure achievement of organizational goals. The purpose of
controlling is to ensure that everything occurs in conformities with the standards.
An efficient system of control helps to predict deviations before they actually
occur. According to Theo Haimann, “Controlling is the process of checking
whether or not proper progress is being made towards the objectives and goals
and acting if necessary, to correct any deviation”. According to Koontz &
O’Donell “Controlling is the measurement & correction of performance activities
of subordinates in order to make sure that the enterprise objectives and plans
desired to obtain them as being accomplished”. Therefore, controlling has
following steps:

 Establishment of standard performance.

 Measurement of actual performance.
 Comparison of actual performance with the standards and finding out
deviation if any.
 Corrective action.

Strategic Management: Definition, Purpose and Example

What is strategic management?

Strategic management is the strategic use of a business' resources to reach company

goals and objectives. Strategic management requires reflection on the processes and
procedures within the organization as well as external factors that may impact how the
company functions. The process of strategic management should guide top-level
actions and decisions. Companies of all sizes and in all industries can benefit from the
practice of strategic management.

Strategic management includes setting objectives for the company, analyzing the
actions of competitors, reviewing the organization's internal structure, evaluating current
strategies and confirming that strategies are implemented company-wide.

Strategic management is the sum of strategic planning and strategic thinking. Strategic
planning is the identification of achievable goals. Strategic thinking is the ability to
identify the needs of the organization to achieve the goals identified through strategic
planning.

How does strategic management work?

Strategic management can be either prescriptive or descriptive. Prescriptive strategic

management means developing strategies in advance of an organizational issue.
Descriptive strategic management means putting strategies into practice when needed.
Both methods of strategic management employ management theory and practices.

While upper management is responsible for implementing strategies, ideas, goals or

organizational challenges can come from any member of the company. Many
companies employ strategists whose jobs it is to think and plan strategically to improve
company function.

There are four steps to strategic management:

1. Analysis
2. Formation

3. Execution

4. Evaluation

1. Analysis

Before planning a new strategic process, you must evaluate the current process to
achieve your goal. What is working? What is not working? What input from
organizational stakeholders can you gather? This is the time to answer any questions
that will help solidify the necessary elements of the strategic plan. A SWOT analysis, or
identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, is a useful tool.

2. Formation

Once you have the information you need, it is time to create an action plan for reaching
the goal. Make sure the steps are clear, focused and directly related to the goal.
Prepare easy to understand implementation guidelines if the process or procedure will
impact many people within the organization.

3. Execution

Follow the steps outlined in your strategic plan. Make sure that all stakeholders are
implementing the plan as designed for maximum efficiency.

4. Evaluation

Evaluate the final product. Did you achieve your goal? Was the process implemented
appropriately company-wide? Based on your answers to these questions, you can
reflect and revise as needed.

What is the purpose of strategic management?

Strategic management offers many benefits to companies that use it, including:

Competitive advantage

Strategic management gives businesses an advantage over competitors because its

proactive nature means your company will always be aware of the changing market.

Achieving goals
Strategic management helps keep goals achievable by using a clear and dynamic
process for formulating steps and implementation.

Sustainable growth

Strategic management has been shown to lead to more efficient organizational

performance, which leads to manageable growth.

Cohesive organization

Strategic management necessitates communication and goal implementation company-

wide. An organization that is working in unison towards a goal is more likely to achieve
that goal.

Increased managerial awareness

Strategic management means looking toward the company's future. If managers do this
consistently, they will be more aware of industry trends and challenges. By
implementing strategic planning and thinking, they will be better prepared to face future
challenges.

Example

Furniture company Wood's Fine Furnishings is preparing to introduce a new line of

kitchen tables. They decide to implement strategic management to ensure that the
product release goes smoothly, efficiently and consistently across all of their retail
locations.

1. Analysis

In the past, Wood's Fine Furnishings has suffered from inconsistent marketing and
incorrect shipping costs with the release of new products in their multiple retail
locations. Before the release of their new kitchen table line, they have decided to run a
SWOT analysis to see how they can improve the process.

 Strengths:

 Quality product

 Several locations for the ease of purchase

 Flat shipping rate

 Weaknesses:

 Poor communication between store managers and between store

employees

 Shipping rate applied multiple times at some stores

 Inconsistent marketing strategy

 Opportunities:

 Unified marketing

 Transparent fees

 Threats:

 Wood's Fine Furnishings' main competitor released a line of kitchen tables

last quarter

2. Formation

Using their SWOT analysis, Wood's Fine Furnishings creates a strategic plan for the
release of their kitchen tables. It includes providing consistent marketing collateral, both
physical and digital, to all retail locations. It also includes sending a representative to
each retail location to explain how to correctly apply the shipping rate to all purchases.
Finally, it sets up an internal messaging system so store managers can communicate
with one another quickly and easily about challenges and successes in their stores.

3. Execution

One month before the release of the new kitchen tables, the marketing team provides
the marketing collateral to all retail stores. Every store is given the same guidance on
how to implement the marketing items effectively. Two weeks before the launch, store
managers are trained as a group on the new messaging system. The trainers field
questions and make sure every manager has the messaging service set up on their
company cell phone and office computer to be accessible at all times.

One week before the launch, a representative from company headquarters trains every
retail employee on how to appropriately apply shipping costs to a sale. Managers are
also present to make sure this process is carried out correctly with customers.

4. Evaluation
Wood's Fine Furnishings reviews the data from their kitchen table release one month
after the first day of sales. They find that the marketing plan drove consumers to the
retail location closest to them to see the tables in person. The internal messaging
system was under-utilized by most managers, many of whom did not like customers
seeing them on their phones while out on the floor. There were no issues with shipping
costs during this release. The strategic managers take this data and use it as they begin
to plan for their next new product release.
ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

CHARACTER FORMATION WITH LEADERSHIP, DECISION MAKING, MANAGEMENT

AND ADMINISTRATION
WEEK 2
Activity No. 1
Name: _________________________________ Date: _________
Course – Year & Section: ________________________ Score: _______

I—Essay (10 point each)

1. What are the functions of management?
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2.How does strategic management work?
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3.What is leadership model?
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

To my students:

You are now about to start the first lesson for Week 3. Read the learning materials below then
answer the Activity No. 1

Role as a Student Leader

Work together with your executive board and active members to fulfill your roles as
student leaders.

1.Work on the morale of your organization members. Unless they feel good about their
roles and their contribution, your organization members will not be as cooperative and
productive as they could be. It is part of your role to recruit and retain your members –
remember to recognize all your members’ efforts to let them know they are valued.

2. Expect any changes to be accepted gradually. After we have been thinking about
new ideas and events for months, sometimes we expect people to accept these
changes immediately. Remember that they need time to consider your proposals (no
matter how enthusiastic you are) and may want their feedback incorporated into your
new ideas.

3. Be available to help those who want your help. Some people will need more help
than others – but don’t force your help upon those who are quite able and willing to
accomplish tasks. You’ll need to observe who needs your help and when to offer. You
should try to never turn down an opportunity to respond to someone’s request for help –
you just might be developing a future leader of your organization!

4. Let your organization members determine the group’s purpose. Everyone likes to feel
they are a part of the organization’s success. Unless organization members have a say
in what is to happen, their participation will be half-hearted, at best.
5. Emphasize the process for working through problems rather than the final result. You
will definitely encounter some challenges and even failures in the organization. A real
test of an organization’s leadership is how you navigate through those tough times and
learn from mistakes. Also, your end result may not be the organization’s original goal –
but it could be better! Don’t lose sight of a good result just because it is different than
imagined.

6. Approach change through cooperative appraisal. We can get a little defensive when
we discuss change or altering plans for “a better option”. As a leader, try to base
decisions and discussions on what is right rather than who is right.

7. Encourage brainstorming and creativity. Always provide feedback and support for
new ideas and avoid penalizing for mistakes made for the sake of experimentation.
Encourage your members to think outside of the box. Sometimes this can create some
“crazy” ideas but the organization needs to work through those ideas to see what is
possible. If you stop the creative process too soon you might miss out on the best ideas.

8. Share decisions regarding policies and procedures. Explain and discuss – don’t
dictate. By emphasizing how to solve problems, and involving your members in these
decisions, you will create a deeper connection to the organization. The more involved
you keep your members, the better the retention of your members.

9. Recognize criticism as the first step individuals take in assuming responsibility. You
will learn to quickly swallow your pride as a leader for the betterment of the
organization. Criticism can be a little “prickly”, especially if you have worked very hard
on something that is being criticized. However, this is a chance to gain suggestions and
insight into improvements to make the organization stronger. It’s not personal. People
usually offer suggestions and criticism because they want to help. When people stop
taking notice of what needs improving then they have stopped caring.

10. Share the glory. Are you noticing a pattern? To keep members engaged in your
organization they need to feel valued. If you take all the credit, or allow a member’s
contribution to go unnoticed, what message are you sending?

11. Have faith and confidence in the ability of your group. People tend to live up to our
expectations – high or low.

12. Be sure your group has a common purpose. Structure meetings so that issues of
common interest are discussed with the whole group. Individual concerns should be
addressed at other times.

13. Trust the motives of all group members. Similar to working through the group’s
creativity and brainstorming processes, pay every suggestion a sincere response.
14. Don’t set yourself up as infallible. Be honest and admit when you lack an answer.
Don’t be afraid to be human – in fact, you’ll earn more respect when you set an example
that anyone can make a mistake. How you recover from a mistake or failure is one of
the true tests of a leader.

15. Be specific. Communicate exactly what you expect and think.

16. Be socially sensitive. Don’t try to be funny at the expense of other organization
members (or non-organization members).

17. Use the inquiry method. Use questions to get information and define issues. Give
people a chance to provide some answers to questions or issues that come up. When a
situation is given to you to solve, pose it back to the organization as a question. You’ll
be surprised by the number of solutions that exist within the organization. 1

8. Be impartial. Give all organization members a chance to participate in all aspects of

the organization. Do not play favorites – you’ll quickly alienate members.

19. Promote organization cohesiveness. Help all organization members feel as if they
belong.

20. Manage conflict, don’t ignore it. Bring conflict into the open by addressing it directly
and with as little personal bias as possible. Concentrate on the issues, behaviors, and
facts rather than personalities

The Importance of Student Leadership

Here are five advantages of educational strategies that are aimed at student leadership:
1. Boosting Leadership Skills
It is not enough for a student to decide that they want to be a leader. The making of a
good leader is not something that is inherited. Students have to work compulsively on
their leadership skills.
Course training such skills should be graded.
A student should master the fundamental aspects, such as:
 Communication skills
 Decision-making skills

 Organizing skills

 Action planning

 Strategic thinking

 Risk management
The basics of these aspects can be learned to a certain extent by students of any age.
They just would need some relevant studying material in accordance with their needs.
Once there is a solid foundation, students should be taught something new. The latest
tendencies inspire us to search for something in various leadership styles that can make
a difference.
Among others, Forbes researchers enumerate such modern leadership skills as:
 Resiliency

 Culture management
 Multi-generational management

 Collaboration

 Emotional intelligence
These skills are as important for the students’ future as the knowledge they get in the
classroom like persuasion, and cause effect essay writing and note-taking.

2. Team Building
One of the main goals of student leadership is team building. Of course, there are
classes, groups, and friends. They all boost a student’s ability to work as part of a team.
However, student leadership gives people much more than that. Being a part of a team
is very important. You have a role to fulfill.
Most of the time, you’ve been told what to do, and you know your responsibility is to do
it right. It is great to be creative and full of initiative. However, the only one you are really
in charge of is your own self.
Leadership requires more. Besides the leadership skills we have listed above, a good
leader is to be able to see the strengths and weaknesses of each team member.
Moreover, it is important to make the strengths work for the whole team.

3. Bringing a Unique Experience

It is a fact that leaders among students later become leaders at a workplace more often
than those who have no prior leadership experience.
This is because it is easier for them to take responsibility for other people, and they
already know how to make a team work.
Another side of student leadership experience is that it may be harder than leading
others after graduation. If teens don’t always see the authorities in adults, why would
they listen to someone their age?
On one hand, a student leader has more support from faculty members.  But this
doesn’t mean they will automatically have the support of other students.

If student leaders can find a way to be respected by both parties, they will be able to
approach corporate life with less fear.
It is peculiar that many parents only see the perks of student leadership for the leaders.
Anyone in a team can learn about leadership skills, styles, and strategies.
The only difference is that the student leader gets a chance to practice it right now,
while team members benefit from it later in life.

4. Inspiring Networking
One of the misconceptions about relationships is that they should be natural. Yes,
friendship and romance should be spontaneous and unforced. But other connections
that people like to call useful are different.
Team building and student leadership at college or university show students how to
build such connections. Leaders get to know a lot of people, including teachers, faculty,
and heads of student clubs and organizations.
They have to be able to introduce team members to all these people. Moreover, leaders
often delegate some connections to team members, which is an advantageous
experience too.

5. Setting Role Models

As we have mentioned above, it is hard for student leaders to get respected by their
peers. But if they do, they become much more important role models for other students
than adults. Generally, teenagers don’t tend to like adult authority, so a leader of their
age often becomes an example to follow.
If the school chooses a leader (or better, lets the students choose one), this is a great
alternative to those who gained power by force.

Have you noticed that many young employees, as clever and trained as they are, simply
can’t lead other people? One may say that the reason for this is that nobody wants to be
led by a young, inexperienced person.

While the actual age doesn’t matter, the lack of experience is a real problem.
However, with the help of student leadership, this problem can be solved long before
young professionals start working.

Revising Filipino beliefs, customs and tradition

Customs, Values, and Etiquette in the Philippines

The Philippines is a unique holiday destination offering natural landscapes, idyllic

beaches, and many tourist attractions in Manila, the capital city.
For the best experience, holidaymakers heading to the Philippines should familiarize
themselves with the local customs and etiquette.
With English widely spoken and Catholicism the predominant religion, the Philippines
may seem to have more in common with western nations than other Asian countries.
However, there are many Filipino beliefs and traditions that travelers should be aware
of in order to avoid cultural misunderstandings.
Filipinos are tolerant and welcoming but appreciate visitors who respect their most
important values.

Hiya: the Filipino Concept of Shame

The behavior of the Filipino people is largely governed by hiya, a distinguishing Filipino
concept meaning a sense of shame. Filipinos are motivated by the need to prevent
embarrassment at all costs.
Foreigners may notice that locals shy away from disagreeing openly or asking
questions, this is in case they are shown up or cause offense which would ultimately
result in hiya.
Tourists need to recognize that to lack a sense of shame is frowned upon across
Filipino society.
Hiya is connected to the idea of self-love, called amor propio. Filipinos always act to
protect their own sense of self-worth and that of others. Not doing so produces hiya guilt
or shame.

How hiya and amor propio affect social interaction in the Philippines

The people of the Philippines are known for being friendly and hospitable: this can be
explained largely by the need to protect their own sense of self-love and that of others.
Visitors ought to consider this when communicating with Filipino people.
Being polite towards natives and avoiding confrontation and open criticism all help
protect the amor propio of another person, staving off feelings of shame and
embarrassment.

Showing Respect for Elders in Filipino Culture

Foreigners in the Philippines are expected to show respect toward the older members of
society. The elders are held in high esteem throughout the country and this is
reflected in the way they are treated.
It is considered disrespectful to call an older person by their first name. Different terms
can be used to address elders:

 Ate, older sister and Kuy, older brother

 Tita, aunt and Tito, uncle
 Lola, grandmother and Lolo, grandfather

Although visitors are not expected to remember and use specific words, doing so is
highly appreciated. Generally, tourists can use ate and kuya to speak with older
people serving them in a store or restaurant, for example.
What is the meaning of pagmamano?

Pagmamano, or simply mano is an honoring gesture used to greet elders in the

Philippines.
To show respect, a younger person asks mano po which means “your hand, please”
and then proceeds to place the back of the elder’s hand lightly on their forehead.
This practice is most common between family members, in particular grandparents,
and is done when seeing the person for the first time that day or when entering a
gathering.

Philippines Dining Etiquette

As with all cultures, the Philippines has a number of customs and values connected to
food and dining.
When dining in the presence of local people, or welcomed to enjoy a meal at a
Filipino home, tourists should be familiar with the following norms:

 Food is often eaten with the hands and a spoon (foreigners will be supplied

with other cutlery if requested)
 Leaning arms on the dinner table is considered rude
 Only meals with rice are considered main meals, everything else is a snack
 Food is often served in large trays to share; it is common to wait for all the
dishes to arrive before beginning the meal

Food and eating are central to family and community life in the Philippines. One
common greeting, Kumain ka na? Means “Have you eaten?”, and illustrates the
importance of providing nourishment in Filipino culture. More information about the food
and drink guide for the Philippines, on the link.

Faith and Religious Belief in the Philippines

Catholicism, mostly Roman Catholicism, is the most predominant religion in the

Philippines, making up around 85% of the population.
Filipino people are deeply religious and their strong faith in God is reflected in their
daily lives. People attend church regularly and may be seen praying at any time of day.
Many church holidays and traditional Filipino festivals are celebrated throughout the
year. Tourists in the Philippines during Holy Week, around Easter, should be prepared
for an intense period of religious ceremony and processions.
Islam is the second-largest religion in the Philippines, approximately 10% of Filipino
people are Muslim.

ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT COLLEGE

COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

CHARACTER FORMATION WITH LEADERSHIP, DECISION MAKING, MANAGEMENT

AND ADMINISTRATION
WEEK 3
Activity No. 1
Name: _________________________________ Date: _________
Course – Year & Section: ________________________ Score: _______

I—Essay (10 point each)

1. The importance of student leadership, are?
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2.What is the Filipino customs and traditions?
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3.What is the meaning of pagmamano?
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

To my students:

You are now about to start the first lesson for Week 4. Read the learning materials below then
answer the Activity No. 1

10 Filipino Traditions We Hardly Perform Anymore

The Philippines in rich in history and tradition. As we became colonized, traditional traits
and beliefs mixed into Spanish culture and Christianity forming new traditions that some
of us still observe today. However, as globalization takes over our colonial past, these
traditions are slowly dying down.

1.Tabitabi Po
Being that we’re a very superstitious nation and that we believe in a number of spiritual
beings and mythical creatures, many of us were taught as kids to say “tabi po” or “tabi-
tabi po” when passing by a huge tree, an anthill or termite mound, or even a dark ally.
This is to ask permission to the spirits and mythical creatures that you’re passing by and
so they can avoid you. We grew up listening to stories of how people who don’t pay
their respects to the spirits are cursed and get sick, vomit or urinate black bile, spit out
insects, and experience swelling or pain on any part of the body.

2.Paaso
This is a practice commonly done in the Visayas and Mindanao. Paaso is the ritual of
burning sweet-smelling herbs or incense which supposedly appeases the spirits. This
brings good luck and well-being to the family. The pile of herbs or incense is often
burned in front of the grave or tomb. Some use grass, just so to produce smoke. Those
who visit the grave must pass by the smoke before leaving the graveyard. Passing
through smoke while still within the cemetery or by the gates of the cemetery is also
said to untangle the spirits of the dead from the bodies of the living.

3.Bayanihan
Back in the days where land titles weren’t a thing, people in the provinces simply built a
hut on a small piece of land that they claimed as their own. They ether farmed on the
land or went to town to work while their wives stayed to care for their children. If they
wanted to move, they took their whole house with them since it was mainly made with
light material like bamboo and palm.

Bayanihan is the act of the whole neighborhood getting together and helping to move
the house to the new location. Thesedays, bayanihan is synonymous to our trait of
national helpfulness, and that we should help our fellow Filipinos in times of need.
4.Harana
As the song goes, Uso pa ba ang harana? (Is harana still popular?). Harana is a
traditional form of courtship where in the man would sing and woo woman outside her
window at night. In the old days, there was a set of protocols, a code of conduct and a
specific style of music when performing harana. An acoustic guitar was used and
Spanish-influenced songs were sung. It’s not uncommon for the man to bring his friends
along, or even the best singer or haranista in town, to help. Thus, the harana wasn’t
always a solitary endeavor, in fact some considered it as a social event.

5.Paninilbihan
Another traditional courtship practice, this is when the man “serves” the woman’s family
by doing manual labor (cutting wood for cooking, fetching water from the well). This is to
show that he is capable of taking care of her and their future family. Now, this is not that
applicable to modern times, but courtship back then involved “phases” or “stages” that
the man had to pass through before he could get married with his sweetheart. Courtship
was never easy, and you had to win not only the girl’s affection, but her family’s as well.

6.Sukob
This is a traditional belief in weddings. Sukob is a belief that it’s unlucky to be married
during the same year of another family member’s marriage or if someone in the family
dies within that year.  You’re better off rescheduling your wedding or bad luck will follow
your marriage. These days, brides and grooms are not really that concern about this
belief, some families even consider it lucky to have two weddings in the same year.

7.Six O’Clock Limit

Whether you grew up in the province or in the city, your mom would always tell you to
be back inside the house before 6 in the evening. There’s a Filipino belief that spirits
and creatures of the night come out during after 6PM, so you’re better off staying out of
trouble and out of their way. Whether it’s the spirits or your mom’s way of making sure
you’re home early, we we’re always told to come home before the Angelus. Anyways,
kids these days spend more time inside the house with their computers and gadgets.

8.Chicken Blood On Your Birthday

This is a tradition that was more commonly done in the province. During someone’s
birthday, the whole household is usually busy preparing a big meal to celebrate. As
tradition goes, the birthday celebrant will be anointed with fresh chicken blood by an
elder on their forehead. This is a way of blessing the person, as well as ward off any
bad luck. This is similar to the idea of a sacrifice for prosperity, and the chicken is
usually served along with the birthday meal.

9.Pukpok
Getting circumcised has always been seen as a Rite of passage for male Filipinos.
traditional circumcision or “pukpok” involved using a subokan, which is a piece of wood
used for circumcision. The method of pukpok does not use anesthesia, nor does the
person performing the task have any medical training. Boys that undergo this method
are given guava leaves to chew on which help them bear the pain. After, they’re their
wounds are simply wrapped in white cloth for healing. Since the practice is unhygienic,
medical professionals discourage the practice. However, pukpuk is still being done in
very rural areas in the country.

10.Pag-mano
Lamano or mano is the action of placing the back of an elder’s hand on your forehead
as a sign of respect. Kids were taught to do this as a way to greet those who were older
than them, which included their grandparents, parents, uncles and aunts, and even their
parent’s friends. These days, we see the younger generation beso or kiss the cheeks of
their elders instead of pag-mano. However, this practice is still very much alive in the
rural areas.

Philippines Superstitious Beliefs on Good Luck

When you see the first star in the evening, you wish something nice.

It is a good sign if you have big ears, because you will have a long life.

All odd numbers are lucky numbers, especially number 7.

You'll have luck if, the snake crosses your path.

You'll have luck if, someone gifts to you a jade stone.

You'll have luck in business if, someone gifts to you a diamond.

You'll have luck if, in the early morning you open the window - according to the
Philippines superstitious beliefs.

Philippines Superstitious Beliefs on Bad Luck

Seven years of bad luck for those who kill a

cat.

Pearls on the dress brings tears.

Bad luck is when the picture falls from a wall.

Do not break the mirror, because you will be unhappy.

Do not tell jokes about saints.

Do not throw the stone at night.

Do not play at night, it brings misfortune.

Do not whistling at night.

Do not comb hair at night, because your parents can die.

Do not sleep with wet hair, because you can become crazy.

Do not cut your nails at night

Do not stand in front of the burned houses, because your house may burn down, too.

Do not tell what you dreamed before you eat breakfast.

A bad sign is if someone sees a duck to fly.

A bad sign for newlyweds and marriage is if thundered at the wedding.

A bad luck is if your house stairs is on face the sun - according to the Philippines
superstitious beliefs.

Philippines Superstitious Beliefs about Money

Do not spend money on Monday, because you will be a whole week without money.
Do not give money out the window, because it brings poverty.

Do not pay your debts at night.

Do not scrub the floor at night, because you will become a poor man.

Count the money at midnight of December 24 to January 1 and you will have enough
money all over the next year - according to the Filipino superstitious beliefs.

Philippines Superstitions about New Year

On New Year's Eve scatter coins all over the house and around the house to have
money all year.

Do not eat fish or chicken on New Year's Eve because you will be poor in the coming
year.

Turn on all lights in the house and the whole year will be nice and bright.

To keep away evil spirits, you need to make as much noise as you can.

On 31st December clean everything, on New Year's day don't clean anything.

ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT COLLEGE

COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

CHARACTER FORMATION WITH LEADERSHIP, DECISION MAKING, MANAGEMENT

AND ADMINISTRATION
WEEK 4
Activity No. 1
Name: _________________________________ Date: _________
Course – Year & Section: ________________________ Score: _______

I—Essay (10 point each)

1. What are the 10 Filipino traditions we hardly perform?
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2.Do you believe in bad luck? if yes/no. explain why?
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3.Did you followed all the traditions of Filipino until now?
Answer:
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